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What are extreme environmental c.nditions and how do organisms c.pe with them？

c.rrent Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 363-374页

作者： john c. wingfield j. patrick kelley frederic angelier Department of Neurobiology Physiology and Behavior University of California One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 U.S.A

Severe environmental c.nditions affec. organisms in two maj.r ways. The environment may be predic.ably severe suc. as in deserts, polar and alpine regions, or individuals may be exposed to temporarily extreme c.nditions through weather, presenc. of predators, lac. of food, soc.al status etc. Existenc. in an extreme environment may be possible, but then to breed or molt in addition c.n present maj.r bottlenec.s that have resulted in the evolution of hormone-behavior adaptations to c.pe with unpredic.able events. Examples of hormone-behavior adaptations in extreme c.nditions inc.ude attenuated testosterone sec.etion bec.use territoriality and exc.ss c.urtship may be too c.stly when there is one opportunity to reproduc.. The individual may even bec.me insensitive to testosterone when target areas of the brain regulating reproduc.ive behavior no longer respond to the hormone. A sec.nd example is reduc.d sensitivity to gluc.c.rtic.ids following ac.te stress during the breeding season or molt that allows suc.essful reproduc.ion and/or a vital renewal of the integument to endure extreme c.nditions during the rest of the year. Reduc.d sensitivity c.uld involve: (a) modulated response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, (b) reduc.d sensitivity to high gluc.c.rtic.id levels, or (c. a c.mbination of (a) and (b). Moreover, c.rtic.steroid binding proteins (c.P) buffer responses to stress by reduc.ng the movement of gluc.c.rtic.ids into target c.lls. Finally, intrac.llular enzymes (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and variants) c.n deac.ivate gluc.c.rtic.ids entering c.lls thus reduc.ng interac.ion with rec.ptors. These mec.anisms have important implic.tions for c.imate c.ange and inc.easing extremes of weather.

关键词：极端环境生物体糖皮质激素蜕皮激素极端条件行为适应睾丸激素极端天气

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