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Bare-throated spurfowl(Pternistis spp.)males across Africa impress females with bright throat colours during courtship

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Avian Research 2023年第3期14卷 416-424页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South AfricaP.O.Box 392Pretoria0003South Africa

The role of bare body parts in sexual signalling in birds has received relatively little attention.I describe how the bare-throated spurfowl males saturate the colours of their throats to attract females.Of the 23 Afrotropical spurfowl species,the bare-throated subgroup includes Yellow-necked Spurfowl(Pternistis leucosceptus),Rednecked Spurfowl(P.afer),Grey-breasted Spurfowl(P.rufopictus) and Swainson’s Spurfowl(P.swainsonii).The rest of the species include fully feathered throated spurfowls.Throat colour intensity of bare throats was scored using an extensive online digital photographic archive encompassing the four species across the year’s seasons.Each throat(n=836) was assigned to one of four colour-intensity categories to explore the relationship between colour intensities,breeding cycles,and environmental variation.Except for Swainson’s Spurfowl male saturation of throat colours correlated with monthly rainfall,which peaks one or two months before egg laying.Swainson’s Spurfowl peaks during egg laying.Yellow-necked Spurfowl has the largest bare throat.Bare-throated spurfowl males perform an elevated courtship display posture above the female to feature their throat colour.No such displays occur in feather-throated spurfowl.Males with low throat colour saturation harbour more ectoparasites on their bare throats than birds with saturated throats.Male Red-necked Spurfowls have significantly larger bare throats than females.The primary function of bare throats probably assists in thermoregulation,particularly in arid regions.The bare throat may have evolved a secondary role in mating.Yellow-necked,Red-necked,and Greybreasted Spurfowls use their saturated throat colours as ornaments to court females during the breeding season.Unobtrusive female throat colours(unsaturated) may discourage male interlopers and predation during egg laying.Saturation appears to be carotenoid-food based.The different colours among the bare-throated species may serve as prezygotic mechanisms that inhibit cross-breeding and explain why

关键词： Bare-throated spurfowls Breeding Colour saturation Ornaments Pternistis spp. Sexual size dimorphism

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Thermoregulatory function and sexual dimorphism of the throat sack in helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)across Africa

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Avian Research 2022年第3期13卷 239-248页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Rodrigo Megía-Palma Giovanni Forcina Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South AfricaP.O.Box 392Pretoria0003South Africa Universidad de Alcal a(UAh) Department of Biomedicine and BiotechnologySchool of PharmacyA-2 Highwaykm 33.60028805Alcal a de HenaresMadridSpain Universidad de Alcal a(UAh) Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group(GloCEE)Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida28805Alcal a de HenaresMadridSpain CIBIO Centro de Investigaç~ao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen eticosInBIO Laborat orio AssociadoCampus de Vair~aoUniversidade do Porto4485-661Vair~aoPortugal BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOCampus de Vair~ao4485-661Vair~aoPortugal

The responses of ground-dwelling birds to heat and cold stress encompass a variety of behavioural,physiological and even morphological mechanisms.however,the role of glabrous skin in this respect has been marginally addressed so far.The helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)is a landfowl distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa with eight traditionally recognised extant subspecies.Among the most prominent morphological traits underlying intraspecific variability are size and pigmentation of the bare throat skin(or sack),which might be related to the different habitats and environmental conditions across its wide range.In order to explore the helmeted Guineafowl range-wide sack variation and pigmentation in relation to thermoregulation and sexual signalling,we collected morphometric and environmental information for N.m.coronata integrating field data with the inspection of photographic material encompassing seven subspecies and environmental information from their habitats.Field data evidenced that sack size was significantly correlated with ambient temperature,thus pointing to a likely involvement of the throat sack in thermoregulation.When the pictorial data from all subspecies were pooled,sack size correlated negatively with biomass,rainfall and humidity,while a positive correlation was found with annual solar irradiation.Sack size correlated positively with monthly temperature variation among the bluethroated subspecies from southern Africa as opposed to the black-throated subspecies ranging north to Zambia and Mozambique.Still,in this latter group the sack was often larger during winter months,possibly to maximise solar radiation absorbance.Noteworthy,sack size was related to sex dimorphism in two subspecies.Sack morphology and colour in the helmeted Guineafowl likely modulate body temperature by evaporative cooling or heating upon needs,but in some subspecies it is also seemingly related to sexual signalling.Additional studies are needed to fully understand the multifunctionality of this important morphological

关键词： Evaporative cooling helmeted guineafowl Sexual size dimorphism Sub-Saharan Africa Thermoregulation Throat sack

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Orange River Francolins(Scleroptila levaillantoides)persist in fragmented highveld farming landscapes,South Africa

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Avian Research 2017年第2期8卷 83-90页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceUniversity of South AfricaPO Box 392Pretoria 0003South Africa

Background:how do Orange River Francolins(Scleroptila levaillantoides) adapt to an intensive farming landscape with grass(grazing) camps and crop cultivation? To answer this question, a study was carried out in south-east of johannesburg in South Africa to clarify the interaction of francolins with a landscape consisting of land use mosaics.Methods:A transect-road of 45 km was traversed weekly during November 2015–October 2016 through flat maize(Zea mays) and cattle(Bos primigenius) grazing fields. Francolins were counted in three land use mosaic types along the transect-road(including the road):grass camps on both sides of the road(grass/grass edges); arable fields on both sides(arable/arable edges) and arable land on one side with grass camps on the opposite side of the road(arable/grass edges).Results:Francolins used all three mosaic types, but the arable/arable edges were least frequented. Nonetheless, the arable/arable edges played an important part:francolins, including females with chicks, moved along the arable/arable edges, which enabled contact between sub-populations, and the arable/arable edges provided temporary cover(e.g. stubble and maize plants) and ploughed firebreaks to forage(e.g. for bulbs).Conclusion:Cultivation of crop within grasslands does not constrain breeding, movement and habitat use by the Orange River Francolin. For conservation purposes it is critical that the fine-scale mosaic of grazing and cultivation areas remain intact.

关键词： Agriculture Edge habitat Management Mosaics Orange River Francolin Scleroptila levaillantoides

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Vocal behavior of Crested Guineafowl(Guttera edouardi) based on visual and sound playback surveys in the Umhlanga Lagoon Nature Reserve,Kwa Zulu-Natal province,South Africa

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Chinese Birds 2015年第3期6卷 132-139页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South Africa

Background:Generally speaking,playbacks were often ineffective to determine the group sizes of birds since mainly males from leks responded.This limitation has not been tested properly for flocking birds such as Crested Guineafowl(Guttera edouardi) with the view to use it as a counting method.The aims of the study reported in this paper were(1) to describe the cal s of Crested Guineafowl in a social context;(2) to interpret cal s in an evolutionary context;and(3) to demonstrate that playbacks can be used to locate and count Crested Guineafowl in smal isolated forests.Methods:The vocal behavior of Crested Guineafowl was observed during a survey conducted in the Umhlanga Lagoon Nature Reserve(Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa) from November 2010 to June 2012.Transect line observations and sound playback methods were used.Results:The behavioral context and structure of cal s were described.The eight cal s described for Crested Guineafowl were produced mainly to unite flock members in the dense understory,where visibility was poor,and to repel intruders.When not disturbed,Crested Guineafowl were quiet and only made soft contact calls.Conclusions:The high rate of call back and the fact that flocks invariably approach the source of the call en masse,shows that field researchers are able to assess the population size of Crested Guineafowl with sound playbacks along a transect.The value of playbacks as a conservation tool is assessed.

关键词： Guttera edouardi Playback Calls Social behavior Flocking Transect surveys

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The phylogeny of francolins(Francolinus, Dendroperdix, Peliperdix and Scleroptila) and spurfowls(Pternistis) based on chick plumage(Galliformes: Phasianidae)

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Avian Research 2018年第1期9卷 1-18页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Tshifhiwa G.Mandiwana-Neudani Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceUniversity of South Africa Department of Biodiversity University of Limpopo

Background: This paper describes the chick plumage of spurfowl(Pternistis) and francolin(Francolinus, Dendroperdix Peliperdix and Scleroptila) chicks, tests its significance for phylogenetic relationships and also explores the patterns of character evolution in the francolin and spurfowl lineages.Previously regarded as monophyletic, the two evolutionar?ily distant clades are now divided into five genera.Questions considered were whether chick plumage supports the dichotomy between spurfowls and francolins and what role habitat matching plays.Methods: The study was based mainly on photographs of chick skins from the American Museum of Natural history and the Natural history Museum at Tring.Eight plumage characters were selected for comparative scoring, summa?rised in a matrix.These characters were subsequently analysed phylogenetically and their evolution was traced on the existing molecular phylogeny using a parsimony approach.Results: Based on chick plumage the phylogeny of species groups among francolins and spurfowls, was largely unresolved possibly ascribed to a high degree of symplesiomorphy inherent among the Phasianids.This possibly could have resulted in a high degree of polytomy particularly among the spurfowls and francolins.Furthermore, the ancestral state reconstructions revealed high prevalence of symplesiomorphic states and reversals which do not help in the classification of groups.Although the differences are described that separate some African francolins from spurfowls, other francolins(in Asia and Africa) share remarkably similar characteristics with spurfowls.Plain dark dorsal plumage is probably advantageous for avoiding detection by predators in forests, while facial stripes optimise the breaking of body shapes in dense grass cover(as in Scleroptila spp.) and semi?striped faces are advantageous for stationary camouflage under tree and bush cover(as in Pternistis spp.).Conclusions: Although symplesiomorphy is a hereditary explanation for downy colours and patterns, the traits rel?evant for ha

关键词： Spurfowl Francolin Phasianidae Chick plumage Phylogeny Ancestral state reconstruction habitat

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鹧鸪属23种鸟类的鸣声结构、鸣叫行为及基于鸣声的分组(英文)

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Chinese Birds 2013年第3期4卷 210-231页

作者： johann h.van niekerk 南非大学农业与环境科学学院环境科学系

本文描述了鹧鸪属(Pternistis spp.)23种鸟类的鸣叫特点,比较了占区/求偶鸣叫在种间的差异,并依据鸣叫(主要为占区/求偶鸣叫)特征,对这23种鹧鸪进行了分组。共分析了非洲所有23种鹧鸪的22个种的218段录音、约300句鸣叫,另有一种鹧鸪的... 详细信息

本文描述了鹧鸪属(Pternistis spp.)23种鸟类的鸣叫特点,比较了占区/求偶鸣叫在种间的差异,并依据鸣叫(主要为占区/求偶鸣叫)特征,对这23种鹧鸪进行了分组。共分析了非洲所有23种鹧鸪的22个种的218段录音、约300句鸣叫,另有一种鹧鸪的鸣叫分析源于文献。结果表明,每种鹧鸪可发出7–11种鸣叫,这些鸣叫可分为3大类:1)占区/求偶鸣叫;2)警戒叫声、雏鸟和亚成鸟索群叫声、觅食叫声等维持群体关系叫声;3)雌雄两性间以及雌鸟与幼鸟间联络鸣叫。hall(1963)将鹧鸪分为5个单系类群。本文将鹧鸪的鸣叫分为8个组,其中的5个组与hall(1963)划分的单系类群基本一致。不同种类间占区/求偶鸣叫的差异虽然减少了同域分布的鹧鸪种间的杂交,但由于鹧鸪的遗传距离较小,种间杂交仍不可避免。本研究还基于鸣声确认了哈氏鹧鸪(P.hartlaubi)仍属于鹧鸪属鸟类,尽管其叫声与其它鹧鸪叫声有很大的差异。

关键词：相似的声音类群鸣叫行为差异系统发育鹧鸪鸣叫特征

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南非西北省干旱地带莫洛波自然保护区红嘴鹧鸪的观察(英文)

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Chinese Birds 2011年第3期2卷 117-124页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South AfricaPO Box 392Pretoria 0003South Africa

作者在南非西北省的莫洛波自然保护区南半区进行了野外调查,描述并记录了红嘴鹧鸪(Pternistis adspersus)在南非的历史和当前分布,以及该鸟种在莫洛波自然保护区内水塘间的扩散情况。根据hockey等2005年的报道,在20世纪90年代,红嘴鹧鸪... 详细信息

作者在南非西北省的莫洛波自然保护区南半区进行了野外调查,描述并记录了红嘴鹧鸪(Pternistis adspersus)在南非的历史和当前分布,以及该鸟种在莫洛波自然保护区内水塘间的扩散情况。根据hockey等2005年的报道,在20世纪90年代,红嘴鹧鸪未从博茨瓦纳移居此地,且未有人通过红嘴鹧鸪在两国之间的长距离(30–100km)或季节性迁移确定其分布状况及种群大小。红嘴鹧鸪主要以集群形式稀疏分布于人造的水塘附近。这些水塘提供了水,塘中的羚羊粪便提供了食物资源。自20世纪80年代以来,越来越多的水塘水位下降(以及周围狩猎园或牲畜营的建立)可能促使了红嘴鹧鸪在水塘间的短距离迁移(2–5km)。降雨量较低导致昆虫数量下降,或许是限制南非红嘴鹧鸪种群数量的最重要的因素。

关键词：红嘴鹧鸪(pternistis adspersus) 扩散水塘干旱环境集群大小

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Population structure and mating system of the Red-crested Korhaan(Lophotis ruficrista) in South Africa

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Chinese Birds 2015年第1期5卷 43-51页

作者： johann h.van niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences University of South Africa

Background: The mating system of the korhaans and bustards in southern Africa is either based on polygyny or monogamy. The Red-crested Korhaan(Lophotis ruficrista) has been described as polygynous but otherwise very little is known about its breeding biology. The aims were to describe the population structure and male behavior during breeding.Methods: The data collected for this paper was mainly based on field transect surveys carried out in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The population structure of the Red-crested Korhaan in the temperate Borakalalo Game Reserve(BGR)was compared with that in the arid Molopo Nature Reserve(MNR)(both situated in the North West province of South Africa). The study was mainly conducted in the BGR but additional work was conducted in the MNR for comparison.Results: The difference in mean group sizes between MNR(1.03) and BGR(1.07) was statistically not significant.Group sizes were not affected by climate despite the fact that the BGR received about 650 mm precipitation per annum and the MNR about 200 mm. In both reserves the apparent sex ratios were skewed in favor of males(1:0.29 in the BGR and 1:0.1 in the MNR). The population was dispersed in a clumped manner which is ascribed to the formation of leks. Leks were positioned in open habitat while females invariably concealed themselves under cover.Conclusions: The leks formed the pivot of the mating system of the Red-crested Korhaan and are identifiable social structures that field ecologists can use to monitor population stability.

关键词： Lophotis ruficrista Leks Mating system Dispersion Group size

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南非Borakalalo国家公园二斑沙鸡(Pterocles bicinctus)的迁移(英文)

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Chinese Birds 2012年第1期03卷 47-53页

作者： johann h. van niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South Africa PO Box 392 Pretoria 0003 South Africa

本文旨在描述可能引起南非Borakalalo国家公园内二斑沙鸡(Pterocles bicinctus)迁移行为的内在(繁殖)及外在因素(降雨量及植被情况)。该公园位于西北省比勒陀利亚以北80km,Jericho以北30km处。2010年,采取乘车辆沿固定路线穿越该保护区... 详细信息

本文旨在描述可能引起南非Borakalalo国家公园内二斑沙鸡(Pterocles bicinctus)迁移行为的内在(繁殖)及外在因素(降雨量及植被情况)。该公园位于西北省比勒陀利亚以北80km,Jericho以北30km处。2010年,采取乘车辆沿固定路线穿越该保护区的方式搜集数据。车速为每小时10km,固定路线长为32km,调查强度为每月2天。二斑沙鸡平均每群2.47个个体。种群内雄性与雌性的比例为1:0.87。该鸟常出现在路边、遭踩踏过的矮草丛中或经焚烧但长出新叶的金合欢丛中。二斑沙鸡在该保护区主要出现在两个相对干燥的季节,即2–3月及7–9月。早晨在该公园的腹地能更多地观察到该鸟,而下午晚些时候,在Klipvoor河坝的水体边则可多见该鸟。讨论了可能影响二斑沙鸡迁移的5个因素,包括年降雨量、雨季中短时雨量大小、2–4km的日间饮水飞行、繁殖及草原植被情况。

关键词：二斑沙鸡繁殖降雨量植被

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