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Degradation of a protected mountain area by tourist traffic:case study of the Tatra National Park,Poland

Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第10期18卷 2503-2519页

作者： joanna fidelus-orzechowska Elzbieta GORCZYCA Marcin BUKOWSKI Kazimierz KRZEMIEN Institute of Geography Pedagogical University of KrakowPodchorqzych 230-084 KrakowPoland Institute of Geography and Spatial Management Jagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 730-387 KrakowPoland Tatra National Park Kuznice 134-500 ZakopanePoland

Mountain protected areas are characterized by high biodiversity,which makes it a great challenge for managers to maintain a balance between their use and the stability of natural *** that balance is particularly difficult in areas with high tourism *** expected volume of tourist traffic should be considered at the planning stage of the tourist infrastructure development *** capacity of tourist infrastructure can lead to environmental degradation,which is hard,or at times impossible,to *** our research,we identified patterns of tourist footpath and road functioning in an environmentally protected area with high volumes of tourist *** from geomorphologic mapping was analyzed in order to identify tourist footpath and road structures in the Tatra National Park(TNP).Fieldwork was conducted in several stages between 1995 and *** from the years 1977,2009,2017 and 2019 were used to identify and compare degraded zones along selected tourist *** zones were defined as areas surrounding a footpath or tourist road with a mean width larger than or equal to 10 meters,with heavily damaged or completely removed vegetation and exposed,weathered cover,where geomorphic processes that would not take place under normal conditions are readily *** examined tourist footpaths and roads vary in terms of their morphometric *** has shown important differences between mean and maximum footpath width as well as maximum incision depth for the forest zone versus the subalpine and alpine zones.A lack of differences in these parameters was noted between the alpine and subalpine *** has shown that an increase in the surface area of degraded zones found adjacent to tourist footpaths occurred in all the studied geo-ecological zones in the study ***,the largest increase occurred atop wide ridgelines found in the alpine *** zones may be an indication of exce

关键词： Tourist traffic Degraded zones Mountain area Morphogenetic processes Carrying capacity

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Land use and land cover changes in small Carpathian catchments between the mid-19^th and early 21^st centuries and their record on the land surface

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Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第12期15卷 2561-2578页

作者： Rafal KROCZAK joanna fidelus-orzechowska Anna BUCALA-HRABIA Tomasz BRYNDAL Institute of Geography Pedagogical University of CracowPodchorqzych 230-084KrakowPoland Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of SciencesDepartment of Geoenvironmental ResearchJana 2231-08KrakowPoland

Land use and land cover(LULC) changes and their impact on the mountain environment were studied in six catchments(～10 km^2 each) in the Polish Western Carpathians from the mid-19^(th) century to the early 21^(st) century. The analysis of cadastral and orthophoto maps indicates that during the investigated period, the forest area increased, quantified by an annual change index(Annch), between +0.12% to +0.27%, with a decrease of arable land index to –0.45% and –2.28% in the analysed catchments. LULC changes were accompanied by a continuous increase in settlement developments(residential and farming houses) by 50%-140% as well as significant changes related to their spatial distribution. Abandonment of arable land and forest succession have resulted in the geomorphological transformation of hillslopes, which predominantly includes a decrease in used road density, their transformation to road cuts and gorges. Overpopulation and the domination agriculture in the past caused the expansion of unpaved roads density and then the fragmentation of hillslopes, as well as the development of agricultural terraces.

关键词： Land use and land cover (LULC) Cut roads Agricultural terraces Polish Carpathians

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Bone Mineral Density and Vitamin D Status in Children with Chronic Neurological Syndromes—Clinical Observations

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2018年第5期7卷 315-323页

作者： Elzbieta Jakubowska-Pietkiewicz Gabriela orzechowska Elzbieta Wozniak joanna Kudzin Ewa Toporowska-Kowalska Department of Paediatric Propaedeutics and Bone Metabolism Diseases Medical University of LodzLodzPoland Department of Paediatric Allergology Gastroenterology and NutritionMedical University of LodzLodzPoland

Background: Some of the risk factors for osteoporosis population include: chronic immobilisation, insufficient dietary supply of calcium and vitamin D, decreased physical activity and long-term pharmacological treatment (glucocorticoids, anticonvulsant drugs). In disabled children and adolescents, the negative impact of these factors may cumulate to considerably impair the quality of life. Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess the vitamin D status and bone mineral density in children with chronic neurological syndromes. Material and Methods: A total of 34 children between 3 and 18 years of age were examined: 9 children with muscular dystrophy, 17 with cerebral palsy and 8 with lumbar myelomeningocele. All the subjects underwent the following assessments: measurement of the concentration of the hepatic metabolite of vitamin D and total body less head and/or lumbar spine densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Low bone mass or low bone mineral density was diagnosed if the Z-score value was found to be equal to or below −2.0. Results: Indications for the above tests were chronic immobilisation or motor activity restriction, and—in 10/34 children—femoral or vertebral fracture. Vitamin D deficiency (81%). Low bone mass on densitometry was demonstrated in 27/34 and osteoporosis in 10/34 subjects (Z-score ≤−2.0). Conclusion: Bone densitometry should be included in the standard of care for children with chronic neurological syndromes, and early detection of low bone mass should be an indication for treatment with calcium and vitamin D.

关键词： Children Densitometry Cerebral Palsy Muscular Dystrophy Myelomeningocele

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