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High-elevation Adaptation of Motion Visual Display Modifications in the Toad-Headed Agamid Lizards(Phrynocephalus)

Asian Herpetological Research 2022年第1期13卷 53-63页

作者： Qiaohan HU Yusong LIN Xia QIU jinzhong fu Yin QI Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101400China Departments of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntario N1G 2W1Canada

Understanding the process of adaptation is a key mission in modern evolutionary biology.Animals living at high elevations face challenges in energy meta bolism due to several environmental constraints(e.g., oxygen supply, food availa bility,and movement time). Animal behavioral processes are intimately related to energy meta bolism, and therefore, behavioral modifica tions are expected to be an important mechanism for high-elevation adaptation. We tested this behavioral adaptation hypothesis using va ria tions of motion visual displays in toad-headed agamid lizards of the genus Phr ynocephalus. We predicted tha t complexity of visual motion displays would decrease with the increase of elevation, because motion visual displays are energetically costly. Displays of 12 Phr ynocephalus species were collected with elevations ranging from sea level to 4600 m. We quantified display complexity using the number of display components, display duration, pathways of display components, as well as display speed for each species. Association between display complexity and elevation was analyzed using the phylogenetic generalized least squares(PGLS)model. We found that both the number of display components and the average value of tail coil speed were negatively correlated with elevation, suggesting that toad-headed lizards living at high-elevation areas reduced their display complexity to cope with the environmental constraints. Our research provides direct evidence for high-elevation adaptation from a behavioral aspect and illustrates the potential impacts of environment heterogeneity on motion visual display diversification.

关键词： high-elevation adaptation lizard motion visual display Phrynocephalus signal complexity

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Bufo gargarizans:What’s in a Name?

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亚洲两栖爬行动物研究:英文版 2023年第3期14卷 246-255页

作者： jinzhong fu Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntario N1G 2W1Canada

The taxonomic status of Bufo species in East Asia,particularly those closely related to B.gargarizans,has been controversial for over half a century,and recent molecular studies further fueled the dispute.Whether B.andrewsi,B.bankorensis,B.minshanicus,B.sachalinensis,B.tibetanus,and B.tuberculatus constitute valid species or are geographic or ecological variants of B.gargarizans is at the centre of the discussion.Most of these forms possess morphological diagnostic traits,but those differences are minimal and often inconsistent.Molecular data produced many contradictory patterns.Lack of clear diagnostic characters,different usage or definition of various names,mis-identified specimens,limited amount of data or samples,and frequent inter-specific hybridization may all have contributed to the current controversies.Some contradiction may also result from differences between similarity-based clustering and gene tree-based branching patterns.Nevertheless,a dominant allopatric differentiation pattern within this species complex is apparent,and several regional population groups have been identified.Some of the groups resemble old names(e.g.B.minshanicus,B.tibetanus),while others are new.These groups may represent geographic or ecological variants,incipient species,or valid species,and the current data do not warrant a convincing taxonomic revision.To move forward,a single study with comprehensive sampling and genomic data is needed to establish a solid framework,which will define naturally existing population clusters/lineages,and detect their levels of divergence and approximate geographic boundaries.Morphological and ecological examination will follow to understand their biology,determine their taxonomic status,and identify consistent diagnostic characters if necessary.

关键词： allopatric differentiation Bufo gargarizans species complex causes of controversy future directions population cluster taxonomic review

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Low diversity,little genetic structure but no inbreeding in a high-density island endemic pit-viper Gloydius shedaoensis

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Current Zoology 2022年第5期68卷 526-534页

作者： Guannan Wen Long Jin Yayong Wu Xiaoping Wang jinzhong fu Yin Qi Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041 China Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation(Ministry of Education) China West Normal UniversityNanchong 637009 China College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering Yibin UniversityYibin 644007 China Nature Conservation of Snake Island and Laotieshan Mountain Dalian 116041 China Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntario N1G 2W1Canada

Island species and their ecosystems play an important role in global biodiversity preservation,and many vulnerable island species are conservation priorities.Although insular habitat likely facilitates the species diversification process,it may also aggravate the fragility of these species with high risk of inbreeding.The Shedao pit-viper Gloydius shedaoensis is an island endemic species with an extremely high population density,which has been categorized as vulnerable in the IUCN(International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)Red List.We collected 13,148 SNP(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)from across its genome and examined its genetic diversity and demographic history.The Shedao pit-viper has a low genetic diversity but shows no sign of inbreeding.furthermore,population genetic structure analysis,including the neighbor-joining tree,principal coordinate analysis,clustering,and spatial autocorrelation,revealed a general lack of spatial structure.Only the isolation by distance residues suggested a weak patchiness.Overall,the population is nearly panmictic and gene flow is evenly distributed across the island.A large number of individuals,small size of the island,and the lack of population structure likely all contribute to the lack of inbreeding in this species.We also detected signs of male-biased dispersal,which likely is another inbreeding avoidance strategy.Historical demographic analysis suggested that the historical population size and distribution of the species are much larger than their current ones.The multiple transgressive–regressive events since the Late Pleistocene are likely the main cause of the population size changes.Taken together,our results provide a basic scientific foundation for the conservation of this interesting and important species.

关键词： genetic diversity and structure Gloydius shedaoensis historical demography inbreeding insular species

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Sex But Not Altitude, Modulates Phenotypic Covariations Between Growth and Physiological Traits in Adult Asiatic Toads

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Asian Herpetological Research 2022年第1期13卷 34-42页

作者： Ping LI Song TAN Zhongyi YAO Gaohui LIU jinzhong fu Jingfeng CHEN CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041SichuanChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065SichuanChina Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012China Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelph N1G 2W1Canada

The pace-of-life syndrome(POLS) hypothesis predicts that most variation in life history, physiology,and behavior among individuals, popula tions, and species falls along a continuum from slow to fast pace of life. While there is evidence for climatic gradientmediated POLS patterns among species, this approach has rarely been explicitly used to study POLS patterns among-and within-populations. In addition, the roles of sex in POLS evolution among-or within-populations are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of altitudinal gradient and sex on the covariations between growth rate and several physiological traits closely associated with POLS(blood glucose, baselineand stress-induced glucocorticoids(GCs), hemolysis and hemagglutination) in the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans.Contrary to our expectation, altitudinal gradient had no influence on the covariations between growth rate and physiological traits, neither at the among-nor withinpopulation level, indicating that these trait integrations have similar fitness payoffs across hierarchical levels.In contrast, we found evidence for sex-specific POLS composition: there was a negative covariance structure between growth rate and baseline GCs-but only in females, and a positive covariance structure between growth rate and baseline GCs-but only in females, and a positive covariance structure between growth rate and hemagglutination-but only in males. This observation indicates that these trait associations differ dramatically in advancing fitness for each sex, and supports the idea that sex-specific POLS composition could evolve in species in which the reproductive roles largely differ between the sexes.

关键词： Bufo gargarizans constraint glucocorticoids immunity metabolism phenotypic integration physiological pace-of-life syndrome

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Ring Clinal Variation in Morphology of the Green Odorous Frog(Odorrana margaretae)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2020年第2期11卷 108-114页

作者： Guannan WEN jinzhong fu Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041SichuanChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphOntario NIG 2W1Canada

The green odorous frog(Odorrana margaretae)has an interesting ring-shaped divergence pattern around the Sichuan Basin and documenting its morphological variations is essential in understanding its evolutionary history.Using curvilinear models,we detected significant geographical clinal variations in morphological traits,particularly sizes,of female O.margaretae.Males had significantly smaller sizes than females,and also had smaller variation ranges than females.One major trend of morphological variations was clinal:populations from the west tended to have a larger size with wider head and longer posterior limbs than populations from the east.Species history,with an early extended isolation and two subsequent secondary contacts,may explain most of the geographical clinal variations of O.margaretae.Bioclimatic factors may also contribute in explaining the variance of morphology.

关键词： geographical clinal intraspecific variation morphology Odorrana margaretae

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Tail Waving Speed Affects Territorial Response in the Toad-headed Agama Phrynocephalus vlangalii

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Asian Herpetological Research 2018年第3期9卷 182-187页

作者： Xia QIU jinzhong fu Yin QI Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Territorial response affects a resident＇s access to resources and mates, but the response level is likely flexible

关键词： tail display territorial response 3D animation playback Phrynocephalus vlangalii

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Massive Molecular Parallel Evolution of the HSP90AA1 Gene between High-elevation Anurans

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Asian Herpetological Research 2018年第3期9卷 195-200页

作者： Hong JIN Bin LU jinzhong fu Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph

HSP90 AA1 is part of the heat shock protein 90 gene family and has important functions against heat stress. We report a case of molecular level parallel evolution of the HSP90 AA1 gene in high elevation amphibians. HSP90 AA1 gene sequences of four high-elevation anurans, Bufo gargarizans, Nanorana parkeri, Rana kukunoris, and Scutiger boulengeri, were compared along with five of their low-elevation relatives. A total of 16 amino-acid sites were identified as parallel evolution between N. parkeri and R. kukunoris. We generated both model based（Zhang and Kumar＇s test） and empirical data based（parallel/divergence plotting） null distributions for non-parallel evolution, and both methods clearly determined that the observed number of parallel substitutions were significantly more than the null expectation. furthermore, on the HSP90 AA1 gene tree, N. parkeri and R. kukunoris formed a strongly supported clade that was away from their respective relatives. This study provides a clear case of molecular parallel evolution, which may have significant implications in understanding the genetic mechanisms of high-elevation adaptation.

关键词： molecular parallel evolution high-elevation case study amphibian HSP90AA1 gene

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Keratinized Nuptial Spines Are Used for Male Combat in the Emei Moustache Toad(Leptobrachium boringii)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2011年第3期2卷 142-148页

作者： Cameron M. HUDSON Xianjin HE jinzhong fu Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph50 Stone Road East College of Life Science and Technology Southwest University for Nationalities

We describe the natural history and reproductive behaviour of the Emei Moustache Toad(Leptobrachium boringii) with an emphasis on the development of keratinized nuptial spines in males and document combat behaviour for the first time in this species. Between February and March of 2011, 19 female and 43 male L. boringii from Mount Emei UNESCO World Heritage Site, Sichuan, China were observed throughout the breeding season. This species exhibits male-biased sexual size dimorphism(SSD) with limited evidence of paternal care(nest guarding by males). Prior to the breeding season males grow 10 – 16 keratinized spines on their upper lip, which fall off once the season has ended. Throughout the breeding season males construct and defend aquatic nests where they produce advertisement calls to attract females. During this time we documented 14 cases involving a total of 22 males where males used their moustaches for aggressive interaction. Combat typically occurred at the beginning of the season when males would compete for a limited number of available nest sites. Neither male body size, nor body condition significantly affects the outcome of an aggressive interaction, suggesting that size may not be the only factor influencing an individual’s chance of victory. Our evidence for male competition and aggression, along with observed paternal care are potential mechanisms to explain the evolution of male-biased SSD observed in this species.

关键词： reproductive behaviour territoriality Leptobrachium boringii secondary sexual characters

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Past climate change and recent anthropogenic activities affect genetic structure and population demography of the greater longtailed hamster in northern China

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第5期10卷 482-496页

作者： Junbin YE Zhenlong XIAO Chuanhai LI fusheng WANG Jicheng LIAO jinzhong fu Zhibin ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina School of Life Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada

The genetic diversity and the spatial structure of a species are likely consequences of both past and recent evolutionary processes,but relevant studies are still rare in East Asia where the Pleistocene climate has unique influences.In this study,we examined the impact of past climate change and recent anthropogenic activities on the genetic structure and population size of the greater long-tailed hamster(Tscherskia triton),an agricultural rodent pest species in northern China.DNA sequence data of 2 mitochondrial genes and genotypic data of 11 microsatellite DNA loci from 41 populations(545 individuals)were gathered.Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses,as well as species distribution modeling and coalescent simulations,were conducted to infer its historical and demographic patterns and processes.Two deeply diverged mitochondrial clades were recovered.A small one was restricted to the Shandong Peninsula while the main clade was further divided into 3 geographic clusters by their microsatellite DNA genotypes:Northwest,North-center and Northeast.Divergence dating indicated a Middle-to-Late Pleistocene divergence between the 2 clades.Demographic analysis indicated that all 3 and pooled populations showed consistent long-period expansions during last glacial period;but not during the Holocene,probably due to the impact of climate warming and human disturbances.Conflicting patterns between mtDNA and microsatellite markers imply an anthropogenic impact on North-center populations due to intensified agricultural cultivation in this region.Our study demonstrated that the impact of past glaciation on organisms in East Asia significantly differs from that of Europe and North America,and human activity is an important factor in determining the genetic diversity of a species,as well as its spatial structure.

关键词： climate change greater long-tailed hamster human activity phylogenetic divergence population expansion

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Impact of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on Population Genetic Structure of the Toad-Headed Lizard,Phrynocephalus vlangalii

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Asian Herpetological Research 2012年第4期3卷 280-287页

作者： Dun HU jinzhong fu Fangdong ZOU Yin QI Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education) College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph

Using data from nine microsatellite DNA loci and a population genetic approach,we evaluate the barrier effect of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on toad-headed lizard,Phrynocephalus vlangalii. The study area is along a 20 km stretch of the railway on northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and this section of the railway was constructed between 1958–1979. Both assignment tests and analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) were used for data analysis. We found significant genetic differentiation between the populations from the study area and those from a further southeastern area,which are separated by a 20 km gap. This suggests the existence of population substructure at a fine-scale. However,we did not detect any difference between samples from the western and eastern sides of the railway within the study area,and concluded that the railway may not impose a significant barrier effect on these lizard populations at the present time. Available suitable habitat alongside the railway and bridge underpasses may have facilitated the gene exchange between the sides. The relatively short time since the completion of the railway may not allow the differentiation to accumulate to a detectable level. Since the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau maintains a unique and fragile ecosystem,long-term monitoring of such man-made landscape features is imperative for protecting this ecosystem.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Railway barrier effect population structure Phrynocephalus vlangalii microsatellite DNA Bayesian assignment test

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