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Effects of Sea-Surface Waves and Ocean Spray on Air-Sea Momentum Fluxes

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第4期35卷 469-478页

作者： Ting ZHANG jinbao song Ocean College Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic Administration

The effects of sea-surface waves and ocean spray on the marine atmospheric boundary layer （MABL） at different wind speeds and wave ages were investigated. An MABL model was developed that introduces a wave-induced component and spray force to the total surface stress. The theoretical model solution was determined assuming the eddy viscosity coefficient varied linearly with height above the sea surface. The wave-induced component was evaluated using a directional wave spectrum and growth rate. Spray force was described using interactions between ocean-spray droplets and wind-velocity shear. Wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients were calculated for low to high wind speeds for wind-generated sea at different wave ages to examine surface-wave and ocean-spray effects on MABL momentum distribution. The theoretical solutions were compared with model solutions neglecting wave-induced stress and/or spray stress. Surface waves strongly affected near-surface wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients at low to moderate wind speeds. Drag coefficients and near-surface wind speeds were lower for young than for old waves. At high wind speeds, ocean-spray droplets produced by wind-tearing breaking-wave crests affected the MABL strongly in comparison with surface waves, implying that wave age affects the MABL only negligibly. Low drag coefficients at high wind caused by ocean-spray production increased turbulent stress in the sea-spray generation layer, accelerating near-sea-surface wind. Comparing the analytical drag coefficient values with laboratory measurements and field observations indicated that surface waves and ocean spray significantly affect the MABL at different wind speeds and wave ages.

关键词： drag coefficient marine atmospheric boundary layer ocean spray droplets surface waves

Climate and extrema of ocean waves in the East China Sea

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第7期61卷 980-994页

作者： Hailun HE jinbao song Yefei BAI Yao XU Juanjuan WANG Fan BI State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic AdministrationHangzhou 310012China Ocean College Zhejiang UniversityZhoushan 316021China Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering University of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China National Marine Environment Forecasting Center Beijing 100081China North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266061China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Qingdao 266061China

Wave climate plays an important role in the air-sea interaction over marginal seas. Extreme wave height provides fundamental information for various ocean engineering practices, such as hazard mitigation, coastal structure design, and risk assessment. In this paper, we implement a third generation wave model and conduct a high-resolution wave hindcast over the East China Sea to reconstruct a 15-year wave field from 1988 to 2002 for derivation of monthly mean wave parameters and analysis of extreme wave conditions. The numerical results of the wave field are validated through comparison with satellite altimetry measurements, low-resolution reanalysis, and the ocean wave buoy record. The monthly averaged wave height and wave period show seasonal variation and refined spatial patterns of surface waves in the East China Sea. The climatological significant wave height and mean wave period decrease from the open ocean in the southeast toward the continental area in the northwest, with the pattern generally following the bathymetry. Extreme analysis on the significant wave height at the buoy station indicates the hindcast data underestimate the extreme values relative to the observations. The spatial pattern of extreme wave height shows single peak emerges at the southwest of Ryukyu Island although a wind forcing with multi-core structure at the extreme is applied.

关键词：气候海浪东海波浪高度极值结构设计空间模式相互作用

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涌浪对大气边界层风廓线的影响

海洋科学 2024年第3期48卷 13-25页

作者：张昱昊宋金宝刘长龙浙江大学海洋学院浙江舟山316000

以往研究表明,涌浪存在时,近海面大气边界层内Monin–Obukhov相似性理论(Monin–Obukhov SimilarTheory,MOST)将会失效,风廓线模型的建立需要考虑波致应力的影响。基于此,本文首先研究了包含涌浪影响的Ekman模型和常通量层模型求解的风... 详细信息

以往研究表明,涌浪存在时,近海面大气边界层内Monin–Obukhov相似性理论(Monin–Obukhov SimilarTheory,MOST)将会失效,风廓线模型的建立需要考虑波致应力的影响。基于此,本文首先研究了包含涌浪影响的Ekman模型和常通量层模型求解的风廓线。结果表明:两种模型估算的风廓线均对涌浪的波衰减率系数cβ有较高的依赖性,在cβ<–50时,模型求解的风廓线均出现近海面风速极大值,但科氏力对近海面风廓线的影响可以忽略。在不同的大气层结下,分析发现海浪边界层(直接受波浪影响的区域)内风速明显小于海浪边界层之上MOST廓线在相同高度的外推值,体现了涌浪引起明显的剪切增强。通过对比分析广东省茂名市附近海上观测平台的实测数据发现,在涌浪存在时,MOST普遍无法描述风廓线;统计分析表明常通量层模型估算的风廓线在8 m处的风速与实测数据高度一致。考虑以往研究基本局限于中性大气层结条件,而涌浪经常显著影响着浮力作用明显的中低风速条件,我们的研究将有助于理解不同大气层结条件下涌浪对风廓线的影响。

关键词： MOST 涌浪波致应力海浪边界层层结

Tower-based observation of air-sea momentum flux:comparisons between onshore and offshore winds

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2020年第7期39卷 61-68页

作者： Maosheng Ye Shuang Li Zhongshui Zou jinbao song Hailun He Jian Huang Hongwei Yang Ocean College Zhejiang UniversityZhoushan 316021China State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationGuangzhou 510640China College of Mathematics and System Science Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China

We investigate the air-sea momentum flux in the marine atmospheric boundary layer using a tower-based direct measurement method.First,we compare the collected data with previous observations,and the results are roughly consistent.Next,in the low-to-moderate winds,the exchange coefficients(or drag coefficients)deviate between onshore and offshore winds,which exhibits the influence of surface wave on the momentum flux.Furthermore,we use a surface-wave-involved parameterization scheme to explain the dependence of momentum flux on surface wave.The results consolidate the influence of surface wave on momentum flux on the one hand,and validate the surface-wave-involved parameterization scheme on the other hand.

关键词： air-sea momentum flux direct measurement method marine atmospheric boundary layer

Observational study of super typhoon Meranti (2016) using satellite, surface drifter, Argo float and reanalysis data

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2021年第1期40卷 70-84页

作者： Hui Chen Shuang Li Hailun He jinbao song Zheng Ling Anzhou Cao Zhongshui Zou Wenli Qiao Ocean College Zhejiang UniversityZhoushan 316021China State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China Key Laboratory of Coastal Resources and Environment in Continental and Deep Sea of Department of Education of Guangdong ProvinceGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China

The present work describes the basic features of super typhoon Meranti(2016)by multiple data sources.We mainly focus on the upper ocean response to Meranti using multiplatform satellites,in situ surface drifter and Argo floats,and compare the results with the widely used idealized wind vortex model and reanalysis datasets.The pre-existing meso-scale eddy provided a favor underlying surface boundary condition and also modulated the upper ocean response to Meranti.Results show that the maximum sea surface cooling was 2.0℃after Meranti.The satellite surface wind failed to capture the core structure of Meranti as the idealized wind vortex model deduced.According to the observation of sea surface drifters,the near-inertial currents were significantly enhanced during the passage of Meranti.The temperature and salinity profiles from Argo floats revealed both the mixed-layer extension and subsurface upwelling induced by Meranti.The comparison results show that the sea surface temperature and surface wind in the reanalysis datasets differs from those in remote sensing system.Sea surface cooling is similar in both satellite and in situ observation,and sea surface salinity response has a lower correlation with the precipitation rate.

关键词： super typhoon satellite data sea surface temperature surface wind

基于文献计量分析方法的海气相互作用领域研究态势分析

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海洋科学 2024年第4期48卷 63-82页

作者：高宇郝鹏叶灿成泽毅李爽宋金宝浙江大学海洋学院浙江舟山316021 浙江大学物理海洋与遥感研究所浙江舟山316021

海洋和大气是地球气候系统关键组成部分,其相互作用对全球气候及人类生活产生深远影响。为了分析海气相互作用的研究现状与未来的发展趋势。采用文献计量分析方法,运用VOSviewer和CiteSpace工具,筛选了中国知网(China National Knowledg... 详细信息

海洋和大气是地球气候系统关键组成部分,其相互作用对全球气候及人类生活产生深远影响。为了分析海气相互作用的研究现状与未来的发展趋势。采用文献计量分析方法,运用VOSviewer和CiteSpace工具,筛选了中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI)和Web of Science核心合集数据库中关于海气相互作用的文献,通过分析关键词共现网络图谱、时间序列图谱、突现网络图谱以及文献的发文国家和机构分布,对1981-2021年中国在该领域的研究进展和未来发展趋势进行了综合评估。同时,本研究还选取了2001-2021年的国际文献,对全球范围内的研究进展和热点问题进行了分析。研究表明,国内外在海气相互作用领域的研究均从宏观到微观角度深入探讨,着重研究了大气和海洋的基本作用机理,并进一步分析了影响地球气候系统的多种因素,目前研究重点转向了极端天气系统的预测及其运行机制。从研究机构和国家分布来看,高校与政府机构是主要的研究主体,国内研究机构之间的合作联系较为紧密。研究关键方向和方法,从宏观层面的基础研究转向更为深入的海气通量和大尺度过程研究。这一转变反映了国际海洋发展战略的调整,同时为未来的研究方向提供了新的视角和思路。

关键词：海气相互作用 VOSviewer CiteSpace 知识图谱研究进展

Numerical studies on the degeneration of internal waves induced by an initial tilted pycnocline

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第7期33卷 27-39页

作者： LIN Zhenhua song jinbao Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves (KLOCAW) Chinese Academy of Sciences

The pycnocline in a closed domain is tilted by external wind forcing and tends to restore to a level posi- tion when the wind falls. An internal seiche oscillation exhibits if the forcing is weak, otherwise internal surge and internal solitary waves emerge, which serve as a link to cascade energy to small-scale processes. A two-dimensional non-hydrostatic code with a turbulence closure model is constructed to extend previous laboratory studies. The model could reproduce all the key phenomena observed in the corresponding labo- ratory experiments. The model results further serve as a comprehensive and reliable data set for an in-depth understanding of the related dynamical process. The comparative analyses indicate that nonlinear term favors the generation of internal surge and subsequent internal solitary waves, and the linear model predicts the general trend reasonably well. The vertical boundary can approximately reflect all the incoming waves, while the slope boundary serves as an area for small-scale internal wave breaking and energy dissipation. The temporal evolutions of domain integrated kinetic and potential energy are also analyzed, and the results indicate that about 20% of the initial available potential energy is lost during the first internal wave breaking process. Some numerical tactics such as grid topology and model initialization are also briefly discussed.

关键词： internal wave numerical model wave breaking energy dissipation

Second-order random interfacial wave solutions for two-layer fluid with a free surface

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2006年第1期25卷 15-20页

作者： song jinbao SUN Qun Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China

A previous study （song. 2004. Geophys Res Lett, 31 （15）：L15302） of the second-order solutions for random interracial waves is extended in a constant depth, two-layer fluid system with a rigid lid is extended into a more general case of two-layer fluid with a top free surface. The rigid boundary condition on the upper surface is replaced by the kinematical and dynamical boundary conditions of a free surface, and the equations describing the random displacements of free surface, density-interface and the associated velocity potentials in the two-layer fluid are solved to the second order using the same expansion technology as that of song （2004. Geophys Res Lett, 31 （15）：L15302）. The results show that the interface and the surface will oscillate synchronously, and the wave fields to the first-order both at the free surface and at the density-interface are made up of a linear superposition of many waves with different amplitudes, wave numbers and frequencies. The second-order solutions describe the second-order wave-wave interactions of the surface wave components, the interface wave components and among the surface and the interface wave components. The extended solutions also include special cases obtained by Thorpe for progressive interracial waves （Thorpe. 1968a.Trans R Soc London, 263A：563～614） and standing interracial waves （Thorpe. 1968b. J Fluid Mech, 32：489-528） for the two-layer fluid with a top free surface. Moreover, the solutions reduce to those derived for random surface waves by Sharma and Dean （1979.Ocean Engineering Rep 20） if the density of the upper layer is much smaller than that of the lower layer.

关键词： two-layer fluid free surface random interracial waves second-order solutions

A numerical study on seasonal variations of the thermocline in the South China Sea based on the ROMS

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第7期33卷 56-64页

作者： FAN Wei song jinbao LI Shuang Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Ocean Science and Engineering Zhejiang University

On the basis of the regional ocean modeling system （ROMS）, the seasonal variations of the thermocline in the South China Sea （SCS） were numerically investigated. The simulated hydrodynamics are in accordance with previous studies： the circulation pattern in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer, and such a change is mostly driven by the monsoon winds. The errors between the modeled temperature profiles and the observations obtained by cruises are quite small in the upper layers of the ocean, indicating that the ocean status is reasonably simulated. On the basis of the shapes of the vertical temperature profiles, five thermocline types （shallow thermocline, deep thermocline, hybrid thermocline, double thermocline, and multiple thermocline） are defined herein. In winter, when the northeasterly monsoon prevails, most shallow shelf seas in the northwest of the SCS are well mixed, and there is no obvious thermocline. The deep region generally has a deep thermocline, and the hybrid or double thermocline often occurs in the areas near the cold eddy in the south of the SCS. In summer, when the southwesterly monsoon prevails, the shelf sea area with a shallow thermocline greatly expands. The distribution of different thermocline types shows a relationship with ocean bathymetry： from shallow to deep waters, the thermocline types generally change from shallow or hybrid to deep thermocline, and the double or multiple thermocline usually occurs in the steep regions. The seasonal variations of the three major thermocline characteristics （the upper bound depth, thickness, and intensity） are also discussed. Since the SCS is also an area where tropical cyclones frequently occur, the response of thermocline to a typhoon process in a short time scale is also analyzed.

关键词： thermocline South China Sea ROMS typhoon