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Variability of fuel consumption and CO_(2) emissions of a gasoline passenger car under multiple in-laboratory and on-road testing conditions

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第3期125卷 266-276页

作者： Boya Zhou Liqiang He Shijian Zhang Rui Wang Luowei Zhang Mengliang Li Yu Liu Shaojun Zhang Ye Wu jiming hao China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd.Tianjin 300300China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CLTC-P). We collected fuel consumption and CO_(2)emissions data of a LDGV under various conditions based on laboratory chassis dynamometer and on-road tests. Laboratory results showed that both standard test cycles and setting methods of road load affected fuel consumption slightly, with variations of less than 4%. Compared to the type-approval value, laboratory and on-road fuel consumption of the tested LDGV over the CLTC-P increased by 9% and 34% under the reference condition(i.e., air conditioning off, automatic stop and start(STT) on and two passengers). On-road measurement results indicated that fuel consumption under the low-speed phase of the CLTC-P increased by 12% due to the STT off, although only a 4% increase on average over the entire cycle. More fuel consumption increases(52%) were attributed to air conditioning usage and full passenger capacity. Strong correlations(R2> 0.9) between relative fuel consumption and average speed were also identified. Under traffic congestion(average speed below 25 km/hr), fuel consumption was highly sensitive to changes in vehicle speed. Thus,we suggest that real-world driving conditions cannot be ignored when evaluating the fuel economy and GHGs reduction of LDGVs.

关键词： Fuel consumption CO_(2)emissions Light-duty gasoline vehicle(LDGV) Real driving

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VOCs evaporative emissions from vehicles in China:Species characteristics of different emission processes

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2020年第1期1卷 9-19页

作者： Hanyang Man Huan Liu He Niu Kai Wang Fanyuan Deng Xiaotong Wang Qian Xiao jiming hao State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing100084China State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai UniversityXining810003China Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control&Resource Reuse Fujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing100871China China Automotive Technology and Research Center Beijing100070China

Vehicle evaporation is an essential source of VOCs in cities but is not well understood in *** emission factors from previous studies are not enough for understanding the atmospheric chemical process of vehicular evaporative *** this work,a serious of detailed VOCs speciation profiles are developed based on test processes and emission processes.A mass balance method was used to divide different emission processes during diurnal *** results show that headspace vapor of gasoline cannot represent the real-world vehicle evaporation because of the significant differences in VOCs speciation profiles,especially for *** further distinguish emissions from evaporation and exhaust,only the ratios of MTBE/benzene and MTBE/toluene can serve as indicators when considering species from all evaporative ***,emissions from different sources change significantly with the *** solve these problems,we developed a monthly comprehensive evaporation speciation *** individual profiles at the emission processes are weighted by the emission of the in-use vehicle fleet in Beijing to derive the comprehensive speciation profile of evaporative *** formation potential(OFP)and secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP)were used to evaluate the environmental *** SOAP,100 g evaporative emissions are equal to 6.05-12.71 g toluene in different months,much higher than that given using headspace vapors,especially in winter(7.2 times higher in December).These findings would improve our understanding of the evaporative VOCs emissions in China and their environmental impacts(e.g.,O3 and SOA formation).

关键词： Vehicle evaporative emission VOC speciation profile Monthly comprehensive profile SOAP Ozone formation potential

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Characteristics of chemical components in PM2.5 at a plateau city, South-west China

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第5期10卷 97-105页

作者： Jianwu SHI Xiang DING Yue ZHOU Ran YOU Lu HUANG jiming hao Feng XIANG Jian YANG Ze SHI Xinyu HAN Ping NING Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Yunnan Environmental Monitoring Center Kunming 650000 China Kunming Environmental Monitoring Center Kunming 650228 China

A sampling campaign including summer, autumn and winter of 2014 and spring of 2015 was accomplished to obtain the characteristic of chemical components in PM2.5 at three sites ofKunming, a plateau city in South-west China. Nine kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions （WSI）, organic and element carbon （OC and EC） in PM2.5 were analyzed by ion chromatography and thermal optical reflectance method, respectively. Results showed that the average concentrations of total WSI, OC and EC were 22.85±10.95 μg.m -3, 17.83±9.57 μg.m-3 and 5.114-4.29 μg.m-3, respectively. They totally accounted for 53.0% of PM2.5. Secondary organic and inorganic aerosols （SOA and SIA） were also assessed by the minimum ratio of OC/EC, nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios. The annual average concentrations of SOA and SIA totally accounted for 28.3% of the PM2.5 concentration. The low proportion suggested the primary emission was the main source of PM2.5 in Kunming. However, secondary pollution in the plateau city should also not be ignorable, due to the appropriate temperature and strong solar radiation, which can promote the atmospheric photochemical reactions.

关键词： PM2.5 Plateau city Organic carbon Element carbon Inorganic ions Secondary components

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Progress of Air Pollution Control in China and Its Challenges and Opportunities in the Ecological Civilization Era

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Engineering 2020年第12期6卷 1423-1431页

作者： Xi Lu Shaojun Zhang Jia Xing Yunjie Wang Wenhui Chen Dian Ding Ye Wu Shuxiao Wang Lei Duan jiming hao State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution *** economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in *** have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality *** control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in *** 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented *** ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical *** improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.

关键词： Air pollution control Ecological civilization PM2.5 Low-carbon development Ozone

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Together towards a pollution-free planet

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第6期18卷 1-1页

作者： Jiuhui Qu jiming hao Yi Qian School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityChina

“Towards a pollution-free planet”is one of the three strategic objectives proposed in United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)’s Medium-Term Strategy for 2022—2025 which framed UNEP’s contribution in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Decade of Action to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals and *** aims at a planet where pollution is prevented and controlled,and good environmental quality and improved health and well-being are ensured for *** this objective requires joint efforts from diverse sectors,including environmental protection,green development,carbon mitigation,pollution control,etc.

关键词： pollution planet UNEP

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Rapid improvement of PM2.5 pollution and associated health benefits in China during 2013–2017

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第12期62卷 1847-1856页

作者： Tao XUE Jun LIU Qiang ZHANG Guannan GENG Yixuan ZHENG Dan TONG Zhu LIU Dabo GUAN Yu BO Tong ZHU Kebin HE jiming hao Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China College of Environmental Science and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Exposure to fine particulate matter(PM2.5)is known to harm public *** China,after implementation of aggressive emissions control measures under the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control(2013-2017),air quality has significantly *** this work,we investigated changes in PM2.5 exposure and the associated health impacts in China for the period *** used an optimal estimator of PM2.5 combining in-situ observations,satellite measurements,and simulations from a chemical transport model to derive the spatial and temporal variations in PM2.5 exposure,and then used welldeveloped exposure-response functions to estimate the premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 *** found that national population-weighed annual mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased from 67.4μgm-3 in 2013 to 45.5μgm-3 in 2017(32%reduction).This rapid decrease in PM2.5 pollution led to a 14%reduction in premature deaths due to long-term *** estimated that,during 2013-2017,the premature deaths attributable to long-term PM2.5 exposure decreased from 1.2 million(95%CI:1.0,1.3;fraction of total mortality:13%)in 2013 to 1.0 million(95%CI:0.9,1.2;10%)in *** the rapid decrease in annual mean PM2.5 concentrations,health benefits associated with reduced long-term exposure were limited,because for many cities,the PM2.5 levels remain at the portion where the exposure-response function is less steeper than that at the lowconcentration *** also found that the deaths associated with acute exposure decreased by 61%during 2013-2017 due to rapid reduction in the number of heavily polluted *** results confirm that clean air policies in China have mitigated the air pollution crisis;however,continuous emissions reduction efforts are required to protect citizens from air pollution.

关键词： Air quality improvement Health impact assessment Action plan of air pollution prevention and control PM2.5 Mortality

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Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第9期32卷 99-110页

作者： Ruolan Hu Qingcheng Xu Shuxiao Wang Yang Hua Noshan Bhattarai Jingkun Jiang Yu Song Kaspar R.Daellenbach Lu Qi Andre S.H.Prevot jiming hao State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Department of Environmental SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute5232 VilligenSwitzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research University of HelsinkiFinland

PM2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site(referred herein as "LLH site") located in the southwest of *** offline aerosol mass spectrometry(offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization(PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of watersoluble organic aerosol(WSOA).Organic aerosol(OA) always dominated PM2.5 during the sampling period,especially in *** pollution was serious during the polluted period both in autumn(31.1 μg/m3) and winter(31.9 μg/m3),while WSOA accounted for 54.4%of OA during the polluted period in autumn,much more than that(21.3%) in *** oxidation degree of WSOA at LLH site was at a high level(oxygen-to-carbon ratio,O/C=0.91)and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) contributed more mass ratio of WSOA than primary organic aerosol(POA) during the whole observation *** winter,coal combustion OA(CCOA) was a stable source of OA and on average accounted for 25.1% of *** autumn,biomass burning OA(BBOA) from household combustion contributed 38.3% of WSOA during polluted *** addition to oxygenated OA(OOA),aqueous-oxygenated OA(aq-OOA) was identified as an important factor of *** heavy pollution period,the mass proportion of aq-OOA to WSOA increased significantly,implying the significant SOA formation through aqueous-phase *** result of this study highlights the concentration on controlling the residential coal and biomass burning,as well as the research needs on aqueous chemistry in OA formation.

关键词： pollution aerosol winter

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60年经济体制:演变轨迹与基本经验

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现代经济探讨 2009年第8期 29-34页

作者：郝继明南京市委党校

新中国成立60年来,中国共产党领导中国人民,经过不断探索,逐渐形成了中国特色社会主义经济建设和经济体制的若干规律性认识,实现了经济体制从高度集中的社会主义计划经济体制到社会主义市场经济体制的根本性转变,使我国社会主义现代化... 详细信息

新中国成立60年来,中国共产党领导中国人民,经过不断探索,逐渐形成了中国特色社会主义经济建设和经济体制的若干规律性认识,实现了经济体制从高度集中的社会主义计划经济体制到社会主义市场经济体制的根本性转变,使我国社会主义现代化建设取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就。该文梳理了60年来经济体制演变的轨迹,总结了60年经济体制改革的基本经验。

关键词：经济体制演变轨迹基本经验建国60年

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New Editors-in-Chief＇s Message

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2015年第1期9卷 1-1页

作者： jiming hao John C. CRITTENDEN School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0595 USA

Frontiers of Environmental Science ＆ Engineering （FESE） published its first issue in 2007. Since then, 38 issues comprising over 630 articles have been published. FESE has become an active platform serving the international community in all areas of environmental science, engineering, and technology. FESE has a broad interdisciplinary scope with an emphasis on pollution mitigation and environmental quality improvement. Additionally, FESE publishes invited feature papers as well as special issues on selected topics. FESE was conceived as a truly international scientific journal and it could not have achieved the great reputation that it has without ongoing contributions from authors, reviewers, editors, and especially from our former Editor-in-Chief, Professor Yi Qian. As the new Editors-in-Chief of FESE, we are proud to fill this role and look forward to the challenge it will present.

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Trends in particulate matter and its chemical compositions in China from 2013–2017

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第12期62卷 1857-1871页

作者： Yuesi WANG Wenjie LI Wenkang GAO Zirui LIU Shili TIAN Rongrong SHEN Dongsheng JI Shuai WANG Lili WANG Guiqian TANG Tao SONG Mengtian CHENG Gehui WANG Zhengyu GONG jiming hao Yuanhang ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Lacer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China China National Environmental Monitoring Centre Beijing 100012China Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education School of Geographic SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Atmospheric Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China

Accurate determination of the atmospheric particulate matter mass concentration and chemical composition is helpful in exploring the causes and sources of atmospheric enthalpy pollution and in evaluating the rationality of environmental air quality control *** on the sampling and chemical composition data of PM2.5 in different key regions of China in the CARE-China observation network,this research analyzes the environmental air quality data released by the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre during the studied period to determine the changes in the particulate matter mass concentration in key regions and the evolution of the corresponding chemical compositions during the implementation of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution from *** results show the following.(1)The particulate matter mass concentration in China showed a significant downward trend;however,the PM2.5 annual mass concentration in 64%of cities exceeds the New Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard(CAAQS)GradeⅡ(GB3095-2012).The region to the east of the Taihang Mountains,the Fenhe and Weihe River Plain and the Urumqi-Changji regions in Xinjiang,all have PM2.5 concentration loading that is still high,and heavy haze pollution occurred frequently in the autumn and winter.(2)During the heavy pollution in the autumn and winter,the concentrations of sulfate and organic components decreased *** mean SO42-concentration in PM2.5 decreased by 76%,12%,81%and 38%in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH),the Pearl River Delta(PRD),the Sichuan-Chongqing region(SC)and the Fenhe and Weihe River Plain,*** mean organic matter(OM)concentration decreased by 70%,44%,48%and 31%,respectively,and the mean concentration of NH4+decreased by 68%,1.6%,38%and 25%,*** mean elemental carbon(EC)concentration decreased by 84%and 20%in BTH and SC,respectively,and it increased by 61%and 11%in the PRD and Fenhe and Weihe River Plain,*** mean c

关键词： PM2.5 Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution,Key regions Chemical composition Particle size distribution Variation characteristics

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