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Fighting and aggressive sound determines larger male to win male-male competition in a bark beetle

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Insect Science 2021年第1期28卷 203-214页

作者： Zhu-Dong Liu Jacob D.Wickham jiang-hua sun State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesChaoyang DistrictBeijingChina CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions Chinese Academy of SciencesChaoyang DistrictBeijingChina

Intrasexual selection occurs in male-male competition over access to females and usually results in the larger male winning.While much research has documented that size matters,little is known about how the larger male wins.Dendroctonus vale ns is an aggregating monogamous bark beetle in which males have large variation in body size and display intense competition over females.Behavioral observation showed two males fight each other within the gallery by pushing/shoving and stridulated more when two males encountered each other.Experiments using two different-sized males synchronously competing showed that larger males won 95%of contests.Reciprocal displacement experiments using muted and intact males of different or equal size were used to simulate male-male competition.Larger males displaced the smaller resident male in 90%of contests,while smaller males prevailed over larger residents in 6.7%of contests.With both males silenced,larger males displaced smaller males in 80%of con tests,while smaller males prevailed in 8%of con tests.Further experiments using equal-sized males showed aggressive soundemitting males displaced muted males in 67%of contests,yet intact males displaced other intact males in only 37.5%of con tests.Sound analysis showed sound pressure level is an honest signal of body size and males chose soft sounds over loud aggressive sounds in assays.Therefore,D.valens males have evolved dual behaviors,fighting and aggressive sounds associated with body size,to assess rivals to compete for a partner,gaining insights in male-male competition for this species and for other animals.

关键词： aggressive soun ds animal con test theory bark bee tie body size fighting male-male competition

Physical contact, volatiles, and acoustic signals contribute to monogamy in an invasive aggregating bark beetle

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Insect Science 2020年第6期27卷 1285-1297页

作者： Zhu-Dong Liu Guo-Bing Mi Kenneth F.Raffa jiang-hua sun State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Erdaochuan Forest Station of Guandi Mountain Forest Bureau WenshuiShanxi ProvinceChina Department of Entomology University of WisconsinMadisonWlUSA University Academy of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

The behavioral strategies and mechanisms by which some insects maintain monogamous mating systems are not well understood.We investigated the mating system of the bark beetle Dendroctonus valens,and identified several contributing mechanisms.Field and laboratory observations suggest the adults commonly form permanent bonds during host colonization.Moreover,it showed mated females that remained paired with males produced more offspring than mated females that were alone in galleries.In bioassays,a second female commonly entered a gallery constructed by a prior female.Videos show she commonly reached the location of the first female,but they did not engage in actual fighting.Rather,the second female typically departs to form her own gallery.Acoustic signaling likewise does not appear to influence female-female encounters,based on controlled muting experiments.Instead the intruder appears to perceive the residents presence by physical contact.Both acoustic signals and volatiles released by females during gallery constructing were shown to attract males.After a male joined a female in a gallery,the male-produced aggressive sounds,which were shown by playback to deter other males from entering the gallery.Unlike female-female interactions,resident males use their head and rear to push intruders out of galleries.Additionally,volatiles released by males during feeding repelled intruding males,discouraging them from entering the gallery.Males also construct plugs that block the entrance,which may prevent subsequent males and predators from entering the gallery.Thus,D.valens has evolved multifaceted mechanisms contributing to single pairings that confer benefits to both sexes.

关键词： acoustic signals behavioral assay Dendroctonus valens mating system pheromones rivalry

Herbivory effects of Argopistes tsekooni, a chrysomelid beetle, on container-grown Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense

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Insect Science 2011年第2期18卷 203-208页

作者： Yan-Zhuo Zhang James L. Hanula jiang-hua sun State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station Athens GA USA

The impact ofArgopistes tsekooni Chen （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, a herbivore, on Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lout. （Scrophulariales： Oleaceae）, an invasive shrub in the United States, was studied in China. Five densities of adults were inoc- ulated into 3-year-old potted Chinese privet plants in cages under field conditions for 1 month. Plants exposed to high densities of adults were severely damaged and the aboveground portions of some were killed, while the survival rates of adult A. tsekooni were comparatively high. The amount of new growth of the main stem, the number of new leaves, and oven-dried biomass were significantly reduced by the combined feeding of larvae and adults. Above-ground plant mortality was 100% when plants were exposed to 24 and 30 adults/plant. In this study A. tsekooni had a significant negative impact on Chinese privet growing in pots, which suggests that it may be a promising candidate for biological control of Chinese privet in the field in North America.

关键词： biological control Chrysomelidae Coleoptera Oleaceae plant mortality,pre-release efficacy assessment

Biology and damage traits of emerald ash borer planipennis Fairmaire）in China

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Insect Science 2007年第5期14卷 367-373页

作者： XIA WEI YUN WU RICHARD REARDON TIE-huaN sun MIN LU jiang-hua sun Forest Protection Institute of Heilongjiang Province Harbin China USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Morgantown West Virginia USA Forest Pest Prevention and Quarantine Station of Tianjin Tianjin China State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Beijing China

Emerald ash borer （Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire）（Coleoptera： Buprestidae） is a major stem borer of ash （Fraxinus spp.）. It is univoltine in Tianjin, while it is semivoltine in Heilongjiang Province, and both univoltine and semivoltine in Changchun, Jilin Province, where the majority is univoltine. The longevity of emerald ash borer adults is 17.2 ± 4.6 days （n = 45）, eggs 9.0 5：1.1 days （n = 103）, univoltine larvae 308 days, semivoltine larvae 673 days, and pupae 61.2 ± 1.6 days （n = 45）. It takes about 100 days from the time larvae bore into the phloem to when they complete the pupal cell. In a 10-year-old velvet ash （Fraxinus velutina Tort.） plantation in Tianjin, emerald ash borer preferred to oviposit on the regions of boles from 50-150 cm above ground, accounting for 76.7% of the total girdling. Girdling on the south side of the tree boles accounted for 43.40% of the total girdling. The emerald ash borer population density is higher at the edge of the plantation compared with the center.

关键词： biology damage traits emerald ash borer life history

Effect of associated fungi on the immunocompetence of red turpentine beetle larvae, Dendroctonus valens （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Scolytinae）

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Insect Science 2012年第5期19卷 579-584页

作者： Zhang-Hong Shi Bo Wang Stephen R. Clarke jiang-hua sun State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China USDA Forest Service FHP Lufkin Texas USA

Abstract Dendroctonus-fungus symbioses are often considered as the ideal model sys- tems to study the development and maintenance ofectosymbioses, and diverse interactions, including antagonism, commensalism and mutualism, have been documented between these organisms. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Scolytinae） is a pine-killing invasive beetle in northern China. Fungi species Ophiostoma minus, Leptographium sinoprocerum, L. terebrantis and L. procerum were associated with this bark beetle. Antagonistic interactions between D. valens and its as- sociated fungi, such as O. minus and L. sinoprocerum, have been demonstrated, but the underlying causes of this phenomenon are unknown. Here, we first found the two tested fungi species retarded the net weight gain of D. valens larvae after completing 3-day feeding on their media. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence indicating the effect of associated fungi on the immunocompetence olD. valens larvae to explain the documented antagonism. Our results showed that the activity of phenoloxidase and total phenoloxi- dase in D. valens larvae were significantly upregulated by two strains of associated fungi, O. minus and L. sinoprocerum as compared with the controls. The phenoloxidase ratio increased significantly in the larvae which had fed for 3 days on media inoculated with O. minus. Because insect immtme defenses are costly to be deployed, these results could be explored as one of the underlying mechanisms of the documented antagonism.

关键词： bark beetle ecological immunology fungi phenoloxidase symbiosis

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valans （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, in the Luliang Mountains, China

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Insect Science 2008年第4期15卷 349-354页

作者： Zhudong Liu Longwa Zhang Zhanghong Shi Bo Wang Wan Qiang Tao jiang-hua sun The State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Anhui Agricultural University Hefei Beijing Forest Pest Control Station Beijing China

The alien red turpentine beetle （RTB）, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure （south- and north-facing）, host-tree locations according to relief （valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top） and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley （3 sites）. The results showed that （i） RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; （ii） RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; （iii） RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; （iv） the attack density of RTBs （measured by pitch tubes/pine） was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.

关键词： colonization patterns Dendroctonus valens Pinus tabulaeformis tree diameter,tree exposure tree location according to relief

Effects of bark beetle pheromones on the attraction of Monochamus alternatus to pine volatiles

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Insect Science 2010年第6期17卷 553-556页

作者： Jian-Ting Fan Daniel R. Miller Long-Wa Zhang jiang-hua sun School of Forestry and Bio-technology Zhejiang Forestry University Lin'an Zhejiang Province China State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service Athens Georgia USA School of Forestry and landscape Architecture Anhui Agriculture University Hefei China

We evaluated the attraction ofMonochamus alternatus Hope （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, Dryocoetes luteus Blandford and Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston （Coleoptera： Curculionidae： Scolytinae） to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene and the bark beetle pheromones, ipsenol and ipsdienol. M. alternatus were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene but not those baited with ipsdienol and ipsenol. Ipsdienol and ipsenol decreased catches ofM. alternatus in traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene. Traps baited with either binary combinations of ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene or ipsdienol and ipsenol were attractive to D. luteus and O. erosus. The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol to traps baited with ethanol and （＋）-α-pinene synergized attraction of O. erosus but not D. luteus .

关键词： bark beetle pheromones Dryocoetes luteus Monochamus alternatus Orthotomicus erosus pine volatiles

Comparative analysis of the Monochamus alternatus immune system

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Insect Science 2018年第4期25卷 581-603页

作者： Jiao Zhou Hai-Ying Yu Wei Zhang Faheem Ahmad Song-Nian Hu Li-Lin Zhao Zhen Zou jiang-hua sun State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information Beijing Institute of Genomics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Biosciences COMSA TS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad Pakistan University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, is regarded as a notorious for- est pest in Asia, vectoring an invasive pathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is known to cause pine wilt disease. However, little sequence information is available for this vector beetle. This hampered the research on its immune system. Based on the transcriptome of M. alternatus, we have identified and characterized 194 immunity-related genes in M. alternatus, and compared them with homologues molecules from other species known to exhibit immune responses against invading microbes. The lower number of puta- tive immunity-related genes in M. alternatus were attributed to fewer C-type lectin, serine protease （SP） and anti-microbial peptide （AMP） genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. alternatus had a unique recognition gene, galectin3, orthologues of which were not identified in Tribolium castaneum, Drosophila melanogastor, Anopheles gambiae and Apis mellifera. This suggested a lineage-specific gene evolution for coleopteran insects. Our study provides the comprehensive sequence resources of the immunity-related genes ofM. alternatus, presenting valuable information for better understanding of the molecular mechanism of innate immunity processes in M. alternatus against B. xylophilus.

关键词： Bursaphelenchus xylophilus expression profiling insect immunity Monochamus alternatus serine protease transcriptome

Effects of fertilization and herbicides on growth of young loblolly pine and infestations of Nantucket pine tip moth（Lepidoptera： Tortricidae）

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Insect Science 2005年第5期12卷 367-374页

作者： WILLIAM G. ROSS DAVID L. KULHAVY jiang-hua sun School of Forestry Louisiana Tech University Ruston Louisiana Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches Texas USA State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

2 岁的松种植园被选择接受化肥和除草剂的处理在 Nantucket 松尖端蛾群袭和高度，直径和卷增长的树生长参数上评估效果。氮和磷化肥， andhexazinone 和 sulfometuron 甲基除草剂在创造六个处理被使用：(ⅰ) 控制；(ⅱ) 磷；(ⅲ) 氮和磷... 详细信息

2 岁的松种植园被选择接受化肥和除草剂的处理在 Nantucket 松尖端蛾群袭和高度，直径和卷增长的树生长参数上评估效果。氮和磷化肥， andhexazinone 和 sulfometuron 甲基除草剂在创造六个处理被使用：(ⅰ) 控制；(ⅱ) 磷；(ⅲ) 氮和磷；(ⅳ) 磷和除草剂；(ⅴ) 氮，磷和除草剂；并且(ⅵ) 除草剂。处理在 1987 和 1988 被使用。在 1987，与氮，磷和除草剂对待的树比不接受化肥处理的树有显著地更大的高度，直径和体积生长，但是没比控制树有显著地更高的尖端蛾群袭。除了氮 and/phosphorus，收到磷的处理仅仅比另外的处理有低得多的尖端蛾群袭率。在 1988，尖端蛾群袭是一致地低的，没有在观察的处理效应的差别。

关键词：施肥方法除草剂火炬松虫害蛀虫生长因子