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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2024年第1期8卷 I0003-I0016,1-1091页

作者： Waleed Abdallah Tiago Carlos Adorno de Freitas Konstantin Afanaciev Shakeel Ahmad Ijaz Ahmed Xiaocong Ai Abid Aleem Wolfgang Altmannshofer Fabio Alves Weiming An Rui An Daniele Paolo Anderle Stefan Antusch Yasuo Arai Andrej Arbuzov Abdesslam Arhrib Mustafa Ashry Sha Bai Yu Bai Yang Bai Vipul Bairathi Csaba Balazs Philip Bambade Yong Ban Tripamo Bandyopadhyay Shou-Shan Bao Desmond P.Barber Ayse Bat Varvara Batozskaya Subash Chandra Behera Alexander Belyaev Michele Bertucci Xiao-Jun Bi Yuanjie Bi Tianjian Bian Fabrizio Bianchi Thomas Biekotter Michela Biglietti Shalva Bilanishvili Deng Binglin Denis Bodrov Anton Bogomyagkov Serge Bondarenko Stewart Boogert Maarten Boonekamp Marcello Borri Angelo Bosotti Vincent Boudry Mohammed Boukidi Igor Boyko Ivanka Bozovic Giuseppe Bozzi Jean-Claude Brient Anastasiia Budzinskaya Masroor Bukhari Vladimir Bytev Giacomo Cacciapaglia Hua Cai Wenyong Cai Wujun Cai Yijian Cai Yizhou Cai Yuchen Cai Haiying Cai Huacheng Cai Lorenzo Calibbi Junsong Cang Guofu Cao Jianshe Cao Antoine Chance Xuejun Chang Yue Chang Zhe Chang Xinyuan Chang Wei Chao Auttakit Chatrabhuti Yimin Che Yuzhi Che Bin Chen Danping Chen Fuqing Chen Fusan Chen Gang Chen Guoming Chen Hua-Xing Chen Huirun Chen Jinhui Chen Ji-Yuan Chen Kai Chen Mali Chen Mingjun Chen Mingshui Chen Ning Chen Shanhong Chen Shanzhen Chen Shao-Long Chen Shaomin Chen Shiqiang Chen Tianlu Chen Wei Chen Xiang Chen Xiaoyu Chen Xin Chen Xun Chen Xurong Chen Ye Chen Ying Chen Yukai Chen Zelin Chen Zilin Chen Gang Chen Boping Chen Chunhui Chen Hok Chuen Cheng Huajie Cheng Shan Cheng Tongguang Cheng Yunlong Chi Pietro Chimenti Wen Han Chiu Guk Cho Ming-Chung Chu Xiaotong Chu Ziliang Chu Guglielmo Coloretti Andreas Crivellin Hanhua Cui Xiaohao Cui Zhaoyuan Cui Brunella D'Anzi Ling-Yun Dai Xinchen Dai Xuwen Dai Antonio De Maria Nicola De Filippis Christophe De La Taille Francesca De Mori Chiara De Sio Elisa Del Core Shuangxue Deng Wei-Tian Deng Zhi Deng Ziyan Deng Bhupal Dev Tang Dewen Biagio Di Micco Ran Ding Siqin Dingl Yadong Ding Haiyi Dong Jianin AGH university of science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer ScienceKrakow Anhui university HefeiAnhui Applied Physics department Federal Urdu University of ArtsScience and TechnologyIslamabad Banaras Hindu university Institute of ScienceVaranasi Bandirma Onyedi Eylul university Bandirma Beihang university Beijing Beijing Computational science Research Center Beijing Beijing Conveyi LTD Beijing Beijing Glass Research Institute Co. LtdBeijing Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Beijing normal university Beijing Brown university ProvidenceRI Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk Cadi Ayyad university Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied PhysicsPolydisciplinary FacultyMarrakech Cairo university Giza Center for Theory and Computation National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu Central china.normal {2. WuhanHubei Central South university ChangshaHunan Centro de Fisica Teorica de Particulas Universidade Tecnica de LisboaLisboa Chengdu KaitengSifang Digital Radio&TV Equipment Co. LtdChengduSichuan china.academy of engineering physics MianyangSichuan china.building materials academy Beijing china.Center of Advanced science and Technology Beijing china.Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing china.Jiliang university HangzhouZhejiang china.Nuclear Instrument CO. LTDBeijing china.university of Geo{2.s Beijing china.university of Geo{2.s WuhanHubei china.university of Mining and Technology XuzhouJiangsu china.West normal {2. NanchongSichuan Chongqing university Department of PhysicsChongqing Chulalongkorn university Bangkok City university of Hong Kong Department of PhysicsHong Kong Cockcroft Institute Daresbury Cornell university IthacaNY CPPM(AMU/IPhU&CNRS/INP) Marseille Dalian Minzu university DalianLiaoning Dalian university of Technology Department of PhysicsDalian Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Hamburg Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research(DLNP JINR) Dubna East china.university Of {2. And Technol

The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by china.fostered through extensive collaboration with international *** complex comprises four accelerators:a 30 GeV Linac,a 1.1 GeV Damping Ring,a Booster capable of achieving energies up to 180 GeV,and a Collider operating at varying energy modes(Z,W,H,and tt).The Linac and Damping Ring are situated on the surface,while the subterranean Booster and Collider are housed in a 100 km circumference underground tunnel,strategically accommodating future expansion with provisions for a potential Super Proton Proton Collider(SPPC).The CEPC primarily serves as a Higgs *** its baseline design with synchrotron radiation(SR)power of 30 MW per beam,it can achieve a luminosity of 5×10^(34)cm^(-2.s^(-1)per interaction point(IP),resulting in an integrated luminosity of 13 ab^(-1)for two IPs over a decade,producing 2.6 million Higgs *** the SR power to 50 MW per beam expands the CEPC's capability to generate 4.3 million Higgs bosons,facilitating precise measurements of Higgs coupling at sub-percent levels,exceeding the precision expected from the HL-LHC by an order of *** Technical Design Report(TDR)follows the Preliminary Conceptual Design Report(Pre-CDR,2.15)and the Conceptual Design Report(CDR,2.18),comprehensively detailing the machine's layout,performance metrics,physical design and analysis,technical systems design,R&D and prototyping efforts,and associated civil engineering ***,it includes a cost estimate and a preliminary construction timeline,establishing a framework for forthcoming engineering design phase and site selection *** is anticipated to begin around 2.2.-2.2.,pending government approval,with an estimated duration of 8 *** commencement of experiments and data collection could potentially be initiated in the mid-2.30s.

关键词： initiated exceeding precise

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National-scale data-driven rainfall induced landslide susceptibility mapping for china.by accounting for incomplete landslide data

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第6期12卷 262-276页

作者： Qigen Lin Pedro Lima Stefan Steger Thomas Glade Tong jiang Jiahui zhang Tianxue Liu Ying Wang Institute for Disaster Risk management School of Geographical SciencesNanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China department of Geography and Regional Research University of ViennaUniversitätsstraße 71010 ViennaAustria Institute for Earth Observation Eurac ResearchViale Druso 139100 Bolzano-BozenItaly Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education/Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency management Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

china.is one of the countries where landslides caused the most fatalities in the last decades. The threat that landslide disasters pose to people might even be greater in the future, due to climate change and the increasing urbanization of mountainous areas. A reliable national-scale rainfall induced landslide susceptibility model is therefore of great relevance in order to identify regions more and less prone to landsliding as well as to develop suitable risk mitigating strategies. However, relying on imperfect landslide data is inevitable when modelling landslide susceptibility for such a large research area. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of incomplete landslide data on national scale statistical landslide susceptibility modeling for china. In this context, it is aimed to explore the benefit of mixed effects modelling to counterbalance associated bias propagations. Six influencing factors including lithology, slope,soil moisture index, mean annual precipitation, land use and geological environment regions were selected based on an initial exploratory data analysis. Three sets of influencing variables were designed to represent different solutions to deal with spatially incomplete landslide information: Set 1(disregards the presence of incomplete landslide information), Set 2.excludes factors related to the incompleteness of landslide data), Set 3(accounts for factors related to the incompleteness via random effects). The variable sets were then introduced in a generalized additive model(GAM: Set 1 and Set 2. and a generalized additive mixed effect model(GAMM: Set 3) to establish three national-scale statistical landslide susceptibility models: models 1, 2.and 3. The models were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve(AUROC) given by spatially explicit and non-spatial cross-validation. The spatial prediction pattern produced by the models were also investigated. The results show that the landslide inve

关键词： Statistical modelling Landslide susceptibility Generalized additive model Mixed-effects model china

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暴露生态学视角下绿地暴露健康效益研究进展

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生态学报 2024年第14期44卷 5914-5924页

作者：杨高原余兆武张金光刘红晓金贵居阳洪波赵卓慧张理卿姚希晗马文娟熊浚祺邵钰涵姜斌上海师范大学环境与地理科学学院上海200234 复旦大学环境科学与工程系上海200438 南京林业大学风景园林学院南京210037 中国科学院华南植物园广州510650 中国地质大学(武汉)经济管理学院武汉430078 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院南京210023 西北农林科技大学风景园林艺术学院杨凌712100 复旦大学公共卫生学院上海200032 上海交通大学设计学院上海200240 同济大学建筑与城市规划学院上海200092 香港大学建筑学院(城市环境与人类健康实验室) 中国香港999077

城市绿地与居民健康福祉密切相关,绿地暴露所带来的多重健康效益已经成为耦合城市生态与健康科学的前沿热点议题。尽管绿地健康效应的综述研究并不鲜见,但是目前仍缺乏基于统一理论框架视角下对绿地暴露健康效益的系统综述。近期提出的... 详细信息

城市绿地与居民健康福祉密切相关,绿地暴露所带来的多重健康效益已经成为耦合城市生态与健康科学的前沿热点议题。尽管绿地健康效应的综述研究并不鲜见,但是目前仍缺乏基于统一理论框架视角下对绿地暴露健康效益的系统综述。近期提出的暴露生态学作为一个耦合“自然生态系统-生态暴露-健康效应”框架体系,能够全面剖析、归纳已有绿地暴露健康效应研究,并指引未来相关领域研究发展。因此,研究在暴露生态学研究视域下,在主体-现实,客体-现实,主体-虚拟,客体-虚拟界面下进行了研究进展的综述分析,并指出了研究截面(尺度)单一、阈值研究与虚拟(及多感官)研究不足等问题。最后提出了未来研究展望:(1)构建跨时空、多尺度的绿地暴露测度模型,并量化绿地健康之间的因果效应;(2.构建阈值模型,分析健康促进的绿地暴露主体阈值与客体阈值;(3)探索绿地特征、暴露方式和剂量、多感体验对健康的影响。研究成果可以进一步加深对相关领域前沿与不足的认识,也可以进一步促进暴露生态学理论体系的丰富和完善。

关键词：暴露生态学绿地暴露健康效益研究进展

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Echolocation calls of Myotis frater (Chiroptera: Hipposi- deridae) during search flight

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Chinese science Bulletin 2000年第18期45卷 1690-1692页

作者： zhang Shuyi ZHAO Huihua FENG jiang SHENG Lianxi LI Zhenxin WANG Lixin Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080China Environmental science department Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun 130024China Psychology department Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Echolocation calls of Myotis frater emitted during the search phase consist of brief frequency-modulated pulses. The sound signals are comprised of three harmonics of which the first one is of the highest intensity and occurs in all echolocation calls. The frequency of this fundamental harmonic ranges from 110.8 to 50.2.kHz, and its duration is about 3.5 ms. The second and the third harmonics are relatively weak, occurring in 50.0% and 2..0% of echolocation calls respectively, with frequencies ranging from 138.4 to 116.6 kHz for the second harmonic and from 193.6 to 170.8 kHz for the third harmonic. We presume that, according to the echolocation call features, Myotis frater probably forages the insects on the ground of complex environments.

关键词： Myotis frater echolocation calls frequency-modulated signals flight harmonic.

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Magnus Hall Effect in Two-Dimensional Materials

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Chinese Physics Letters 2021年第5期38卷 72-77页

作者： Rui-Chun Xiao Zibo Wang Zhi-Qiang zhang Junwei Liu Hua jiang Institute of Physical science and Information Technology Anhui UniversityHefei 230601China school of Physical science and Technology Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006China Institute for Advanced Study Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006China College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Sichuan Normal UniversityChengdu 610068China Center for Computational sciences Sichuan Normal UniversityChengdu 610068China department of Physics Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina

The Magnus Hall effect(MHE) is a new type of linear-response Hall effect, recently proposed to appear in two-dimensional(2.) nonmagnetic systems at zero magnetic field in the ballistic limit. The MHE arises from a self-rotating Bloch electron moving under a gradient-electrostatic potential, analogous to the Magnus effect in the macrocosm. Unfortunately, the MHE is usually accompanied by a trivial transverse signal, which hinders its experimental observation. We systematically investigate the material realization and experimental measurement of the MHE, based on symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations. It is found that both the out-ofplane mirror and in-plane two-fold symmetries can neutralize the trivial transverse signal to generate clean MHE signals. We choose two representative 2. materials, monolayer MoS_(2., and bilayer WTe_(2., to study the quantitative dependency of MHE signals on the direction of the electric field. The results are qualitatively consistent with the symmetry analysis, and suggest that an observable MHE signal requires giant Berry curvatures. Our results provide detailed guidance for the future experimental exploration of MHE.

关键词： MHE Magnus Hall Effect in Two-Dimensional Materials

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Cadherin-18 loss in prospermatogonia and spermatogonial stem cells enhances cell adhesion through a compensatory mechanism

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动物学研究 2024年第5期 1048页

作者： Xiao-Xiao Li Dan-Chen zhang Yan Wang Jian Wen Xing-Ju Wang Yu-Lu Cao Ru jiang Jia-Rui Li Yi-Nuo Li He-He Liu Wen-Hai Xie Zheng-Feng Xu Ping Hu Kang Zou Germline Stem Cells and Microenvironment Lab College of Animal Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Stem Cell Research and Translation Center Nanjing Agricultural University department of Prenatal Diagnosis Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital school of Life sciences and Medicine Shandong University of Technology

Extracellular membrane proteins are crucial for mediating cell attachment, recognition, and signal transduction in the testicular microenvironment, particularly germline stem cells. Cadherin 18(CDH18), a type Ⅱ classical cadherin, is primarily expressed in the nervous and reproductive systems. Here, we investigated the expression of CDH18in neonatal porcine prospermatogonia(ProSGs) and murine spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs). Disruption of CDH18 expression did not adversely affect cell morphology, proliferation, self-renewal, or differentiation in cultured porcine ProSGs, but enhanced cell adhesion and prolonged cell maintenance. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the down-regulation of CDH18 in ProSGs significantly up-regulated genes and signaling pathways associated with cell adhesion. To further elucidate the function of CDH18 in germ cells, Cdh18 knockout mice were generated, which exhibited normal testicular morphology,histology,*** analysis showed increased expression of genes associated with adhesion, consistent with the observations in porcine ProSGs. The interaction of CDH18with β-catenin and JAK2.in both porcine ProSGs and murine SSCs suggested an inhibitory effect on the canonical Wnt and JAK-STAT signaling pathways during CDH18 deficiency. Collectively, these findings highlight the crucial role of CDH18 in regulating cell adhesion in porcine ProSGs and mouse SSCs. Understanding this regulatory mechanism provides significant insights into the testicular niche.

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Spatial Correlation and Ecological Characteristics Analysis of Man-agement Area for Biodiversity Conservation and Relevant Regionalization

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Chinese Geographical science 2014年第1期24卷 71-82页

作者： WANG Wenjie ZHENG Hua XU Chao jiang Weiguo DU Yunhui WANG Wei zhang Zhe LIU Xiaofu Chinese Research Academy of Environmental sciences Key Laboratory of systems Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Appraisal Center for Environment&Engineering Ministry of Environmental Protection

Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in *** order to clarify the interrelation among key ecological zone plans,this paper carried out the research on spatial relation of priority areas of biodiversity conservation and three key ecological areas(key ecological function areas,key regions of ecological service function,national nature reserves)and the research on ecological conditions,based on multi-scale ecological spatial theme information,which incorporates elements like ecological quality and type,and by the aid of spatial information analysis and GIS *** results showed a contrastively fine spatial consistency with 68.8%of priority areas of biodiversity conservation overlapping with three key ecological *** the environment in priority areas of biodiversity conservation were in good conditions,protection pressure is also increasing,powerful supervision and protection should not be *** environmental conditions in the overlapping areas,as a whole,were superior to those in the non-overlapping *** two areas have different characteristics,targeted protection measures should be formulated based on this difference,which will be very important for biodiversity conservation in priority areas of biodiversity conservation.

关键词： biodiversity conservation ecological regionalization ecological pressure ecological service spatial correlation analysis

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The real-world study of the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer in china

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Journal of Pancreatology 2024年第1期7卷 1-9页

作者： Jiujie Cui Qihan Fu Xiaobing Chen Yanling Wang Qi Li Feng Wang Zhihua Li Guanghai Dai Yusheng Wang Hongmei zhang Houjie Liang Jun Zhou Liu Yang Fenghua Wang Leizhen Zheng Xiaofeng Chen Ping Gong jiang Liu Ying Yuan Lin Wang Yuejuan Cheng Jun zhang Yuhong Zhou Weijian Guo Xianbao Zhan Zhengyun Zou Da Li Shan Zeng Enxiao Li Zhiwei Li Zan Teng Dan Cao Jie Kan Jianping Xiong Ming Quan Jiayu Yao Haiyan Yang Liwei Wang department of Medical Oncology Renji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina department of Medical Oncology The First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina department of Medical Oncology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityHenan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina department of Medical Oncology Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina department of Medical Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina department of Medical Oncology Sun Yat-sen Medical Hospital Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouChina Medical Oncology Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Shanxi Provincial Cancer HospitalAffiliated to Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina department of Clinical Oncology Xijing HospitalAir Force Medical UniversityXi’anChina department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University(Army Military Medical University)ChongqingChina department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education/Beijing)Peking University Cancer Hospital&InstituteBeijingChina Cancer Center Department of Medical OncologyZhejiang Provincial People’s HospitalPeople’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina department of Medical Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouGuangdongChina Oncology department Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina department of Oncology the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina department of Oncology The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineShihezi UniversityShiheziChina department of Oncology People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionXinjiangChina department of Medical Oncology t

Objective:Real-world diagnostic and treatment data for pancreatic cancer in china.are *** such,the present study investigated the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer(including locally advanced and metastatic disease)in the Hospital-based Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Cohort in china.of the china.Pancreas Data Center ***:A total of 5349 Chinese patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were identified from a *** entire course of real-world pancreatic cancer management was ***:The proportion of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was higher among males than females(62.4%vs 37.6%,respectively).Patients typically had a history of hypertension(30.8%),diabetes(2..6%),and cholangitis(2..2.).Abdominal pain(51.6%),abdominal distension(2..1%),jaundice(2..1%),and weight loss(16.3%)were the main symptoms observed in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in this *** carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9 is one of the most common tumor *** the present study,2.62.patients underwent first-line *** median progression-free survival(PFS)for patients undergoing first-line therapy was 4.1 *** major options for first-line therapy included gemcitabine(GEM)plus S-1(GS/X)(2..4%),nab-paclitaxel plus GEM(AG)(18.1%),oxaliplatin,irinotecan,and leucovorin-modulated fluorouracil(FOLFIRINOX;11.9%),nab-paclitaxel plus S-1(AS)(8.9%),and GEM combined with oxaliplatin/cisplatin(GEMOX/GP)(7.6%).The AS and GS/X regimens were associated with the highest PFS ***:This is the first study to report multicenter,real-world data regarding advanced pancreatic cancer in *** revealed that real-world treatment options differed from guideline recommendations,and PFS was shorter than that in previously reported *** intelligent follow-up systems and standardizing diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer is recommended.

关键词： Advanced pancreatic cancer china.Pancreas Data Center Chinese First-line regimens Real-world study

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Effects of spatial distribution of soil parameters on soil moisture retrieval from passive microwave remote sensing

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science china.Earth sciences 2012年第9期55卷 1313-1322页

作者： zhang Tao zhang LiXin {2. LingMei ZHAO ShaoJie ZHAO TianJie LI YunQing State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing science Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100875China school of Geography and Remote Sensing science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

In this paper,we studied the effect of spatial distribution of soil parameters on passive soil moisture retrieval at pixel ***,we evaluated the forward microwave emission model and soil moisture retrieval algorithm accuracy through the observa-tion of field ***,we used soil parameters in different spatial distribution patterns,including random,normal,and uniform distribution,to determine the different levels of heterogeneity on soil moisture retrieval,in order to seek the rela-tionship between heterogeneity and soil moisture retrieval ***,we conducted a controlled heterogeneity effect ex-periment measurements using a Truck-mounted Multi-frequency Radiometer(TMMR) to validate our simulation *** work has proved that the soil moisture retrieval algorithm had a high accuracy(RMSE=0.049 cm3 cm 3) and can satisfy the need of this *** simulation brightness temperatures match well with observations,with RMSE=9.89 *** passive microwave remote sensing pixel scale,soil parameters with different spatial distribution patterns could have different levels of error on soil moisture ***,we found that soil moisture with a random distribution in a satellite pixel scale can cause the largest error,with a normal distribution being the second,and a uniform distribution the least due to the smallest het-erogeneity.

关键词： bare soil heterogeneity spatial distribution passive microwave remote sensing soil moisture

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Separate Neural Networks for Gains and Losses in Intertemporal Choice

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2018年第5期34卷 725-735页

作者： Yang-Yang zhang Lijuan Xu Zhu-Yuan Liang Kun Wang Bing Hou Yuan Zhou Shu Li Tianzi jiang school of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Brainnetome Center Institute of Automation University of Chinese Academy of Sciences National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition Institute of Automation University of Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral science Institute of Psychology department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences department of Psychology and Behavioral sciences Zhejiang University CAS Center for Excellence in Brain science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain science Institute MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

An important and unresolved question is how human brain regions process information and interact with each other in intertemporal choice related to gains and losses. Using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic causal modeling analyses, we investigated the functional interactions between regions involved in the decision- making process while participants performed temporal discounting tasks in both the gains and losses domains. We found two distinct intrinsic valuation systems underlying temporal discounting in the gains and losses domains： gains were specifically evaluated in the medial regions, including the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and losses were evaluated in the lateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, immediate reward or pun- ishment was found to modulate the functional interactions between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and distinct regions in both the gains and losses domains： in the gains domain, the mesolimbic regions; in the losses domain, the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. These findings suggest that intertemporal choice of gains and losses might involve distinct valuation systems, and more importantly, separate neural interactions may implement the intertemporal choices of gains and losses. These findings may provide a new biological perspective for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal choice of gains and losses.

关键词： Intertemporal choice Discounting losses Effective connectivity Dynamic causal model Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex Insula

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