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In-situ Investigation of molecular Diffusion in Hydrogels

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In-situ Investigation of Molecular Diffusion in Hydrogels

New sustainable polymers with on-demand depolymerization property

2006年海峡两岸高分子学术研讨会

作者： Lihui Weng, songmiao Lian, Hongjun Dai, Xianmin Zhang, Lina Zhang, jian xu state key laboratory of polymer physics & chemistry, institute of chemistry, chinese {3. of sciences, beijing department of chemistry, Wuhan university, Wuhan department of information & electronic engineering, zhejiang university, hangzhou

＜正＞Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks swollen by a large amount of water. The ability of hydrogels to restrict the diffusive movement of entrapped solutes and the ease of regulation of the release or adsorption such solutes by controlling the structure of hydrogels offered hydrogels applications in a wide variety of biomedical fields, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and biotechnological separation methods. When applying a particular hydrogel, it is therefore important to understand the

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science china chemistry 2024年第9期67卷 2803-2841页

作者： Yangyang sun Zesheng An Yanshan Gao Rongrong Hu Ye Liu Hua Lu Xiao-Bing Lu xuan Pang Anjun Qin Yong shen Youhua Tao Yu-Zhong Wang Junpeng Wang Gang Wu Guang-Peng Wu Tie-Qi xu Xing-Hong Zhang Yuetao Zhang Zhenbiao Zhang jian-Bo Zhu Miao Hong Zhibo Li state key laboratory of Organometallic {3. Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China state key laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical {3. College of Chemical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China state key laboratory of supra{3. structure and Materials College of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun 130012China state key laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular AggregatesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China state key laboratory of Fine Chemicals Frontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China beijing National laboratory for molecular sciences Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China key laboratory of polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130022China The Collaborative Innovation center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-safety polymeric Materials(MoE) National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials(Sichuan)College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China school of polymer science and polymer engineering the University of AkronAkronOH 44325USA MOE key laboratory of Macromolecular synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China state and Local Joint engineering laboratory for Novel Functional {3.ic Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationSuzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision SynthesisCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China

To combat the crisis of today's synthetic polymers arising from unsustainable production and disposal,it is essential for the synthetic polymer community to reshape the current polymer industry with sustainable *** an emerging class of sustainable polymers,the development of chemically depolymerizable polymers(CDPs),which can undergo closed-loop depolymerization/repolymerization cycles to reproduce virgin polymers without the loss of properties from recovered monomers,offers an ideal solution to preserve finite natural resources,provides a feasible solution to the end-of-life issue of polymer waste,and thereby establishes a circular materials ***,two grand key challenges have been encountered in the establishment of practically useful CDPs:how to balance polymerization and depolymerization ability and how to unify conflicted depolymerizability and physical ***,this critical review article presents our vision for summarizing feasible strategies to overcome the above two significant challenges and the design principles for constructing an ideal CDP by highlighting selected major progress made in this rapidly expanding field.

关键词： chemically depolymerizable polymers sustainable polymers depolymerization monomer recovery degradation plastics

Cross-linking Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid and Multi-armed Cross-linkers

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chinese Chemical Letters 2001年第11期12卷 1029-1032页

作者： Qiang CHEN Ying GUAN Xian Min ZHANG Yu Xing PENG jian xu state key laboratory of {3. physics&chemistry Center for Molecular ScienceInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080 Chengdu institute of Organic chemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041 department of information&Elctronic engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027

The overall cross-linking copolymerization of acrylic acid and multi-armed cross-linkers are investigated by in situ interferometry. The results show that the more arms the cross-linkers have, the higher the polymerization rate is. However, they also mean the existence of less cross-linking efficiency and some defects in gel network.

关键词： multi-armed cross-linker acrylic acid in situ interferometry

AI for organic and polymer synthesis

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science china chemistry 2024年第8期67卷 2461-2496页

作者： Xin Hong Qi Yang Kuangbiao Liao jianfeng Pei Mao Chen Fanyang Mo Hua Lu Wen-Bin Zhang Haisen Zhou Jiaxiao Chen Lebin su shuo-Qing Zhang siyuan Liu xu Huang Yi-Zhou sun Yuxiang Wang Zexi Zhang Zhunzhun Yu sanzhong Luo xue-Feng Fu shu-Li You center of chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China center of Basic molecular science Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Guangzhou National laboratory Guangzhou 510005China center for Quantitative Biology Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China state key laboratory of {3. engineering of polymers Department of Macromolecular ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China school of Materials science and engineering Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China beijing National laboratory for molecular sciences Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China AI for science(AI4s)-Preferred Program Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhen 518055China state key laboratory of Chemical Biology Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China department of Chemical sciences National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaBeijing 100085China state key laboratory of Organometallic {3. Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China

Recent years have witnessed the transformative impact from the integration of artificial intelligence with organic and polymer synthesis. This synergy offers innovative and intelligent solutions to a range of classic problems in synthetic chemistry. These exciting advancements include the prediction of molecular property, multi-step retrosynthetic pathway planning, elucidation of the structure-performance relationship of single-step transformation, establishment of the quantitative linkage between polymer structures and their functions, design and optimization of polymerization process, prediction of the structure and sequence of biological macromolecules, as well as automated and intelligent synthesis platforms. Chemists can now explore synthetic chemistry with unprecedented precision and efficiency, creating novel reactions, catalysts, and polymer materials under the datadriven paradigm. Despite these thrilling developments, the field of artificial intelligence(AI) synthetic chemistry is still in its infancy, facing challenges and limitations in terms of data openness, model interpretability, as well as software and hardware support. This review aims to provide an overview of the current progress, key challenges, and future development suggestions in the interdisciplinary field between AI and synthetic chemistry. It is hoped that this overview will offer readers a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field, inspiring and promoting further scientific research and development.

关键词： organic synthesis polymer synthesis machine learning prediction chemical database automated synthesis

Construction of versatile multilayered composite nanoparticles from a customized nanogel template

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Bioactive Materials 2018年第1期3卷 87-96页

作者： jian Zhang Jinpeng Jia Jimin P.Kim Fei Yang Xing Wang Hong shen sijia xu jian Yang Decheng Wu beijing National laboratory for molecular sciences State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics&ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina university of chinese academy of sciences BeijingChina department of Orthopaedics General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyBeijingChina department of Biomedical engineering Materials Research InstituteThe Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA

We present a highly adaptable design platform for multi-responsive,multilayered composite nanoparticles(MC-NPs)with fine-tunable functional layers.A flexible disulfide-linked nanogel template is obtained by a controlled in-situ gelation method,enabling a high degree of control over each successive *** this template,we optimize“smart”biomaterials with biofunctional surfaces,tunable drug release kinetics,and magnetic or pH-responsive functionality,fabricated into MC-NPs for targeted drug release and periosteum-mimetic structures for controlled rhBMP-2 release towards bone tissue formation *** a versatile platform for the design of MC-NPs is a powerful tool that shows considerable therapeutic potential in clinical fields such as oncology and orthopedics.

关键词： Multilayer Multifunctional Nanoparticles Controlled Nanogel template

Two-dimensional electron gas characteristics of InP-based high electron mobility transistor terahertz detector

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chinese physics B 2018年第4期27卷 363-368页

作者： Jin-Lun Li shao-Hui Cui jian-Xing xu Xiao-Ran Cui Chun-Yan Guo Ben Ma Hai-Qiao Ni Zhi-Chuan Niu department of Missile engineering Shijiazhuang Campus Army Engineering University Shijiazhuang 050003 China state key laboratory for superlattices Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） Beijing 100083 China College of Materials science and Opto-electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Microsystem ＆ Terahertz Research center China Academy of Engineering Physics Chengdu 610200 China Wide Bandgap semiconductor Technology Disciplines state key laboratory Xidian University Xi＇an 710071 China key laboratory of Ultra-fast Photoelectric Diagnostics Technology of chinese {3. of sciences Xi＇ an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics Xi＇ an 710119 China

The samples of InxGa（1-x）As/In（0.52）Al（0.48）As two-dimensional electron gas（2DEG）are grown by molecular beam epitaxy（MBE）.In the sample preparation process,the In content and spacer layer thickness are changed and two kinds of methods,i.e.,contrast body doping andδ-doping are *** samples are analyzed by the Hall measurements at 3.0 Kand 77 *** InxGa1-xAs/In0.52Al0.48As 2DEG channel structures with mobilities as high as 10289 cm^2/V·s（3.0 K）and42040 cm^2/V·s（77 K）are obtained,and the values of carrier concentration（Nc）are 3.465×10^12/cm^2 and 2.502×10^12/cm^2,*** THz response rates of In P-based high electron mobility transistor（HEMT）structures with different gate lengths at 3.0 K and 77 K temperatures are calculated based on the shallow water wave instability *** results provide a reference for the research and preparation of In P-based HEMT THz detectors.

关键词： THz detector high electron mobility transistor two-dimensional electron gas InP

Biomedical polymers: synthesis, properties, and applications

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science china chemistry 2022年第6期65卷 1010-1075页

作者： Wei-Hai Chen Qi-Wen Chen Qian Chen Chunyan Cui shun Duan Yongyuan Kang Yang Liu Yun Liu Wali Muhammad shiqun shao Chengqiang Tang Jinqiang Wang Lei Wang Meng-Hua Xiong Lichen Yin Kuo Zhang Zhanzhan Zhang xu Zhen Jun Feng Changyou Gao Zhen Gu Chaoliang He jian Ji Xiqun jiang Wenguang Liu Zhuang Liu Huisheng Peng Youqing shen Linqi shi xuemei sun Hao Wang Jun Wang Haihua Xiao Fu-jian xu Zhiyuan Zhong Xian-Zheng Zhang xuesi Chen key laboratory of Biomedical polymers of Ministry of Education&{3. of chemistry Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072China institute of Functional Nano&soft Materials(FUNsOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials&DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China school of Materials science and engineering Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China key laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules(beijing {3. of Chemical Technology) Ministry of EducationBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China MOE key laboratory of Macromolecular synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China state key laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China key laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery systems of zhejiang Province College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China Jinhua institute of zhejiang university Jinhua321299China zhejiang key laboratory of smart BioMaterials and {3. for Bionanoengineering College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China ZJU-hangzhou Global scientific and Technological Innovation center Hangzhou311215China state key laboratory of {3. engineering of polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China CAs key laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nano-scienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology(NCNST)Beijing100190China school of Biomedical sciences and engineering Guangzhou International CampusSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006China institute of Functional Nano and so

Biomedical polymers have been extensively developed for promising applications in a lot of biomedical fields, such as therapeutic medicine delivery, disease detection and diagnosis, biosensing, regenerative medicine, and disease treatment. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of biomedical polymers, and discuss the comprehensive understanding of their property-function relationship for corresponding biomedical applications. In particular, a few burgeoning bioactive polymers, such as peptide/biomembrane/microorganism/cell-based biomedical polymers, are also introduced and highlighted as the emerging biomaterials for cancer precision therapy. Furthermore, the foreseeable challenges and outlook of the development of more efficient, healthier and safer biomedical polymers are discussed. We wish this systemic and comprehensive review on highlighting frontier progress of biomedical polymers could inspire and promote new breakthrough in fundamental research and clinical translation.

关键词： biomedical polymer nanomedicine cancer therapy drug delivery bioimaging and biosensing tissue engineering regenerative medicine cytotoxicity biocompatibility

Tuning 2D magnetism in Fe3.XGeTe2 films by element doping

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National science Review 2022年第6期9卷 163-170页

作者： shanshan Liu Zihan Li Ke Yang Enze Zhang Awadhesh Narayan Xiaoqian Zhang Jiayi Zhu Wenqing Liu Zhiming Liao Masaki Kudo Takaaki Toriyama Yunkun Yang Qiang Li Linfeng Ai Ce Huang Jiabao sun Xiaojiao Guo Wenzhong Bao Qingsong Deng Yanhui Chen Lifeng Yin jian shen Xiaodong Han syo Matsumura Jin Zou Yongbing xu Xiaodong xu Hua Wu Faxian Xiu state key laboratory of surface {3. and department of {3. Fudan University institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University College of science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology laboratory for Computational Physical sciences(MOE) Fudan University solid state and structural chemistry Unit Indian Institute of Science school of electronic science and engineering Nanjing University department of physics University of Washington department of electronic engineering Royal Holloway University of London Materials engineering The University of Queensland beijing key laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials Beijing University of Technology The Ultramicroscopy Research center Kyushu University state key laboratory of AsIC and system School of Microelectronics Fudan University Collaborative Innovation center of Advanced Microstructures department of Applied Quantum physics and Nuclear engineering Kyushu University Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland shanghai Research center for Quantum sciences

Two-dimensional(2D) ferromagnetic materials have been discovered with tunable magnetism and orbital-driven nodal-line features. Controlling the 2D magnetism in exfoliated nanoflakes via electric/magnetic fields enables a boosted Curie temperature(TC) or phase transitions. One of the challenges, however, is the realization of high TC2D magnets that are tunable, robust and suitable for large scale fabrication. Here, we report molecular-beam epitaxy growth of wafer-scale Fe3.XGeTe2films with TCabove room temperature. By controlling the Fe composition in Fe3.XGeTe2, a continuously modulated TCin a broad range of 185–3.0 K has been achieved. This widely tunable TCis attributed to the doped interlayer Fe that provides a 40% enhancement around the optimal composition X = 2. We further fabricated magnetic tunneling junction device arrays that exhibit clear tunneling signals. Our results show an effective and reliable approach, i.e. element doping, to producing robust and tunable ferromagnetism beyond room temperature in a large-scale 2D Fe3.XGeTe2fashion.

关键词： 2D ferromagnetic material Fe3.XGeTe2 film element doping above room temperature, TC tunability

Evidence for particle acceleration approaching PeV energies in the W51 complex

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science Bulletin 2024年第18期69卷 2833-2841页

作者： LHAAsO Collaboration Zhen Cao F.Aharonian Axikegu Y.X.Bai Y.W.Bao D.Bastieri X.J.Bi Y.J.Bi W.Bian A.V.Bukevich Q.Cao W.Y.Cao Zhe Cao J.Chang J.F.Chang A.M.Chen E.s.Chen H.X.Chen Liang Chen Lin Chen Long Chen M.J.Chen M.L.Chen Q.H.Chen s.Chen s.H.Chen s.Z.Chen T.L.Chen Y.Chen N.Cheng Y.D.Cheng M.Y.Cui s.W.Cui X.H.Cui Y.D.Cui B.Z.Dai H.L.Dai Z.G.Dai Danzengluobu X.Q.Dong K.K.Duan J.H.Fan Y.Z.Fan J.Fang J.H.Fang K.Fang C.F.Feng H.Feng L.Feng s.H.Feng X.T.Feng Y.Feng Y.L.Feng s.Gabici B.Gao C.D.Gao Q.Gao W.Gao W.K.Gao M.M.Ge L.s.Geng G.Giacinti G.H.Gong Q.B.Gou M.H.Gu F.L.Guo X.L.Guo Y.Q.Guo Y.Y.Guo Y.A.Han M.Hasan H.H.He H.N.He J.Y.He Y.He Y.K.Hor B.W.Hou C.Hou X.Hou H.B.Hu Q.Hu s.C.Hu D.H.Huang T.Q.Huang W.J.Huang X.T.Huang X.Y.Huang Y.Huang X.L.Ji H.Y.Jia K.Jia K.jiang X.W.jiang Z.J.jiang M.Jin M.M.Kang I.Karpikov D.Kuleshov K.Kurinov B.B.Li C.M.Li Cheng Li Cong Li D.Li F.Li H.B.Li H.C.Li jian Li Jie Li K.Li s.D.Li W.L.Li W.L.Li X.R.Li Xin Li Y.Z.Li Zhe Li Zhuo Li E.W.Liang Y.F.Liang s.J.Lin B.Liu C.Liu D.Liu D.B.Liu H.Liu H.D.Liu J.Liu J.L.Liu M.Y.Liu R.Y.Liu s.M.Liu W.Liu Y.Liu Y.N.Liu Q.Luo Y.Luo H.K.Lv B.Q.Ma L.L.Ma X.H.Ma J.R.Mao Z.Min W.Mitthumsiri H.J.Mu Y.C.Nan A.Neronov L.J.Ou P.Pattarakijwanich Z.Y.Pei J.C.Qi M.Y.Qi B.Q.Qiao J.J.Qin A.Raza D.Ruffolo A.sáiz M.saeed D.semikoz L.shao O.shchegolev X.D.sheng F.W.shu H.C.song Yu.V.stenkin V.stepanov Y.su D.X.sun Q.N.sun X.N.sun Z.B.sun J.Takata P.H.T.Tam Q.W.Tang R.Tang Z.B.Tang W.W.Tian C.Wang C.B.Wang G.W.Wang H.G.Wang H.H.Wang J.C.Wang Kai Wang Kai Wang L.P.Wang L.Y.Wang P.H.Wang R.Wang W.Wang X.G.Wang X.Y.Wang Y.Wang Y.D.Wang Y.J.Wang Z.H.Wang Z.X.Wang Zhen Wang Zheng Wang D.M.Wei J.J.Wei Y.J.Wei T.Wen C.Y.Wu H.R.Wu Q.W.Wu s.Wu X.F.Wu Y.s.Wu s.Q.Xi J.Xia G.M.Xiang D.X.Xiao G.Xiao Y.L.Xin Y.Xing D.R.Xiong Z.Xiong D.L.xu R.F.xu R.X.xu W.L.xu L.xue D.H.Yan J.Z.Yan T.Yan C.W.Yang C.Y.Yang F.Yang F.F.Yang L.L.Yang M.J.Yang R.Z.Yang W.X.Yang Y.H.Yao Z.G.Yao L.Q.Yin N.Yin X.H.You Z.Y.You Y.H.Yu Q.Yuan H.Yue H.D.Zeng T.X.Zeng W.Zeng M.Zha B.B.Zhang F.Zhang H.Zhang 不详 key laboratory of Particle Astrophysics&Experimental physics Division&Computing center Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China university of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research center ChengduChina Dublin institute for Advanced studies 31 Fitzwilliam Place2 DublinIreland Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear physics P.O.Box 103980Heidelberg 69029Germany school of Physical science and Technology&school of information science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610031China school of Astronomy and space science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China center for Astrophysics Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006China Tsung-Dao Lee institute&school of physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China institute for Nuclear Research of Russian academy of sciences Moscow 117312Russia Hebei Normal university Shijiazhuang 050024China university of science and Technology of china Hefei 230026China state key laboratory of Particle Detection and {{3. China key laboratory of Dark Matter and space Astronomy&key laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain ObservatoryChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210023China Research center for Astronomical Computing Zhejiang LaboratoryHangzhou 311121China key laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical ObservatoryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200030China school of physics and Astronomy Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China key laboratory of Cosmic Rays(Tibet university) Ministry of EducationLhasa 850000China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China school of physics and Astronomy(Zhuhai)&school of physics(Guangzhou)&sino-French institute of Nuclear {3. and Technology(Zhuhai) Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519000&Guangzhou 510275GuangdongChina institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary science Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237China APC UniversitéParis Cité

Theγ-ray emission from the W51 complex is widely acknowledged to be attributed to the interaction between the cosmic rays(CRs)accelerated by the shock of supernova remnant(sNR)W51C and the dense molecular clouds in the adjacent star-forming region,***,the maximum acceleration capability of W51C for CRs remains *** on observations conducted with the Large High Altitude Air shower Observatory(LHAAsO),we report a significant detection ofγrays emanating from the W51 complex,with energies from 2 to 200 *** LHAAsO measurements,for the first time,extend theγ-ray emission from the W51 complex beyond 100 TeV and reveal a significant spectrum bending at tens of *** combining the"π^(0)-decay bump"featured data from Fermi-LAT,the broadbandγ-ray spectrum of the W51 region can be well-characterized by a simple pp-collision *** observed spectral bending feature suggests an exponential cutoff at~400 TeV or a power-law break at~200 TeV in the CR proton spectrum,most likely providing the first evidence of sNRs serving as CR accelerators approaching the PeV ***,two young star clusters within W51B could also be theoretically viable to produce the most energeticγrays observed by *** findings strongly support the presence of extreme CR accelerators within the W51 complex and provide new insights into the origin of Galactic CRs.

关键词： UHE c-ray Cosmic rays sNR W51C star clusters