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High-pressure capacity expansion and water injection mechanism and indicator curve model for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

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PETROLEUM 2024年第3期10卷 511-519页

作者： Chen, Lixin jia, chengzao Zhang, Rujie Yue, Ping jiang, Xujian Wang, Junfang Su, Zhou Xiao, Yun Lv, Yuan China Univ Petr Inst Unconvent Oil & Gas Sci & Technol Beijing 102249 Peoples R China Southwest Petr Univ State Key Lab Reservoir Geol & Dev Chengdu 610500 Peoples R China Tarim Oil field Co PetroChina Korla 841000 Peoples R China

Water injection for oil displacement is one of the most effective ways to develop fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs. With the increase in the number of rounds of water injection, the development effect gradually fails. The emergence of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology allows increased production from old wells. Although high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology has been implemented in practice for nearly 10 years in fractured-vuggy reservoirs, its mechanism remains unclear, and the water injection curve is not apparent. In the past, evaluating its effect could only be done by measuring the injection-production volume. In this study, we analyze the mechanism of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection. We propose a fluid exchange index for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection and establish a discrete model suitable for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curves in fractured-vuggy reservoirs. We propose the following mechanisms: replenishing energy, increasing energy, replacing energy, and releasing energy. The above mechanisms can be identified by the high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curve of the well HA6X in the Halahatang Oilfield in the Tarim Basin. By solving the basic model, the relative errors of Reservoirs I and II are found to be 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively, and the application of field examples demonstrates that our proposed high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection indicator curve is reasonable and reliable. This research can provide theoretical support for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology in fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

关键词： Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs High-pressure capacity expansion and water injection Mechanism Water injection indicator curve ENHANCED OIL-RECOVERY STRESS SENSITIVITY TARIM BASIN FIELD

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中国石油工业上游前景与未来理论技术五大挑战

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石油学报 2024年第1期45卷 1-14页

作者：贾承造中国石油天然气集团有限公司北京100007

中国石油工业上游取得了举世瞩目的成就,在资源困难的条件下原油年产量保持在2×10^(8)t水平,天然气产量实现了快速增长,2022年的天然气产量达2200×10^(8)m^(3)。中国已成为世界第四大产气国。通过探讨中国石油天然气的勘探开发形势,... 详细信息

中国石油工业上游取得了举世瞩目的成就,在资源困难的条件下原油年产量保持在2×10^(8)t水平,天然气产量实现了快速增长,2022年的天然气产量达2200×10^(8)m^(3)。中国已成为世界第四大产气国。通过探讨中国石油天然气的勘探开发形势,分析中国石油工业上游面临的理论技术挑战,展望了未来中国石油工业的发展前景。中国油气勘探开发已全面进入深层、深水、非常规领域。预测直到2035年中国的原油产量将在2×10^(8)t稳产,天然气产量将在3000×10^(8)m^(3)稳产。中国石油工业上游的发展面临着来自深层、深水、非常规、老油气田提高采收率以及碳捕集与封存(CCS)/碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)五大领域的理论与技术挑战。未来石油工业的发展将更多地依靠深层、深水、非常规领域的油气地质理论和技术创新。形成新一代适应深层、深水、非常规油气勘探开发的理论、技术、装备与高效施工作业队伍是目前实现油气高效益、低成本开发的关键。先进的适应深层、深水、非常规油气勘探开发,以及老油田提高采收率和CCS/CCUS业务的技术与装备是未来一段时期发展的关键。

关键词：石油工业上游油气勘探开发前景理论技术挑战深层深水非常规油气提高采收率碳中和

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全油气系统理论基本原理

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石油勘探与开发 2024年第4期51卷 679-691页

作者：贾承造庞雄奇宋岩中国石油天然气集团有限公司北京100007 油气资源与工程全国重点实验室中国石油大学(北京)北京102249 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院北京102249 中国石油勘探开发研究院北京100083 中国石油大学(北京)非常规油气科学技术研究院北京102249

通过阐释全油气系统基本原理,并阐明全油气系统的结构,进而揭示常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气序列成藏规律以及全油气系统成藏模式与成藏机理;此外,阐述了页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理,并给出了进一步的研究... 详细信息

通过阐释全油气系统基本原理,并阐明全油气系统的结构,进而揭示常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气序列成藏规律以及全油气系统成藏模式与成藏机理;此外,阐述了页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理,并给出了进一步的研究方向。研究表明:(1)全油气系统的主要结构包括3类流体动力场、3种油气藏与油气资源,以及两种成藏作用。常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气具有形成时间和空间分布的有序性、基于成因机理的序列合理性,表现出“序列成藏”的地质规律。(2)全油气系统成藏模式可以分为“碎屑岩盆地成藏模式”与“碳酸盐岩盆地(层系)成藏模式”两类。非常规油气的聚集成藏是一种“自封闭成藏”,油气自封闭作用的微观来源是分子间作用力(范德华力)。(3)非常规油气生产实践证实,页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理是一个全新的领域,极为复杂,有待进一步研究。页岩油气一定是中国油气资源中最重要的资源接替。(4)进一步研究方向包括:碳酸盐岩盆地全油气系统特征及复合盆地演化源储耦合规律;页岩油气与致密油气运移、成藏与开发生产的流动机理;深层超深层页岩油气、致密油气和煤层气油气地质特征与富集规律;全油气系统油气资源评价与新一代盆地模拟技术;地球系统—地球有机岩与化石能源系统—全油气系统研究。

关键词：全油气系统理论全油气系统结构序列成藏规律全油气系统成藏模式自封闭成藏机理页岩油气-致密油气地质模型与流动模型

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The mechanism of unconventional hydrocarbon formation: Hydrocarbon self-sealing and intermolecular forces

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2021年第3期48卷 507-526页

作者： jia chengzao PANG Xiongqi SONG Yan China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100724China State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Beijing 102249China School of Earth Sciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Institute of Unconventional Research China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China

The successful development of unconventional hydrocarbons has significantly increased global hydrocarbon resources, promoted the growth of global hydrocarbon production and made a great breakthrough in classical oil and gas geology. The core mechanism of conventional hydrocarbon accumulation is the preservation of hydrocarbons by trap enrichment and buoyancy, while unconventional hydrocarbons are characterized by continuous accumulation and non-buoyancy accumulation. It is revealed that the key of formation mechanism of the unconventional reservoirs is the self-sealing of hydrocarbons driven by intermolecular forces. Based on the behavior of intermolecular forces and the corresponding self-sealing, the formation mechanisms of unconventional oil and gas can be classified into three categories:(1) thick oil and bitumen, which are dominated by large molecular viscous force and condensation force;(2) tight oil and gas, shale oil and gas and coal-bed methane, which are dominated by capillary forces and molecular adsorption;and(3) gas hydrate, which is dominated by intermolecular clathration. This study discusses in detail the characteristics, boundary conditions and geological examples of self-sealing of the five types of unconventional resources, and the basic principles and mathematical characterization of intermolecular forces. This research will deepen the understanding of formation mechanisms of unconventional hydrocarbons, improve the ability to predict and evaluate unconventional oil and gas resources, and promote the development and production techniques and potential production capacity of unconventional oil and gas.

关键词： unconventional hydrocarbons hydrocarbon reservoir formation mechanism self-sealing intermolecular forces hydrocarbon self-sealing formation mode hydrocarbon exploration and development

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Geological constraints of giant and medium-sized gas fields in Kuqa Depression

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 47-54页

作者： jia chengzao GU jiayu ZHANG Guangya PetroChina Company Limited Beijing 100724China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Petro-ChinaBeijing 100083China

There is a gas-rich and well-charged petroleumsystem in the Kuqa Depression where Triassic and Jurassicsource rocks play important roles. Distributed in an area ofmore than 10000 km and with a thickness of up to 1000 m,they are composed of dark mudstones, carbonaceous mud-stones and coal seams containing 6%, 40% and 90% of TOC,respectively, and are mainly the humic organic matter. Ashigh-quality regional cap rocks, the Neogene and Eogenegypsum rocks and gypseous mudstones matched well withthe underlying Neogene and Cretaceous-Eogene *** have formed the most favorable reservoir-seal assem-blages in the Kuqa Depression. Also the Jurassic sandstonesand mudstones formed another favorable reservoir-seal as-semblage. The traps are shaped late in the fold-thrust belt,mainly fixed in the Tertiary-Quaternary, where ten structurestyles have been distinguished. These traps spread as a zonein N-S, are scattered like a segmental line in W-E and showtier-styled vertically. The best traps are gypsum-salt coveredfault-bend anticlines related to the passive roof duplex. Thispetroleum system is characterized by late accumulation. Inthe early Himalayan Movement, mainly gas condensate andoil accumulated and were distributed in the outer circularregion of the kitchen; whereas in the middle and late Hima-layan the gas accumulations mainly formed and were dis-tributed in the inner circular region near the kitchen. Theoverpressure of gas pools is common and is formed by sealcapacity of thick gypsum layers, extensive tectonic compres-sion and large uplift. The well-preserved anticline traps un-derlying the high-quality regional cap rocks of the Tertiarygypsum rocks and gypseous mudstones are the main targetsfor the discovery of giant and medium-sized gas fields. Aboveconclusions are important for the petroleum geology theoryand the exploration of the fold-thrust belt in foreland basinsin central and western China.

关键词： coal-bearing source rock fault-related fold oil and gas pool giant and medium-sized gas field Kuqa Depression.

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The structure of Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System and the large gas provinces

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Science China Earth Sciences 2013年第11期56卷 1853-1863页

作者： jia chengzao LI BenLiang LEI YongLiang CHEN ZhuXin Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina

Northward subduction of the Cenozoic Tethys ocean caused the convergence and collision of Eurasia-Indian Plates, resulting in the lower crust thickening, the upper crust thrusting, and the Qinghai-Tibet uplifting, and forming the plateau landscape. In company with uplifting and northward extruding of the Tibetan plateau, the contractional tectonic deformations persistently spread outward, building a gigantic basin-range system around the Tibetan plateau. This system is herein termed as the Cir- cure-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, in which the global largest diffuse and the most energetic intra-continental defor- mations were involved, and populations of inheritance foreland basins or thrust belts were developed along the margins of an- cient cratonic plates due to the effects of the cratonic amalgamation, crust differentiation, orogen rejuvenation, and basin sub- sidence. There are three primary tectonic units in the Circum-Tibet Plateau Basin-Range System, which are the reactivated an- cient orogens, the foreland thrust belts, and the miniature cratonic basins. The Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System is a gigantic deformation system and particular Himalayan tectonic domain in central-western China and is comparable to the Tibetan Plateau. In this system, northward and eastward developments of thrust deformations exhibit an arc-shaped area along the Kunlun-Altyn-Qilian-Longmenshan mountain belts, and further expand outward to the Altai-Yinshan-Luliangshan- Huayingshan mountain belts during the Late Cenozoic sustained collision of Indo-Asia. Intense intra-continental deformations lead ancient orogens to rejuvenate, young foreland basins to form in-between orogens and cratons, and thrusts to propagate from orogens to cratons in successive order. Driven by the Eurasia-Indian collision and its far field effects, both deformation and basin-range couplings in the arc-shaped area decrease from south to north. When a single basin-range unit is focused on, deforma

关键词： Circum-Tibet Plateau Basin-Range System Himalayan movement intra-continental deformation tectonic domain natural gas resources

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Formation and evolution of the Chinese marine basins

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A01期52卷 1-11页

作者： jia chengzao LI BenLiang ZHANG XingYang LI ChuanXin Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Resources and Information Institute China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Central Laboratory of Petroleum Geology Research Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China

There are plenty of petroleum resources in the Chinese marine basins, which will be the potential exploration regions of petroleum in the 21st century. The formation and evolution of the Chinese marine basins have mainly undergone two major tectonic epochs and five tectonic evolution stages. The first major tectonic epoch is the early Paleozoic plate divergence and drifting epoch during which the marine basins were formed, and the second one is the late Paleozoic plate convergence and collision epoch during which the pre-existent marine basins were superimposed and modified. The five tectonic evolution stages include: ① the drifting of micro-continental plates in Oceans and the formation of marine basins mainly filled with carbonate rocks during Proterozoic-Middle Carboniferous; ② the northward collage and convergence of continental plates and the development of the paralic sedimentary basins during Late Carboniferous-Middle Triassic; ③ the tectonically stabilized stage after the plate collage and the superimposition of lacustrine basins controlled by the inland subsidence during Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous; ④ the stage of the inland deformation and successive deep burial, uplifting, erosion or breakage of marine basins influenced by the plate tectonic activities of Neo-Tethys Ocean and the West Pacific developed in Late Cretaceous-Paleocene; ⑤ the stage of the foreland compression and basin-range coupling in the margin of the marine basins caused by the collision between India and Eurasia Plates and its long-distance effect since Neocene. The process of the tectonic evolution has controlled the petroleum geologic characteristics of Chinese marine basins, and a material foundation for the formation of oil and gas reservoirs has been built up via the formation of Paleozoic ma- rine basins, and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic superimposition and modification have controlled the key conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. From the Late Proterozoic to

关键词：海洋盆地构造学石油资源

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Characteristics of Milankovitch Cycles in the Mid-Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations of the Sichuan Basin——Examples from Well-Long17 and Well-Wujia1

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第5期86卷 1045-1059页

作者： ZHANG Yunbo jia chengzao ZHAO Zongju jiaNG Zaixing XU Jie China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083China Chinese Petroleum Society Beijing 100724China

The Liangshan and Qixia formations in the Sichuan Basin of central China were formed in the earlier middle Permian. Based on outcrop observation of the Changjianggou section at Shangsi, Guangyuan region and 3 rd -order sequence division in typical drillings, one-dimensional spectrum analysis has been used to choose the better curve between the natural gamma ray spectrometry log（ln （Th/K）） in Well-Long17 and the gamma ray log（GR） in Well-Wujia1, respectively, for identifying Milankovitch cycles in Sequence PSQ1 which comprises the Liangshan and Qixia formations, and then to identify the variation in the Milankovitch cycle sequences. On this basis, the system tract and 4 th -order sequence interfaces in Sequence PSQ1 were found via two-dimensional spectral analysis and digital filtering. Finally, a high-frequency sequence division program was established. Among these cycles, long eccentricity （413.0 ka） and short eccentricity （123.0 ka） are the most unambiguous, and they are separately the major control factors in forming 4 th -order （parasequence sets） and 5 th -order （parasequences） sequences, with the average thicknesses corresponding to the main cycles being 11.47 m and 3.32 m in Well-Long17, and 14.21 m and 3.79 m in Well-Wujia1, respectively. In other words, the deposition rate in the beach subfacies is faster than that of the inner ramp facies. The ln（Th/K） curve is more sensitive than the GR as the index of relatively ancient water depth in carbonate deposition. One-dimensional spectrum analysis of ln（Th/K） curve could distinguish the Milankovitch cycle sequences that arose from the Precession cycle （20.90 ka）, with a much higher credibility. Sequence PSQ1 in Well-Long17 contains 10 4 th -order sequences, and the growth span of Sequence PSQ1 consisting of the Liangshan and Qixia formations is about 4.13 Ma. The single deposition thickness of the long eccentricity cycle sequence has the characteristics of thinning and then thickening in the two-dimensional spec

关键词： sedimentary characteristics Thorium/Potassium (Th/K) ratio logs Milankovitch cycle Permian Sichuan basin

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中国页岩油勘探开发研究进展与科学技术问题

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世界石油工业 2024年第4期31卷 1-11页

作者：贾承造王祖纲姜林赵文中国石油天然气集团有限公司北京100007 油气资源与工程全国重点实验室北京102249 中国石油勘探开发研究院北京100083 中国石油集团经济技术研究院北京100724

近年来,全球页岩油探明资源量和产量持续上升,成为重要接续资源。针对中国页岩油勘探开发现状与资源潜力,提出加快推进实现页岩油规模开发的建议,这对于保障中国能源安全意义重大,并将对全球能源经济和石油工业产业产生深远影响。中国... 详细信息

近年来,全球页岩油探明资源量和产量持续上升,成为重要接续资源。针对中国页岩油勘探开发现状与资源潜力,提出加快推进实现页岩油规模开发的建议,这对于保障中国能源安全意义重大,并将对全球能源经济和石油工业产业产生深远影响。中国勘探开发领域实现了非常规油气对经典石油天然气地质学理论的突破,发展了全油气系统理论,长水平井、多级压裂、夹层型页岩油开发关键技术等;提出当前页岩油勘探开发在基础理论、关键技术、效率成本、持续发展等方面仍面临一定挑战。分析指出:①中国页岩油勘探取得积极进展,具有巨大潜力,要进一步加大页岩油勘探开发支持力度;②基础理论突破是页岩油开发的关键,重点夯实理论基础有助于深化对页岩油成藏机理、储层特性、流动规律等方面的认识,为开发技术创新提供科学依据和指导;③成本控制与效率提升面临双重挑战,应充分借鉴美国的经验,结合自身特点,探索适合中国国情的发展模式,以实现效率和成本的最优平衡;④通过勘探开发一体化、地质工程开发经济一体化、全生命周期管理、提高原油采收率、储层管理、产量分配以及储量评估等措施,提升页岩油产业的持续发展能力。中国页岩油已进入规模化开发阶段,随着勘探开发的不断推进,页岩油将成为保障国家能源安全的重要支撑。

关键词：页岩油勘探开发全油气系统理论长水平井多级压裂生命周期管理提高原油采收率地质工程开发经济一体化

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Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第9期49卷 947-959页

作者： jia chengzao HE Dengfa SHI Xin YANG Geng ZHANG Chaojun PetroChina Exploration and Development Research Institute Beijing 100083 China PetroChina Exploration and Development Research Institute Beijing 100083 China PetroChina Exploration and Development Research Institute Beijing 100083 China PetroChina Exploration and Development Research Institute Beijing 100083 China PetroChina Exploration and Development Research Institute Beijing 100083 China

The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neo- gene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumu- lation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own charac- teristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future.

关键词： Himalayan movement, oil and gas pool formation, Neogene, Quaternary, foreland basin, cratonic basin, extensional basin, China.

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