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Wind farms increase land surface temperature and reduce vegetation productivity in the Inner Mongolia

Geography and Sustainability 2024年第3期5卷 319-328页

作者： Luyao Liu Pengtao Liu Jiawei Yu Gang Feng Qing Zhang jens-christian svenning Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau School of Ecology and EnvironmentInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot 010021China Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Centre Hohhot 010051China e Collaborative Innovation Center for Grassland Ecological Security(Jointly Supported by the Ministry of Education of China and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) Hohhot 010021China Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere(ECONOVO) Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus C DK-8000Denmark Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World(BIOCHANGE) Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus C DK-8000Denmark

Wind power has been developing rapidly as a key measure to mitigate human-driven global *** under-standing of the development and impacts of wind farms on local climate and vegetation is of great importance for their rational use but is still *** this study,we combined remote sensing and on-site investigations to identify wind farm locations in Inner Mongolia and performed landscape pattern analyses using *** explored the impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature(LST)and vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)between 1990 and 2020 by contrasting these metrics in wind farms with those in non-wind farm *** results showed that the area of wind farms increased rapidly from 1.2 km2 in 1990 to 10,755 km2 in ***,wind farms are mainly clustered in three aggregation areas in the ***,wind farms increased nighttime LST,with a mean value of 0.23℃,but had minor impacts on the daytime ***,wind farms caused a decline in NPP,especially over forest areas,with an average reduction of 12.37 GC/m^(2).Given the impact of wind farms on LST and NPP,we suggest that the development of wind farms should fully consider their direct and potential *** study provides scientific guidance on the spatial pattern of future wind farms.

关键词： Wind farm Landscape pattern LST NPP Inner Mongolia

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A trait-based approach to assess climate change sensitivity of freshwater invertebrates across Swedish ecoregions

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Current Zoology 2014年第2期60卷 221-232页

作者： Leonard SANDIN Astrid SCHMIDT-KLOIBER jens-christian svenning Erik JEPPESEN Nikolai FRIBERG Department of Bioscience and Arctic Centre Aarhus University VejlsФvej 25 DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 7050 SE-750 07 UppsalaSweden Department Water Atmosphere Environment Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management University of NaturalResources and Life Sciences Max-Emanuel Strasse 17 1180 Vienna Austria Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research Beijing China Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaustadall6en 21 NO-0349 Oslo Norway

Freshwater habitats and organisms are among the most threatened on Earth, and freshwater ecosystems have been subject to large biodiversity losses. We developed a Climate Change Sensitivity （CCS） indicator based on trait information for a selection of stream- and lake-dwelling Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa. We calculated the CCS scores based on ten species traits identified as sensitive to global climate change. We then assessed climate change sensitivity between the six main ecoregions of Sweden as well as the three Swedish regions based on lilies. This was done using biological data from 1,382 stream and lake sites where we compared large-scale （ecoregional） patterns in climate change sensitivity with potential future exposure of these ecosystems to increased temperatures using ensemble-modelled future changes in air temperature. Current （1961-1990） measured temperature and ensemble-modelled future （2100） temperature showed an increase from the northernmost towards the southern ecoregions, whereas the predicted temperature change increased from south to north. The CCS indicator scores were highest in the two northernmost boreal ecoregions where we also can expect the largest global climate change-induced increase in temperature, indicating an unfortunate congruence of exposure and sensitivity to climate change. These results are of vital importance when planning and implementing management and conservation strategies in freshwater ecosystems, e.g., to mitigate increased temperatures using riparian buffer strips. We conclude that traits information on taxa specialization, e.g., in terms of feeding specialism or taxa having a preference for high altitudes as well as sensitivity to changes in temperature are important when assessing the risk from future global climate change to freshwater ecosystems [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 221-232, 2014].

关键词： Climate change Indicators Traits Freshwater Macroinvertebrates Ecoregions

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Early dynamics in plant community trait responses to a novel, more extreme hydrological gradient

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2019年第2期12卷 327-335页

作者： Andrea Oddershede Cyrille Violle Annette Baattrup-Pedersen jens-christian svenning christian Damgaard Section for Plant and Insect Ecology Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityVejlsøvej 25DK-8600 SilkeborgDenmark Section for Ecoinformatics&Biodiversity Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114DK-8000 Aarhus CDenmark CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS-Universitéde Montpellier-UniversitéPaul-Valéry MontpellierEPHE-1919 route de MendeF-34293 MontpellierCEDEX 5France Section for Stream and Wetland Ecology Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityVejlsøvej 25DK-8600 SilkeborgDenmark

Aims For temperate regions such as Northern Europe,predicted climate change patterns include an increase in winter precipitation causing increased risk of flooding,whereas periods of droughts will become more frequent in *** aim of this study is to explore vari-ations in plant functional trait distributions along a hydrological gradient spanning from recurrent drought events to recurrent flood-ing-mimicking future precipitation *** The experiment was conducted in a controlled grassland experi-ment over a period of 3 years.A novel and more extreme hydro-logical regime was achieved by manipulating the flow of a nearby stream thereby creating a continuous hydrological gradient from flooding during winter to drought during *** commu-nity responses were recorded along this hydrological ***-weighted trait distribution changes along the gradient were described using null *** functional traits were con-sidered:seed mass,leaf dry matter content(LDMC),leaf area,leaf thickness,specific leaf area(SLA)and *** findings Over time,responses in plant functional traits changed at the community *** the study period consistent changes occurred in the mean trait value of several *** in relatively dry plots became dominated by species with water-conserving life strategies,represented by high seed mass and thick *** contrast,disturbance-resistant species(high leaf dry matter content)became dominant in flooded plots,indicating that persistence to flooding was the most important factor control-ling the functional structure in those ***,a high abundance of small-seeded species in flooded plots likely indicates higher frequency of species with higher dispersal ability through *** conclusion,plant traits are useful for predicting responses to climate change,but abrupt and extreme climate event may cause unexpected responses because they have no analog to previously more sta

关键词： functional diversity trait-environment relationship hydrology extreme events flooding

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The global significance of biodiversity science in China:an overview

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National Science Review 2021年第7期8卷 34-58页

作者： Xiangcheng Mi Gang Feng Yibo Hu Jian Zhang Lei Chen Richard T.Corlett Alice C.Hughes Stuart Pimm Bernhard Schmid Suhua Shi jens-christian svenning Keping Ma State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology School of Ecology and Environment Inner Mongolia University Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Conservation Biology Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Department of Geography Remote Sensing Laboratories University of Zurich State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes School of Life Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) and Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Biology Aarhus University University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Biodiversity science in China has seen rapid growth over recent decades, ranging from baseline biodiversity studies to understanding the processes behind evolution across dynamic regions such as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We review research, including species catalogues; biodiversity monitoring; the origins, distributions, maintenance and threats to biodiversity; biodiversity-related ecosystem function and services; and species and ecosystems’ responses to global change. Next, we identify priority topics and offer suggestions and priorities for future biodiversity research in China. These priorities include(i) the ecology and biogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountains, and that of subtropical and tropical forests across China;(ii) marine and inland aquatic biodiversity; and(iii) effective conservation and management to identify and maintain synergies between biodiversity and socio-economic development to fulfil China’s vision for becoming an ecological civilization. In addition, we propose three future strategies:(i) translate advanced biodiversity science into practice for biodiversity conservation;(ii) strengthen capacity building and application of advanced technologies, including high-throughput sequencing, genomics and remote sensing; and(iii) strengthen and expand international *** on the recent rapid progress of biodiversity research, China is well positioned to become a global leader in biodiversity research in the near future.

关键词： biodiversity inventory biodiversity maintenance biodiversity monitoring biodiversity origins biodiversity-ecosystem functioning

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CForBio： a network monitoring Chinese forest biodiversity

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Science Bulletin 2016年第15期61卷 1163-1170页

作者： Gang Feng XiangchengMi Hui Yan Frank Yonghong Li jens-christian svenning Keping Ma Department of Ecology College of Life Sciences InnerMongolia University Hohhot 010021 China Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 1148000 Aarhus C Denmark State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093 China Monitoring and Planning Institution of Inner Mongolia Forestry Administration Hohhot 010021 China

China harbors a rich variety of forest types and forest-associated biodiversity, linked to both historical and contemporary environmental factors. However, being a country with a large population and rapid economic development, its diverse forest is facing unprecedent challenges. The Chinese Forest Biodiversity Network （CForBio） was initiated 12 years ago to study the mainte- nance of biodiversity in China＇s forest ecosystems. In this review, we first summarize research progress in CForBio, and then give suggestions for future research. In the past 12 years, the research based on CForBio mainly focused on local ecological factors, such as environment filtering, biotic interactions and small-scale dispersal limitation. We suggest that future studies in CForBio should （1） continue research on trees, but expand more on insects, birds, mammals, microbes and other organism groups; （2） investigate the effects of widespread defaunation on forest biodiversity, structure and functioning; （3） evaluate the diverse effects of climate change on forest composition,structure and functioning; （4） include new technologies, such as remote sensing, to better monitor and study forest biodiversity change and maintenance.

关键词： Forest ecosystem Defaunation Climatechange Remote sensing

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Complex causes and consequences of rangeland greening in South America -multiple interacting natural and anthropogenic drivers and simultaneous ecosystem degradation and recovery trends

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Geography and Sustainability 2020年第4期1卷 304-316页

作者： Wang Li Robert Buitenwerf Renata Nicora Chequín Javier Elias Florentín Roberto Manuel Salas Julia Carolina Mata Li Wang Zheng Niu jens-christian svenning Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World(BIOCHANGE) Aarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus C 8000Denmark Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus C 8000Denmark State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Aerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste(CONICET-UNNE) Sargento Cabral 2131c.c.209C.P.3400Argentina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Land-surface greening has been reported globally over the past *** often seen to represent ecosystem recovery,the impacts on biodiversity and society can also be *** has been widely reported from rangelands,where drivers and processes are complex due to its high environmental heterogeneity and societal ***,we assess the complexity behind greening and assess its links to various drivers in an iconic,heterogeneous rangeland area,the IberáWetlands and surroundings,in ***-series satellite imagery over the past 19 years showed overall net greening,but also substantial local browning both in protected and unprotected areas,linking to land use,temporal changes in surface water,fire,and *** found substantial woody expansion mainly in the unprotected land,with 37%contributed by tree plantations and the remaining 63%by spontaneous woody expansion,along with widespread transitions from terrestrial land to seasonal surface *** occurrences tended to reduce greening with unprotected areas experiencing widespread and frequent ***,protected areas had more browning in unburnt areas than burned *** variation in annual precipitation and temperature tended to nonlinearly influence fire occurrences with an interplay of human fire management,further shaping the vegetation greening,pointing to high complexity behind the observed rangeland greening involving interactions among local *** findings highlight that the observed overall greening is an outcome of multiple trends with clear negative impacts on biodiversity and the local livestock-oriented culture(notably expanding tree plantations)and spontaneous vegetation dynamics,partly involving spontaneous woody *** latter has positive potential for biodiversity and ecosystem services in terms of woodland recovery,but can become negative in such a natural savanna region if expansions develop on a too broad scale,highlighting the importance of ensu

关键词： South America Rangeland Vegetation greening Climate change Sustainability Remote sensing

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Human-driven topographic effects on the distribution of forest in a flat, lowland agricultural region

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2014年第1期24卷 76-92页

作者： Mette V. ODGAARD Peder K. BOCHER Tommy DALGAARD Jesper E. MOESLUND jens-christian svenning Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Blichers AIIe 20 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Group Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark Department of Computer Science Aarhus University Abogade 34 DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark

Complex topography buffers forests against deforestation in mountainous regions. However, it is unknown if terrain also shapes forest distribution in lowlands where human impacts are likely to be less constrained by terrain. In such regions, if important at all, to- pographic effects will depend on cultural-historical factors and thus be human-driven （an- thropogenic） rather than natural, except in regions where the general climate or extreme soils limit the occurrence of forests. We used spatial regression modeling to assess the extent to which topographic factors explain forest distribution （presence-absence at a 48x48 m resolu- tion） in a lowland agricultural region （Denmark, 43,075 km2） at regional and landscape scales （whole study area and 10x10 km grid cells, respectively）, how landscape-scale for- est-topography relationships vary geographically, and which potential drivers （topographic heterogeneity, forest cover, clay content, coastal/inland location） determine this geographic heterogeneity. Given a moist temperate climate and non-extreme soils all landscapes in Denmark would naturally be largely forest covered, and any topographic relationships will be totally or primarily human-driven. At regional scale, topographic predictors explained only 5% of the distribution of forest. In contrast, the explanatory power of topography varied from 0%-61% at landscape scale, with clear geographic patterning. Explanatory power of topog- raphy at landscape scale was moderately dependent on the potential drivers, with topog- raphic control being strongest in areas with high topographic heterogeneity and little forest cover. However, these conditioning effects were themselves geographically variable. Our findings show that topography by shaping human land-use can affect forest distribution even in flat, lowland regions, but especially via localized, geographically variable effects.

关键词： Europe forest cover geographically weighted regression human impact landscape development topography vegetation distribution.

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Multi-scale phylogenetic structure in coastal dune plant communities across the globe

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第2期7卷 101-114页

作者： Ane Kirstine Brunbjerg Jeannine Cavender-Bares Wolf L.Eiserhardt Rasmus Ejrnæs Lonnie W.Aarssen Hannah L.Buckley Estelle Forey Florian Jansen jens Kattge Cynthia Lane Roy A.Lubke Angela T.Moles Ana Laura Monserrat Robert K.Peet Julissa Roncal Louise Wootton jens-christian svenning Ecoinformatics&Biodiversity Group Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114DK-8000 Aarhus C.Denmark Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversityGrenaavej 14DK-8410 RøndeDenmark Department of Ecology Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota1987 Upper Buford CircleFalcon HeightsMN 55108USA Department of Biology Queens University116 Barrie StreetKingstonOntario K7L 3N6Canada Department of Ecology Lincoln UniversityPO Box 84Canterbury 7647New Zealand Laboratoire d’Ecologie EA 1293 ECODIVFED SCALEUFR Sciences et TechniquesUniversitéde Rouen76821 Mont Saint Aignan CedexFrance Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology Soldmannstr.1517487 GreifswaldGermany Functional Biogeography Research Group Max Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryHans Knoell Str.1007745 JenaThuringiaGermany Lake Lily Ecology Ltd.PO Box 8455CanmoreAB T1W 2V2Canada Department of Botany Rhodes UniversityPO Box 94GrahamstownEast Cape 6140South Africa Evolution&Ecology Research Centre School of BiologicalEarth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesBotany RoadKensingtonSydneyNew South Wales 2034Australia Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas Ambientales Complejos Facultad de IngenieríaUniversidad de FloresPedernera 275Ciudad de Buenos AiresArgentina Department of Biology University of North CarolinaChapel HillNC 27599-3280USA Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland232 Elizabeth AvenueSt.John'sNL A1B 3X9Canada Department of Biology Georgian Court University900 Lakewood AvenueLakewoodNJ 08701USA

Aims Studies integrating phylogenetic history and large-scale community assembly are few,and many questions remain ***,we use a global coastal dune plant data set to uncover the important factors in community assembly across scales from the local filtering processes to the global long-term diversification and dispersal *** dune plant communities occur worldwide under a wide range of climatic and geologic conditions as well as in all biogeographic ***,global patterns in the phylogenetic composition of coastal dune plant communities have not previously been *** The data set comprised vegetation data from 18463 plots in New Zealand,South Africa,South America,North America and *** phylogenetic tree comprised 2241 plant species from 149 *** calculated phylogenetic clustering(Net Relatedness Index,NRI,and Nearest Taxon Index,NTI)of regional dune floras to estimate the amount of in situ diversification relative to the global dune species pool and evaluated the relative importance of land and climate barriers for these diversification patterns by geographic analyses of phylogenetic *** then tested whether dune plant communities exhibit similar patterns of phylogenetic structure within ***,we calculated NRI for local communities relative to the regional species pool and tested for an association with functional traits(plant height and seed mass)thought to vary along sea–inland *** Findings Regional species pools were phylogenetically clustered relative to the global pool,indicating regional *** showed stronger clustering than NRI pointing to the importance of especially recent diversifications within *** species pools grouped phylogenetically into two clusters on either side of the tropics suggesting greater dispersal rates within hemispheres than between *** NRI plot values confirmed that most communities were also phylogenetically clus

关键词： disturbance phylogenetic community structure plant functional traits plant height seed mass

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Neglected tropical diseases risk correlates with poverty and early ecosystem destruction

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第2期12卷 129-129页

作者： Arthur Ramalho Magalhães Cláudia Torres Codeço jens-christian svenning Luis E.Escobar Paige Van de Vuurst Thiago Gonçalves-Souza Laboratory of Ecological Synthesis and Biodiversity Conservation (ECOFUN) Federal Rural University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil Scientific Computation Program (PROCC) Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) Rio de Janeiro Brazil Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Department of Biology. Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blacksburg USA Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Virginia Tech Blacksburg USA Translational Biology Medicine and Health Program Virginia Tech Graduate School Blacksburg USA

Background Neglected tropical diseases affect the most vulnerable populations and cause chronic and debilitating *** vulnerability is a well-known and important determinant of neglected tropical *** example,poverty and sanitation could influence parasite ***,the quantitative impact of socioeconomic conditions on disease transmission risk remains poorly *** This study investigated the role of socioeconomic variables in the predictive capacity of risk models of neglected tropical zoonoses using a decade of epidemiological data(2007–2018)from ***-borne diseases investigated in this study included dengue,malaria,Chagas disease,leishmaniasis,and Brazilian spotted fever,while directly-transmitted zoonotic diseases included schistosomiasis,leptospirosis,and *** and socioeconomic predictors were combined with infectious disease data to build environmental and socioenvironmental sets of ecological niche models and their performances were *** Socioeconomic variables were found to be as important as environmental variables in influencing the estimated likelihood of disease transmission across large spatial *** combination of socioeconomic and environmental variables improved overall model accuracy(or predictive power)by 10%on average(P<0.01),reaching a maximum of 18%in the case of dengue *** domestic product was the most important socioeconomic variable(37%relative variable importance,all individual models exhibited P<0.00),showing a decreasing relationship with disease indicating poverty as a major factor for disease *** of natural vegetation cover between 2008 and 2018 was the most important environmental variable(42%relative variable importance,P<0.05)among environmental models,exhibiting a decreasing relationship with disease probability,showing that these diseases are especially prevalent in areas where natural ecosystem destruction is

关键词： Disease ecology Ecological niche model Socioecological system Vector-borne diseases Zoonosis Brazil

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From unusual suspect to serial killer: Cyanotoxins boosted by climate change may jeopardize megafauna

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The Innovation 2021年第2期2卷 73-75页

作者： Haijun Wang Chi Xu Ying Liu Erik Jeppesen jens-christian svenning Jianguo Wu Wenxia Zhang Tianjun Zhou Puze Wang Shingirai Nangombe Jinge Ma Hongtao Duan Jingyun Fang Ping Xie Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes School of Ecology and Environmental ScienceYunnan UniversityKunmingChina School of Life Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversitySilkeborgDenmark Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research BeijingChina Limnology Laboratory Department of Biological SciencesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation(EKOSAM) Middle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey Institute of Marine Sciences Middle East Technical UniversityMersinTurkey Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability Arizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina Meteorological Services Department HarareZimbabwe Deutscher Wetterdienst PotsdamGermany Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina Yunnan University KunmingChina Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environments SciencesPeiking UniversityBeijingChina Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and BiotechnologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina

The recent mass mortality event of more than 330 African elephants in Botswana has been attributed to biotoxins produced by cyanobacteria;however,scientific evidence for this is ***,by synthesizing multiple sources of data,we show that,during the past decades,the widespread hypertrophic waters in Southern Africa have entailed an extremely high risk and frequent exposure of cyanotoxins to the wildlife within this area,which functions as a hotspot of mammal species *** hot and dry climatic extremes have most likely acted as the primary trigger of the recent and perhaps also of prehistoric mass mortality *** such climate extremes are projected to become more frequent in Southern Africa in the near future,there is a risk that similar tragedies may take place,rendering African megafauna species,especially those that are already endangered,in risk of ***,cyanotoxin poisoning amplified by climate change may have unexpected cascading effects on human *** within this perspective,the tragic mass death of the world's largest terrestrial mammal species serves as an alarming early warning signal of future environmental catastrophes in Southern *** suggest that systematic,quantitative cyanotoxin risk assessments are made and precautionary actions to mitigate the risks are taken without hesitation to ensure the health and sustainability of the megafauna and human societies within the region.

关键词： cyanobacteria toxin climate change eutrophication mammal conservation environmental health

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