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Assessment of Rational Prescribing in General Outpatient Department of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Western Uganda

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第1期10卷 48-60页

作者： Amamchukwu Ambrose Akunne Wafula Innocent Lam Joseph O. C. Ezeonwumelu jennifer chibuogwu ebosie Bede Emeka Udechukwu Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy School of Pharmacy Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Uganda Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Uganda

Introduction: Prevention of irrational use of medicines may reduce healthcare costs and potentially save lives. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess rational drug prescribing using World Health Organization (WHO) and International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) indicators on prescribing in the General Outpatient Department of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Western Uganda. Methodology: The study design was retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional. A total of 884 prescriptions were selected by systematic sampling using an interval of 27 from 23,868 prescriptions available in the medical records of the General Out-Patient Department (GOPD) of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH) from April, 2016 to March, 2017. The selected samples were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013, to assess for conformity with the prescribing indicators. Results: The results showed that the percentage of recording of diagnosis was 90.72% (index of diagnosis—0.91). The average number of drugs per encounter was 2.6 (index of non-polypharmacy—0.77), and the percentage of drugs prescribed with the generic name was 90.21% (index of generics—0.9). Percentages of encounters with antibiotics and injectable drugs prescribed were 61.88% (index of antibiotics—0.48) and 5.43% (index of injectable drugs—1) respectively. Only 78.96% (index of EMSLU—0.79) of the medicines prescribed were from the Essential Medicines Supplies List of Uganda (EMSLU) or Uganda Clinical Guidelines 2016. The index of rational drug prescribing (IRDP) was found to be 4.85. Conclusion: The findings showed that only the percentage of encounters with injectable drugs was in line with WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators. On the over all, the index of rational drug prescribing (IRDP) was poor (observed 4.85 versus optimum 6). The authors recommended continuous sensitization, counselling and education of prescribers in KIUTH in order to achieve rational prescrib

关键词： KIUTH INRUD indicators Keywords: Rational drug prescribing Uganda WHO GOPD

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Analgesic Appraisal of Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) Leaf Extracts Used in Management of Oral Lesion Pain in HIV/AIDS Patients in Rodents

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2018年第6期9卷 175-192页

作者： Joseph Obiezu Chukwujekwu Ezeonwumelu Muhammad Ntale Steve Okwudili Ogbonnia Ezera Agwu Julius Kihdze Tanayen Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji Chukwudi Onyeka Okonkwo Ambrose Amamchukwu Akunne jennifer chibuogwu ebosie Frederick Byarugaba Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda Department of Clinical and Biopharmacy School of Pharmacy Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Uganda Kampala International University Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research (KIUCAMRES) Group Ishaka Uganda Department of Public Health Faculty of Applied Sciences Bishop Stuart University Mbarara Uganda Department of Chemistry Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli Anambra State Nigeria Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Uganda Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Kabale Kabale Uganda Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mba-rara Uganda Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Uganda Department of Pharmacology University of Gitwe Gitwe Rwanda Department of Human Physiology Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine Nnewi Campus Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Nigeria Department of Clinical and Biopharmacy School of Pharmacy Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Uganda Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda

Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.

关键词： Local Use Bidens pilosa Pain Oral Lesion HIV/AIDS Rodents

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In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoidesand Ocimum suaveExtracts against HIV/AIDS Patients’ Oral Bacteria in South-Western Uganda

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2017年第9期8卷 306-323页

作者： Joseph Obiezu Chukwujekwu Ezeonwumelu Muhammad Ntale Steve Okwudili Ogbonnia Ezera Agwu Julius Kihdze Tanayen Keneth Iceland Kasozi Chukwudi Onyeka Okonkwo Anthonia Shodunke Ambrose Amamchukwu Akunne Onokiojare Ephraim Dafiewhare jennifer chibuogwu ebosie Frederick Byarugaba Department of Pharmacy Faculty of MedicineMbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Department of Clinical and Biopharmacy School of PharmacyKampala International University Western CampusIshakaUganda Kampala International University Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research(KIUCAMRES)Group IshakaUganda Department of Chemistry Makerere UniversityKampalaUganda Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LagosLagosNigeria Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biomedical SciencesKampala International University Western CampusIshakaUganda Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of MedicineMbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Department of Physiology Faculty of Biomedical SciencesKampala International University Western CampusIshakaUganda Department of Human Physiology Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineNnewi CampusNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewiNigeria Department of Public Health Faculty of Applied SciencesBishop Stuart UniversityMbararaUganda Department of Microbiology Faculty of MedicineMbarara University of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of KabaleKabaleUganda

The objective of the study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Bidens pilosa Aqueous (BPA), Bidens pilosa Ethanolic (BPE), Ageratum conyzoides Aqueous (ACA), Ageratum conyzoides Ethanolic (ACE), Ocimum suave Aqueous (OSA) and Ocimum suave Ethanolic (OSE) extracts on HIV/AIDS patients’ oral bacteria. Healthy green leaves of the plants were collected in Ishaka Uganda, processed and portions separately extracted with hot distilled water and cold ethanol. The susceptibility, MIC and MBC of each extract were determined using standard protocols. The bacteria had significant (p Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave on oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients made by traditional healers and local people in South-Western Uganda. We recommend a detailed study of structural identities and activities of the active antibacterial principle(s) in these plants for possible new drug entities and verification of the interactive effects of the principle(s) with ARVs and cotrimoxazole used daily by HIV/AIDS patients.

关键词： Antibacterial Efficacy Bidens Pilosa Ageratum Conyzoides Ocimum Suave Oral Bacteria HIV/AIDS Uganda

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Phytochemical Screening, Toxicity, Analgesic and Anti-Pyretic Studies of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Plectranthus barbatus[Andrews. Engl.] in Rats

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第4期10卷 205-221页

作者： Joseph O. C. Ezeonwumelu Gloria N. Kawooya Aiyabalu G. Okoruwa Samuel Sunday Dare jennifer C. ebosie Ambrose A. Akunne Julius Kihdze Tanayen Bede E. Udechukwu Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Biopharmacy School of Pharmacy Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Bushenyi Uganda Kampala International University Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research (KIUCAMRES) Group Western Campus Ishaka Bushenyi Uganda Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Biopharmacy School of Pharmacy Kilimanjaro International University Dar es salaam Tanzania Department of Anatomy Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Bushenyi Uganda School of Health and Medical Sciences Catholic University in Cameroon Bamenda Cameroon Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Kampala International University Western Campus Ishaka Bushenyi Uganda

Plectranthus barbatus is a popular tropical perennial plant with a wide variety of traditional medicinal uses in tropical Africa, Hindu, Ayurvedic and traditional medicines of Brazil and China. The whole plant and the leaves have many folkloric uses for diverse ailments including pain, heart disease, convulsions, coughs and colds, asthma, bronchitis and tonsillitis among others. This study investigated the phytochemical components, acute toxicity, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Plectranthus barbatus locally known as Ekizeera in Uganda. The plant leaves were authenticated, collected and decoction was done according to local method. Phytochemical screening was conducted using methods outlined by Trease and Evans and Harborne to determine the components of the extract. Acute toxicity tests were conducted in rats using modified Lorke’s method to determine the safety of the plant material. Analgesic studies were carried out using both a mechanical method (thermally induced pain by tail-flick) and a chemical method (formalin induced pain) in rats by administering extracts orally at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight. The method of Al-Ghamdi, modified for local laboratory setting by Adzu was adopted and used for anti-pyretic test. Decoction yielded 9.9% extract. Phytochemical screening confirmed presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and essential oils. Acute toxicity tests revealed no deaths in rats after oral treatment with up to 10,000 mg/kg of extract. Tail-flick test was non-significant (p > 0.05) while formalin-induced pain test demonstrated significant activity (p -tests. Anti-pyretic activity was non-significant (p > 0.05) with student t-test. These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of Plectranthus barbatus contains specific phytochemicals, has a potent dose dependent analgesic activity, no anti-pyretic activity and can be regarded as a safe medicinal plant to use traditionally, which might further

关键词： Acute Toxicity Analgesic Anti-Pyretic Plectranthus barbatus Phytochemicals Rats

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