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PM_(2.5)and water-soluble inorganic ion concentrations decreased faster in urban than rural areas in China

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第12期34卷 83-91页

作者： Yangyang Zhang Aohan Tang Chen Wang Xin Ma Yunzhe li Wen Xu Xiaoping Xia Aihua Zheng Wenqing li Zengguo Fang Xiufen Zhao Xianlong Peng Yuping Zhang Jian Han lijuan Zhang jeffrey l.collett jr Xuejun liu Beijing Key laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNational Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Analysis and Testing Center Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Fujian Institute of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences Fuzhou 350003China College of Resources and Environment Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao 266109China College of Resources and Environment Northeast Agricultural UniversityHaerbin 150030China College of Resources and Environment Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources UseHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410128China College of Resources and Environment Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding 071001China Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA

We investigated variations of PM_(2.5)and water-soluble inorganic ions chemical characteristics at nine urban and rural sites in China using ground-based *** 2015 to 2019,mean PM_(2.5)concentration across all sites decreased by 41.9μg/m~3with a decline of 46%at urban sites and 28%at rural sites,where secondary inorganic aerosol(SIAs)contributed to 21%(urban sites)and 17%(rural sites)of the decreased PM_(2.5).SIAs concentrations underwent a decline at urban locations,while sulfate(SO_(4)^(2–)),nitrate(NO_(3)^(–)),and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))decreased by 49.5%,31.3%and 31.6%,***,only SO_(4)^(2–)decreased at rural sites,NO_(3)^(–)increased by 21%and NH_(4)^(+)decreased *** changes contributed to an overall SIAs increase in *** molar ratios of NO_(3)^(–)to SO_(4)^(2–)and NH_(4)^(+)to SO_(4)^(2–)were observed at urban sites than rural sites,being highest in the heavily polluted *** molar ratios of NH_(3)/NH_xwere higher in 2019 than 2015 at both urban and rural sites,implying increasing NH_xremained as free NH_(3).Our observations indicated a slower transition from sulfate-driven to nitrate-driven aerosol pollution and less efficient control of NO_(x)than SO_(2)related aerosol formation in rural regions than urban ***,the common factor at urban and rural sites appears to be a combination of lower SO_(4)^(2–)levels and an increasing fraction of NO_(3)^(–)to PM_(2.5)under NH_(4)^(+)-rich *** findings imply that synchronous reduction in NO_(x)and NH_(3)emissions especially rural areas would be effective to mitigate NO_(3)^(–)-driven aerosol pollution.

关键词： PM_(2.5) Nitrate Ammonium Sulfate Air pollutant emission Pollution mitigation

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Increasing importance of ammonia emission abatement in PM_(2.5)pollution control

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Science Bulletin 2022年第17期67卷 1745-1749页

作者： Wen Xu Yuanhong Zhao Zhang Wen Yunhua Chang Yuepeng Pan Yele Sun Xin Ma Zhipeng Sha Ziyue li Jiahui Kang lei liu Aohan Tang Kai Wang Ying Zhang Yixin Guo lin Zhang lifang Sheng Xiuming Zhang Baojing Gu Yu Song Martin Van Damme lieven Clarisse Pierre-François Coheur jeffrey l.collett jr Keith Goulding Fusuo Zhang Kebin He Xuejun liu College of Resources and Environmental Sciences National Academy of Agriculture Green DevelopmentKey Laboratory of Plant-Soil InteractionsMinistry of EducationNational Observation and Research tation of Agriculture Green Development(QuzhouHebei)China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Desasters Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 200433China State Key laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesSchool of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of Agriculture and Food the University of MelbourneVictoria 3010Australia College of Environmental and Resource Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China State Key Joint laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Department of Environmental SciencePeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Universitélibre de Bruxelles SpectroscopyQuantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote SensingBrusselsBelgium Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State UniversityFort Collins CO 80523USA Sustainable Agricultural Sciences Department Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden AL52JQUK School of Environment Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

在新冠肺炎疫情期间,中国采取的管制封锁措施大幅减少了交通和工业排放,但农业排放没有受到影响,甚至有所增加.通过全国大气氨浓度地面监测、实时连续观测和卫星观测等手段,我们发现,新冠肺炎疫情管制措施实施期间中国大气氨浓度大范围... 详细信息

在新冠肺炎疫情期间,中国采取的管制封锁措施大幅减少了交通和工业排放,但农业排放没有受到影响,甚至有所增加.通过全国大气氨浓度地面监测、实时连续观测和卫星观测等手段,我们发现,新冠肺炎疫情管制措施实施期间中国大气氨浓度大范围显著增加,上升幅度在农村地区最为明显(增加22%),在城市和偏远地区变化不明显;而且,管控期间大气氨浓度上升幅度与2015~2019年相同月份相比更大.基于大气化学模式模拟发现,中国北方大气氨浓度上升主要是由农业氨排放增加所致.随着未来我国二氧化硫和氮氧化物等酸性气体排放控制的强化,农业氨排放的协同减排对于进一步削减大气PM污染、提升空气质量尤为重要.进一步分析表明,疫情期间50%农业氨排放可有效抵消氨浓度上升造成的二次无机气溶胶的形成.

关键词：管制措施工业排放污染治理地面监测空气质量卫星观测 PM 偏远地区

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Sedatives during circulatory arrest are not necessary for aortic arch repair in acute type A aortic dissection

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Chinese Medical Journal 2021年第2期134卷 219-221页

作者： Alexander O.Makkinejad jeffrey Clemence jr Elizabeth l.Norton linda Farhat Xiao-Ting Wu Daniel H.Ferman Bo Yang Department of Cardiac Surgery Michigan MedicineAnn ArborMl 48109USA.

The standard protocol to maximize cerebral protection during open aortic arch surgery in acute type A aortic dissection(ATAAD)generally involves a combination of two perioperative strategies including hypothermic circulatory arrest(HCA)and cerebral perfusion in conjunction with pharmacologic agents(eg,barbiturates)as adjuncts for additional cerebral protection.[1,2,3]Pharmacologic agents are routinely used as an adjunct intraoperatively in a majority of cases despite minimal evidence supporting their use for incremental neurological protection.[1,3,4]Our study aims to evaluate the cerebral protection that intraoperative administration of adjunctive sedatives provides in aortic arch surgery with HCA and antegrade cerebral perfusion(ACP)in *** hypothesize that adjunctive sedatives would not provide additional cerebral protection in aortic arch surgery with HCA and ACP,but would prolong patients’wake-up and intubation time due to its sedative effect.

关键词： aortic dissection routine

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D-MElD risk capping improves post-transplant and overall mortality under markov microsimulation

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World Journal of Transplantation 2014年第3期4卷 206-215页

作者： jeffrey B Halldorson Robert l Carithers jr Renuka Bhattacharya Ramasamy Bakthavatsalam Iris W liou Andre A Dick Jorge D Reyes James D Perkins Division of Transplant Surgery Department of Surgery University of California San Diego CA 92103-8401 United States Division of Transplantation Department of Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 United States Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 United States

AIM: To hypothesize that the product of calculated Model for End-Stage liver Disease score excluding exception points and donor age(D-MElD) risk capping ± Rule 14 could improve post liver transplant and overall survival after ***: Probabilities derived from the United Network for Organ Sharing database between 2002 and 2004 were used to simulate potential outcomes for all patients listed for transplantation. The Markov simula-tion was then modified by screening matches using a 1200 or 1600 D-MElD risk cap ± allowing transplants for Model for End-Stage liver Disease(MElD) ≤ 14(Rule 14). The differential impact of the rule changes was ***: The Markov simulation accurately reproduced overall and post transplant survival. A 1200 D-MElD risk cap improved post-transplant survival. Both the 1200 and 1600 risk caps improved overall survival for waitlisted patients. The addition of Rule 14 further improved post transplant and overall survival by redistribution of donor livers to recipients in higher MElD subgroups. The mechanism for improved overall and post-transplant survival after listing was due to shifting a larger percentage of transplants to the moderate MElD score subgroup(MElD 15-29) while also ensuring that high MElD recipients have livers of high quality to achieve excellent post transplant ***: A 1200 D-MElD risk cap + Rule 14 provided the greatest overall benefit primarily by focusing liver transplantation towards the moderate MElD recipient.

关键词： liver transplantation The product of calculated Model for End-Stage liver Disease score excluding exception points and donor age Donor/recipient matching Markov microsimulation Model for End-Stage liver Disease Donor age

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急性缺血性卒中患者早期处理指南：美国心脏协会／美国卒中协会对医疗专业人员的指南

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国际脑血管病杂志 2013年第7期21卷 481-516页

作者： Edward C. Jauch jeffrey l. Saver Harold P. Adams Askiel Bruno J.J. (Buddy) Connors Bart M. Demaerschalk Pooja Khatri Paul W. McMullan jr, Adnan I. Qureshi Kenneth Rosenfield Phillip A. Scott Debbie R. Summers David Z. Wang Max Wintermark Howard Yonas 李海峰(译) 岳耀先(译) 王琦(译) 张贤军(译) 丁晓君(译) 不详青岛大学医学院附属医院神经内科 266003

背景和目的作者提供了关于成年急性缺血性卒中患者评估和治疗方面的现有证据和处理推荐的一份概述。目标读者为涉及急性缺血性卒中患者发病48h内诊治的院前诊疗人员、医生、综合医疗保健人员和医院管理者。该指南将取代先前的2007年版... 详细信息

背景和目的作者提供了关于成年急性缺血性卒中患者评估和治疗方面的现有证据和处理推荐的一份概述。目标读者为涉及急性缺血性卒中患者发病48h内诊治的院前诊疗人员、医生、综合医疗保健人员和医院管理者。该指南将取代先前的2007年版指南及其2009年更新版。方法著述委员会成员由美国卒中协会卒中委员会的科学声明监督委员会指定，代表各个领域的医疗专家。在形成共识的整个过程中，严格遵循美国心脏协会的利益冲突原则。委员会成员被分配给与其专业领域相关的内容，对卒中文献进行回顾，重点为前一版指南发表之后的文献，然后按照美国心脏协会卒中委员会的证据强度分级方案起草推荐意见。结果本指南的目的是减少卒中相关的残疾和死亡。本指南支持卒中医疗体系的全局性概念以及从患者识别、急救医疗服务激活、转送和分诊到急诊室和卒中单元内最初数小时诊治的卒中诊治细节。本指南讨论了早期卒中评估和一般治疗、缺血性卒中治疗、特殊干预措施，如再灌注策略以及脑复苏的一般生理学干预原则。结论由于许多推荐意见基于有限的证据，还迫切需要对急性缺血性卒中的治疗做进一步的研究。

关键词： AHA科学声明急性脑梗死急诊医疗服务再灌注卒中组织型纤溶酶原激活剂

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透皮东莨菪碱贴剂联合昂丹司琼对比单独应用昂丹司琼用于预防门诊手术后恶心呕吐的一项随机双盲多中心研究

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麻醉与镇痛 2010年第5期6卷 34-40页

作者： Tong J. Gan, MD Ashish C. Sinha, MD, PhD Anthony l. Kovac, MD R. Kevin Jones, MD, CPI Stephen A.Cohen,MD,MBA Jean P. Battildaa, MS Jonathan S. Deutsch, MD Joseph V. Pergolizzi, jr., MD] TDS Study Group 王琦(译) 李文志(校) Department of Anesthesiology Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania ＊University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas Accurate Clinical Trials Inc./Saddleback Memorial Medical Center Laguna Hills California Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts Baxter Healthcare Corporation New Providence New Jersey Departrnent of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland The TDS Study Group consists of the following members: Gregory H. Adkisson (St. Agnes Healthcare Inc. Baltimore MD St. Agnes Healthcare Inc. Clinical Research Center Baltimore MD) I(eith Candiotti(University of Miami School of Medidne Jackson Health Systems Miami FL) Stephen & Cohen(Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA) Nell R. Connelly(Baystate Medical Center Springfield MA) Patricia L. Dalby(Magee Women's Hospital of UPMC Pittsburgh PA) Robert D'Angelo(Forsyth Medical Center Winston-Salem NC) Albert R. Davis(Loyola University Medical Center Chicago IL) David 1L Drover (Stanford Hospital and Clinics Stanford CA) Tong J. Gan Fernando Altermatt Dianne Scott(Duke University Medical Center Durham NC Duke Health Raleigh Hospital Raleigh NC and Duke Center for Aesthetic Services Durham NC) Joseph S. Gimbel(AZ Research Center John C. Lincoln Hospital North Mountain and John C. Lincoln Hospital Deer Valley Phoenix AZ)R.Kevin Jones (Saddleback Memorial Medical Center Laguna Hills CA) Anthony L. Kovac(University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas KS) John B. Leslie(Mayo Clinic Hospital Phoenix AZ) Roberta McI(inney Jr. (Trinity Clinic North Park Mother Frances Hospital and Tyler Square Tyler TX) Tricia A. Meyer ( Scott and White Hospital Temple TX ) Joseph Pergolizzi (Physicians Day Surgery Center Naples FL) Beverly tC Philip (Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA) Martin I. Redmond(State University of New York at Stony Brook Ambulatory Surgica

背景手术后恶心、呕吐（PONV）是门诊手术常见的并发症。本试验目的是观察透皮东莨菪碱贴剂（TDS）联合静脉注射昂丹司琼（OND）对门诊患者PONV的疗效是否优于单独应用昂丹司琼。方法此项随机双盲多中心的临床试验纳入了620例接受门诊... 详细信息

背景手术后恶心、呕吐（PONV）是门诊手术常见的并发症。本试验目的是观察透皮东莨菪碱贴剂（TDS）联合静脉注射昂丹司琼（OND）对门诊患者PONV的疗效是否优于单独应用昂丹司琼。方法此项随机双盲多中心的临床试验纳入了620例接受门诊腹腔镜或隆胸手术的PONV高危女性患者，进入手术室前2小时分别给患者贴上TDS贴剂或外观相同的空白贴剂。在全麻诱导前2—5分钟给所有患者静脉注射OND4mg。手术后24~48小时评估止吐是否完善（彻底止吐标准为无呕吐或干呕，且没有追加止吐药）。同时记录发生呕吐、干呕、恶心以及追加止吐药的患者比例，记录手术后首次发生PONV的时间及离院时间，记录呕吐、干呕、恶心的发作次数与严重程度及患者对于止吐治疗的满意度。结果TDS＋OND组与OND组相比，手术后24小时恶心、呕吐的发生率显著降低，但手术后48小时两者差异无显著性。TDS＋OND组没有呕吐、干呕且未追加过止吐药的患者占48％，而OND组占39％（P〈0．02）。TDS＋OND组的彻底止吐（无恶心、呕吐或干呕，且未追加止吐药）率显著高于OND组（分别为35％和25％，P〈0．01）。TDS＋OND组手术后首次发生恶心、呕吐、干呕及追加止吐药的时间明显晚于OND组（P〈0．05）。前者不良反应的总发生率也低于后者（分别为36．7％和49％，P〈0．01）。结论与单独应用OND相比。TDS＋OND能更大程度地减少PONV，主要是通过减少不良反应而获得。

关键词：手术后恶心呕吐东莨菪碱贴剂多中心研究昂丹司琼门诊手术随机双盲应用单独

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急性卒中影像学研究路径图Ⅱ

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国际脑血管病杂志 2014年第2期22卷 81-92页

作者： Max Wintermark Gregory W. Albers Joseph P. Broderick Andrew M. Demchuk Jochen B. Fiebach Jens Fiehler James C. Grotta Gary Houser Tudor G. Jovin Kennedy R. lees Michael H. lev David S. liebeskind Marie luby Keith W. Muir Mark W. Parsons Rudiger von Kummer Joanna M. Wardlaw Ona Wu Albert J. Yoo Andrei V. Alexandrov Jeffry R. Alger Richard I. Aviv Roland Bammer Jean-Claude Baron Fernando Calamante Bruce C.V. Campbell Trevor C. Carpenter Sφren Christensen William A. Copen Colin P. Derdeyn E. Clarke Haley jr Pooja Khatri Kohsuke Kudo Maarten G. lansberg lawrence l. latour Ting-Yim lee Richard leigh Weili lin Patrick lyden Grant Mair Bijoy IC Menon Patrik Michel Robert Mikulik Raul G. Nogueira left φstergaard Salvador Pedraza Christian H. Riedel Howard A. Rowley Pina C. Sanelli Makoto Sasaki jeffrey l. Saver Pamela W. Schaefer Peter D. Schellinger Georgios Tsivgoulis lawrence R. Wechsler Philip M. White Greg Zaharchuk Osama O. Zaidat Stephen M. Davis Geoffrey A. Donnan Anthony J. Furlan Werner Hacke Dong-Wha Kang Chelsea Kidw ell Vincent N. Thijs Gotz Thomalla Steven J. Warach 严晓铭刘牧张晶晶柯开富不详南通大学附属医院神经内科 226001

卒中影像学研究组（StrokeImagingResearchGroup，STIR）、美国神经放射学学会和美国神经放射学学会基金会在过去1年多的时间时举办了一系列的工作会议，最后一次会议于2013年3月9日至10日在华盛顿召开的卒中治疗专业学术圆桌会议（Stro... 详细信息

卒中影像学研究组（StrokeImagingResearchGroup，STIR）、美国神经放射学学会和美国神经放射学学会基金会在过去1年多的时间时举办了一系列的工作会议，最后一次会议于2013年3月9日至10日在华盛顿召开的卒中治疗专业学术圆桌会议（Stroke Treatment Academy Industry Roundtable，STAIR）期间举行。

关键词：急性卒中影像学神经放射学路径会议基金会学会美国

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