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Today’s protected areas:supporting a more sustainable future for humanity

Integrative Zoology 2020年第6期15卷 603-616页

作者： jeffrey a.mcneely Society for Conservation Biology Asia Section Cha-AmPetchburiThailand

Nature provides significant benefits to people,especially those living in and around protected *** services from protected areas include producing wild food,supporting biodiversity and water cycles,regulating climate,and providing cultural services like better health,tourism,and legacy for future *** economic terms,the flows of ecosystem services provided by protected areas are worth hundreds of billions of dollars each year,well justifying the costs of managing these sites,but protected areas are suffering from environmental problems such as impacts from human population growth,rural poverty,growing demands for natural resources,land use change that degrades ecosystem productivity,invasive non-native species that harm natural ecosystems,and climate change that is affecting all *** these linked challenges will require mobilizing all parts of the economy,including the protected area *** example,protected areas can take a leadership role in rural development,expand the conservation estate to half of the planet through connectivity and improved management of more of the non-agricultural land,enhance the prominent role of protected areas in contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation,encourage productive research on applying modern technology to protected areas management,seek broader private sector participation in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services,and include protected areas as relevant parties in relevant trade and other international *** protected area managers embrace this broader role,they will find enthusiastic public support for this contribution to a sustainable human society.

关键词： Aichi target climate change economic benefit ecosystem service landscape conservation protected area

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Using economic instruments to overcome obstacles to in situ conservation of biodiversity

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Integrative Zoology 2006年第1期1卷 25-31页

作者： jeffrey a.mcneely IUCN-The World Conservation Union GlandSwitzerland

The leading direct cause of the loss of biodiversity is habitat alteration and *** we are to address this cause directly,we need to find ways of changing the behavior of rural *** has shown that this is done most effectively through the use of economic instruments,ranging from taxes that discourage over-exploitation,to direct payments for conservation activities carried out by rural land-owners or those occupying the *** many parts of the world,governments provide incentives such as tax breaks to private *** countries recognize specific use rights on particular parts of the land,enabling the land-owners to earn appropriate *** many protected areas have resident human populations,it is especially important that they be encouraged to contribute to the objectives of the protected area,and economic incentives offer an important way of doing so;they might,for example,be given employment in the protected area or in associated tourism *** payments to farmers for conserving watersheds is becoming increasingly popular,in both developed and developing *** conservation will require both removing perverse subsidies and developing a wide range of approaches for rewarding land-owners for biodiversity conservation activities.

关键词： ecosystem services incentives indigenous peoples protected areas resource rights

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A zoological perspective on payments for ecosystem services

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Integrative Zoology 2007年第2期2卷 68-78页

作者： jeffrey a.mcneely IUCN–The World Conservation Union GlandSwitzerland

The concept of payments for ecosystem services is being developed as an important means of providing a more diverse flow of benefits to people living in and around habitats valuable for *** Kyoto Protocol,under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,includes a Clean Development Mechanism to provide for payments for certain forms of carbon sequestration that may benefit animal species(at least as an incidental benefit).Other market-based approaches for paying for carbon sequestration services outside the Kyoto framework are being promoted in various parts of the *** common form of payment for ecosystem services is compensating upstream landowners for managing their land in ways that maintain downstream water quality;this can include habitat management that benefits wild animal *** biodiversity itself is difficult to value,it can be linked to other markets,such as certification in the case of sustainably-produced forest *** paper expands on some of the markets for ecosystem services that also benefit wildlife,identifies relevant sources of information,and highlights some of the initiatives linking such markets to poverty *** markets work for ecosystem services requires an appropriate policy framework,government support,operational institutional support,and innovation at scales from the site level to the national *** have much to contribute to all of these steps.

关键词： biodiversity carbon trading ecosystem services payments watersheds

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Systems or species? Approaches to conservation for the 21st century

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Integrative Zoology 2006年第2期1卷 86-95页

作者： jeffrey a.mcneely IUCN-The World Conservation Union GlandSwitzerland

One of the hot debates in the conservation community is whether to focus on individual species(for example,through species recovery plans,or lists of threatened species)or on systems approaches(such as the ecosystem approach advocated by the Convention on Biological Diversity).This paper will discuss some of the various options,before reaching a conclusion that both approaches are valid and mutually reinforcing,and that the dichotomy is a false *** more importantly,no conservation investment is likely to be effective if economic,social,and political factors are driving in the opposite ***,we need multiple approaches that build a stronger political constituency,new ways of providing knowledge for decisions,better ways of mobilizing information and dynamic approaches that enable us to adapt to changing conditions,and new ways to generate funding for conservation.

关键词： biodiversity conservation ecosystem approach protected areas species

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