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Comparative Study of Transpiration in Cooling Effect of Tree Species in the Atmosphere

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第8期6卷 151-166页

作者： S. K. Gupta jeet ram Hukum Singh Monitoring Evaluation & Audit Uttarakhand Forest Department Dehradun India Department of Forestry and Environmental Science Kumaun University Nainital India Ecology Climate Change & Forest Influence Division FRI Dehradun India

Trees create microclimate under their crowns in comparison to the outside ambient atmosphere, which is a result of physical as well as physiological functions of the tree. The cooling produced by trees varies with species due to variation in several anatomical, structural and physiological attributes of the species. Transpiration is one of the most significant physiological functions performed by plants, which affects cooling produced by a tree under its shade. When solar energy impinges on the leaf, water emerges from its surface through transpiration taking the latent heat to convert it into water vapour. This leads to a rise in humidity of the atmosphere and reduction in temperature of the leaf. To remain leaf in equilibrium, it takes heat from the surrounding atmosphere resulting in reduction in temperature of surroundings. Since, transpiration takes place through stomata which are normally located on the ventral side of the leaf, this reduction in temperature is more experienced beneath the crown of the tree. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the role of transpiration in cooling effect of five forestry tree species. The cooling produced by tree species under their shades has been found positively correlated to the transpiration rate whereas the rate of transpiration has responded positively to the ambient temperature and water conductance. However, no definite relationship has been found between frequency of open stomata and the rate of transpiration.

关键词： Rate of Transpiration Ambient Temperature Cooling Stomata Microclimate Water Conductance Root Pressure

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Comparative Study of Cooling under Shades of Some Forestry Tree Species with Respect to Ambient Temperatures

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第11期6卷 51-66页

作者： S. K. Gupta jeet ram Hukum Singh Parmanad Kumar Monitoring Evaluation & Audit Uttarakhand Forest Department Dehradun India Department of Forestry and Environmental Science Kumaun University Nainital India Ecology Climate Change & Forest Influence Division FRI Dehradun India

Trees create microclimate under their crowns in comparison to the outside ambient atmospheric temperature. Sun is the pivotal source of radiant energy reaching the earth atmosphere of which heat is more important than light. The radiant energy reaches the ground without any barricade whereas the tree crown impedes it in reaching the earth’s surface. During the day, when insolation impinges on tree crown, a portion of it is reflected back to the space, other portion is absorbed by the canopy increasing the temperature of leaves and the remaining part reaches the ground penetrating through the crown. Thus, a significant coolness is experienced under the shade of trees in comparison to open sunshine, with qualitative variations. The cooling produced by trees under their shades varies with species to species due to variation in several anatomical, structural and physiological attributes of the species. Climate is changing more rapidly prominently due to human activities especially indiscriminate felling of trees and it is feared that it will create problems on availability of energy, water and food security. Economic value takes over ecological benefits in selection of species in plantation programmes and this might have been due to the lack of scientific data about varying effectiveness of ecological services bestowed by different species. In the present study, an endeavor has been made to understand as to how a tree is integrated to the effects on atmosphere and responses to changing conditions with respect to differential cooling produced by five selected forestry tree species belonging to different categories. Analysis of data has come out with gradation of the sample species in respect to their cooling effect in the atmosphere in terms of yearly, quarterly, monthly and diurnal basis.

关键词： Solar Radiation Ambient Temperature Tree Crown Tree Shade Cooling Bio-Physical Processes

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