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Optimization of a Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Phloroglucinol and Trimethylphloroglucinol by High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Routine Use in a Pharmaceutical Industry in Abidjan

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Open Journal of Optimization 2023年第2期12卷 11-24页

作者： jean-kisito kouamé Mariette Désirée Yéhé Claude Bérenger Ngalemo Ngantchouko Amani Germain Brou Carine Nina Ablé Aya Mélissa Diane Kouadio Bi Gogoua Désiré Vagny Vincent De Paul Ovi Christophe N’cho Amin Gildas Komenan Gbassi National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) Food Control Service Abidjan Ivory Coast Department of Analytical Sciences and Public Health Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Félix Houphou&#235t Boigny University Abidjan Ivory Coast Higher Institute of Health Sciences of the University of the Mountains (UdM) Bangangté Cameroon

In order to provide the population with safe, effective and good quality medicines, the pharmaceutical industries, before releasing batches of their products into the pharmaceutical circuit, put in place internal dosage methods to control the quality of these products. The present study consisted in optimizing a method for the simultaneous determination of Phloroglucinol (PHG) and Trimethylphloroglucinol (TPH) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) routinely used in a pharmaceutical industry located in a township in Abidjan (Ivory Coast). The basic chromatographic conditions were those routinely used for the determination of these two molecules: mobile phase: acetonitrile/water (60/40), stationary phase (C18 BDS Hypersil 250 mm * 4.6 mm - 5 μm), detection wavelength (265 nm), flow rate, injection volume and run time configured at the equipment level were respectively 1 mL/min, 10 μL and 8 min. The method of preparation of the analytes (PHG and TPHG) was also applied by the pharmaceutical industry. The application of these different parameters at the equipment level made it possible to determine a chromatogram which highlights three chromatographic peaks with respective retention times (RT) of 0.773 min (unidentified compound), 2.275 min (PHG) and 7.269 min for an analysis time of 8 min with a better resolution of the peaks and baseline. The progressive optimization of different parameters such as the stationary phase (C18 YMC 150 mm * 4.6 mm - 3 μm), the proportion of the mobile phase: acetonitrile/water (80/20), the flow rate impelled by the pump (0.8 mL/min) and the modification of the analyte preparation mode (same amount of PHG and TPHG in a 50 mL volumetric flask) resulted in a final chromatogram that highlighted two chromatographic peaks at the respective RT of 2.391 min (PHG) and 3.735 min (TPHG) at a run time of 6 min. The chromatographic conditions that led to the final chromatogram can be used routinely by the pharmaceutical industry for the dete

关键词： PHG TPHG Pharmaceutical Industry Chromatographic Profile Chromatographic Peak

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Detection of ARV-Resistant Mutants in HIV-1-Infected Individuals in a Context of Systematic Switching to an Association Based on Dolutegravir in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2024年第3期14卷 138-151页

作者： Odegue Kpadraux Danielle Kakou-Ngazoa Solange Dechi jean-Jacques Renaud Diallo Zelica Sina kouamé Mireille Sylla Aboubacar Tossea Koui Stéphane Kouakou Venance Adagba Marius Apia N’Chouo kouamé Basile Touré Offianan André Dosso Mireille Molecular Biology Platform Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire Laboratory of the Regional Blood Transfusion Center Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases University Hospital Treichville Abidjan Cte dIvoire Laboratory of the Regional Blood Transfusion Center San-Pdro Cte dIvoire Department of Epidemic Virus Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire Department of Parasitology Mycology Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire Department of Bacteriology-Virology Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The emergence of antiretroviral resistance mutations represents a major threat to the achievement of national and global goals for the elimination of HIV-1 infection. The global strategy in 2019 in Cte d'Ivoire is a new national policy for the management of people living with HIV with the administration of dolutegravir (DTG)-based fixed-dose combination. The aim of our study was to evaluate HIV-1 resistance to antiretrovirals (ARVs) in infected adult subjects in Cte d’Ivoire in the context of a systematic switch to a DTG-based combination. Between February 2022 and October 2023, a cross-sectional survey with random sampling was conducted in 06 services caring for people living with HIV. A total of 139 participants were included in the study. Adults with a viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL were tested for HIV-1 ARV resistance mutations. Molecular analyses were performed using protocol of ANRS-MIE (National Agency for Research on AIDS and emerging infectious diseases). The interpretation is performed by HIVGRAD (https://***/cms/grade/). The frequencies of HIV-1 resistance to non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), integrase inhibitors (IINTs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 82%, 73%, 19% and 11% respectively. The main mutations observed in the different classes were K103N (45%), M184V (64%), E157Q (19%) and L10V/M46I/A71V/I54V (6%) respectively. This study reveals the emergence of resistance to DTG-based fixed-dose combinations, favored by high rates of resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs. This finding underlines the need for enhanced viral load monitoring and HIV-1 genotyping tests to guide the choice of NRTIs for combination therapy. In addition, monitoring for mutations to second-generation NRTIs is essential, given the scale-up of DTG-based regimens currently underway in Cte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Resistant Mutants Dolutegravir HIV-1 Antiretrovirals Côte d’Ivoire

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Osteoarticular Lesions of the Shoulder Girdle by Hippopotamus Bite: Highly Septic Lesion

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第2期14卷 114-121页

作者： Jr Pierre Germain Ochou Achié jean Régis Akobe Yao Aboh Ganyn Robert Arnaud Assere kouamé jean-Eric Kouassi Adelaïde Aya Natacha Kouassi Ibrahim Soumahoro Zolopégué Marcel Soro Sédi Loues De Randolphe Akpro Gbalé Yannick Blé kouamé Innocent M’bra Loukou Blaise Yao Bada Juste Léopold NiaoréSery Koffi Léopold Krah Michel Kodo Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatological Surgery Bouaké University Hospital Bouaké Ivory Coast Raoul Follereau Institute Manikro Centre Bouaké Ivory Coast

Hippopotamus bites are rare in medical consultations, despite several studies exposing their aggressive character. A case of a hippopotamus bite on the shoulder of a fisherman has been reported. In addition to the osteoarticular aspect representing a therapeutic problem, the infectious aspect was marked by sepsis, with a death in less than 48 hours. Based on this observation, a protocol for the initial management of large animal bites was submitted.

关键词： Bite Hippopotamus Septic Shock

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Supervised Learning Method: Critical Analysis and Updating of Cubing Rate Formulas for Determining Bark Masses of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae) in Cameroon

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Open Journal of Forestry 2024年第3期14卷 346-368页

作者： Armand Ndedy Bile Alain Mpouam Benoit Fouadjio Lorette Guedeu Kambale Muhesi Steve Tassiamba Paulette kouam Eric Wete Marius Ela Michèle Yimga Joseph Ambara Louis Aimé Fono jean Lagarde Betti Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science The University of Douala Douala Cameroon Department of Wood and Forest Sciences ISABEE University of Bertoua Bertoua Cameroon Department of Water and Forests Higher Institute of Agronomic Veterinary and Forestry Studies of Butembo Butembo Democratic Republic of Congo Department of Forestry Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Biology and Plant Faculty of Sciences University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Deutsche Gresellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) Bertoua Cameroon Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty of Science The University of Douala Douala Cameroon

The stem barks of Prunus africana are used in the treatment of the benign prostate. Cameroon is one of the important exporters of the barks. Despite the important measures adopted in Cameroon for sustaining its harvesting, some many chalenges still remain. The objective of this work is to refine the forest management parameters in relation to P. africana in the regions of Adamaoua and the South-West by developing a volume rate which makes it possible to estimate the production for a new stem. The work took place in two phases: in the South-West in 2010 and in Adamaoua in 2011. Data collection used the semi-direct method, while the cubing equation was deduced by the multiple linear regression method. Two models for volume estimation and three models for mass prediction were developed. The predictive parameters retained are diameter, height of the bole and thickness of the bark. Results show that the average mass of the dry bark for a given P. africana tree species is 27.55 ± 14.44 kg and this varies according to the site. The strong adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) observed illustrates the reliability of the proposed models. These models provide a reliable tool that can be adopted as a standard in Cameroon for P. africana.

关键词： Prunus africana Prostate Quota Mass Model Sustainable Management

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Dissemination of Resistance Integrons and Genes Coding for Blse and Cabapenemases in the Urban Drainage Network in Cote d’Ivoire

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第5期14卷 268-286页

作者： Coulibaly Kalpy Julien Diaby Aboubakar Sidik Vakou N’dri Sabine M’bengue Gbonon Valérie Carole Claon jean Stephane Yao kouamé Eric Gnali Gbohounou Fabrice Yéo Yéfougnini Bagré Issa Djaman Allico Joseph Dosso Mireille Pasteur Institute of Ivory Coast Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Fé lix Houphou&#235t-Boigny University Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire

Antibiotic resistance has become a major threat to human health worldwide. Environment, particularly the water environment, has long been overlooked as a player in the antibiotic resistance cycle, although its role remains unclear. These can provide an ideal setting for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, as they are frequently affected by anthropogenic activities. The objective of this study was to establish a diffusion map of resistance integrons used as genetic markers of resistance associated with antibiotic resistance conferring genes (ARGs). Total DNA extracts from non-cultivable bacterial communities were used for the analyses. These communities were obtained from wastewater samples from 14 sites upstream and downstream of drainage channels or effluents in the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, and Yamoussoukro. The results obtained correspond to the number of positives among the treated samples (n = 39). Among the genetic markers of dissemination, class 1 integrons were the most evident in 94.8% of samples in Abidjan (93.3%), Bouaké (100%) and Yamoussoukro (91.6%). Class 2 integrons and class 3 integrons were found respectively in 41% and 51% of all samples. Genes coding for β-lactamases and blaTEM was identified in almost all samples at a rate of 97.4%. A co-presence of the three genes blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M is also remarkable in the sites of the city of Yamoussoukro. Among the genes coding for carbapenemases, only blaKPC 17.94%, blaNDM 30.76% and blaOXA48 38.46% were detected in the samples.

关键词： Antibiotic Resistance Wastewater Resistance Integrons (RIs) Resistance Genes

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Improvement of Rice Plant Root by Kaolin Application in Iron Toxicity Condition at Zoukougbeu (Central-West of Côte d’Ivoire)

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第5期14卷 308-318页

作者： Sehi Zokagon Sylvain Konan Kouassi Urbain Adechina Olayossimi Ouattara Amidou kouamé Firmin Bongoua jeanne Devisme Cherif Mamadou Brahima Koné Dé partement des Sciences et Techniques Universit&#233 Alassane Ouattara Bouak&#233 C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Centre d’ Excellence Africain sur le Changement Climatique la Bidiversit&#233 et l&#8217Agriculture DurableUniversit&#233 F&#233lix Houphouet Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Dé partement Agriculture et Technologie Nouvelle Universit&#233 de San-Pedro San-Pedro C&#244te d'Ivoire Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Agroforesterie D&#233partement des Sciences de la Terre Universit&#233 Jean Lorougnon Gu&#233d&#233 de Daloa Daloa C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Dé partement de Physiologie V&#233g&#233tale Universit&#233 Felix Houphouet Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Dé patartement des Sciences du sol Universit&#233 Felix Houphouet Boigny Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire

In the tropics, lowland rice cultivation is often confronted with the problem of iron toxicity. The solution proposed by research in general is the use of industrial silicon. However, the high cost of industrial silicon limits its adoption by farmers. A study was carried out in Zakogbeu;Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire, to assess the potential of kaolin to mitigate the effect of this soil constraint on the root of the rice plant. Five kaolin-based treatments were analyzed (T0 = 0 kg kaolin ha−1, T1 = 366 kg kaolin ha−1, T2 = 736 kg kaolin ha−1, T3 = 1097 kg kaolin ha−1 and T4 = 1465 kg kaolin ha−1 are 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg SiO2 ha−1) in a device in complete random blocks, with 5 repetitions. The results obtained show that kaolin supply increases the length of the root tissue as well as the number of branching of the root of the rice plant. Root tissue increased from 10 cm with T0 treatment to more than 15 cm with treatment T4. The microscopic observation of the roots shows that in the treatment T0, the roots present only primary ramifications and the tertiary and quaternary ramifications are observed with the treatments T3 and T4. The contribution of kaolin is an alternative to inhibit the effect of iron toxicity on the rice plant root development in iron toxicity condition.

关键词： Iron Toxicity Kaolin Root Rice Cote d’Ivoire

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Effects of taxation on social innovation and implications for achieving sustainable development goals in developing countries: A literature review

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International Journal of Innovation Studies 2022年第4期6卷 259-275页

作者： jean C.kouam Simplice A.Asongu Nkafu Policy Institute Opposite College Jesus-MarieSimbockP.O.Box:6402YaoundeCameroon School of Economics University of JohannesburgJohannesburg2092South Africa

In developing countries,taxation is perceived as a brake on economic ***,taxes in most of these countries are not sufficiently adapted to the specificity of the taxpayer and often do not consider the weak administrative capacity of the countries in the *** this context,reforms have been initiated over the last decade to create tax environments that encourage savings,investment,entrepreneurship,and social *** study provides an overview of research on the effects of taxation on social innovation and the corresponding implications for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in developing countries,taking three approaches:thematic,chronological,and *** studies agree that high taxes in business undermine social innovation and thus the achievement of SDGs,as social innovation is known to be a driver of most SDGs and business the *** majority of the selected studies used primary data collected from samples whose representativeness with respect to the population concerned(notably businesses)is still not explicitly justified.

关键词： Social innovation SDGs Developing countries

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Potential Impact of Climate Change on the Sediment Fluxes of a Watershed in West Africa: Cas of the Aghien Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2022年第1期12卷 18-30页

作者： Wa Kouakou Charles N’dri Séverin Pistre Kan jean kouamé jean Patrice Jourda Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Water and Environment Felix Houphouet-Boigny University of Cocody-Abidjan Abidjan C&#244 te d’Ivoire Laboratory HSM IRD CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France

The semi-distributed SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tools) model was used in this study to model the sediment yield in the watershed of the Aghien lagoon with an area of 365 km2, located in the north of the district of Abidjan (South-East from C?te d’Ivoire). A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, as well as calibration of the SWAT model, was conducted using the Sequential Uncertainty Adjustment Procedure (SUFI-2) which is one of the programs interfaced with SWAT in the SWAT-Cup package (SWAT-Calibration-Uncertainty Programs). Five parameters of the SWAT model were found to be more sensitive to sediment fluxes. These have been modified (calibration) sparingly in order to improve the reproduction of observed sediments data. Two measures were used to assess the uncertainty analysis of the model: P-factor and R-factor. The R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficients of determination were used to assess the quality of the calibration. The P-factor obtained is 0.58 and the R-factor is 2.28. The NS and R2 coefficients in calibration over the period from June 2014 to January 2015 are 0.51 and 0.86 respectively. These values indicate correct consideration of uncertainties by the model and satisfactory calibration of the SWAT model for solid fluxes. Then, the model was used to simulate the sediment fluxes at the horizons 2040 (2035-2056), 2060 (2057-2078) and 2080 (2079-2100) in order to assess the impact of climate

关键词： Abidjan Aghien Calibration Climate Change Côte d’Ivoire Sediment SUFI-2 SWAT

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Treatment of Neglected Elbow Dislocations by Z-Lengthening of the Triceps Brachii

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第4期12卷 142-152页

作者： M’Bra kouamé Innocent Kouassi kouamé jean-Eric Yao Loukou Blaise Akobéjean Regis Achie Sery Bada Justin Léopold KouassiAya Adélaïde Natacha Krah Koffi Leopold Michel Kodo Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery of the University Hospital of Bouaké Bouaké C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

Introduction: Neglected elbow dislocations are much more common in developing and underdeveloped countries. The main reason for the delay in diagnosis is that patients initially seek treatment from traditional healers. These will immobilize the elbow in extension, which will lead to the retraction of the triceps muscle and collateral ligaments. Patients and Method: We carried out a prospective study over five years (2014-2019). The study involved patients with unreduced elbow dislocation older than 21 days. All patients with a dislocated fracture and those whose x-ray showed joint fusion were not included in the study. We collected 26 patients, 20 men and 6 women with an average age of 27.5 years (17 and 45 years). The average consultation time was 8.9 months (3 - 13). The approach was posterior about 8 cm above the olecranon and 2 cm below the olecranon, the ulnar nerve was identified and isolated. The triceps tendon was cut in a Z from its myotendin junction to the beak of the olecranon, and then lengthened. Results: The patients were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 24 months (12 - 36). The Mayo Clinic’s average elbow performance index was 77.1 (60 - 85), with 19 good and 6 average results. The mean flexion was 114°(100°- 135°) and the mean extension deficit was 31.15°(10°- 55°). The average range of motion was 82.5°(60°- 120°). We did not find a correlation between the duration of the lesion and functional recovery (p > 0.05). The Wilcoxon test showed that surgery significantly improved the overall range of motion of the elbow (p = 0.001). Discussion: Based on this study, open reduction with tendon lengthening should remain a treatment option regardless of the age and chronicity of the dislocation.

关键词： Elbow Dislocation Neglected Triceps Plasty Posterior Approach

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Ankle Arthrodesis in the Treatment of Neglected Ankle Fractures

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第4期12卷 123-130页

作者： M’bra kouamé Innocent Krah Koffi Leopold Kouassi kouamé jean-Eric Yao Loukou Blaise Akobé jean Regis Achie Ochou Pierre Germain Jr Sery Bada Justin Léopold Kouassi Aya Adélaïde Michel Kodo Traumatology and Orthopedics Surgery of the University Hospital of Bouaké Bouaké C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

Introduction: Neglected ankle fractures are common in our regions. Patients first consult traditional healers and it is when the signs persist that they consult the surgeon for a swollen and painful ankle. Initially we always performed anatomical repairs with osteosynthesis, but the majority of patients still complained of pain and disability. We wondered whether a primary arthrodesis would not be indicated in old ankle fractures to avoid disabling pain for patients. We therefore performed a series of arthrodesis on neglected post-traumatic ankles. The objective of our study was to describe the results of arthrodesis on an old post-traumatic ankle and to propose a therapeutic indication in the face of any neglected ankle fracture. Material and Method: This was a prospective study over 8 years between December 2012 and November 2020, involving 36 cases of neglected ankle fractures treated by arthrodesis using Meary’s technique. We used AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score) preoperatively and postoperatively for an objective assessment. Results: The average follow-up was 4.2 years and our results were satisfactory (94.4%) with an average AOFAS score ranging from 27.8 preoperatively to 76.7 postoperatively. The fusion rate was 97.2%. Discussion: Arthrodesis appears here as an important alternative in the treatment of neglected ankle fractures with significant trophic disorders.

关键词： Arthrodesis Ankle Neglected Fracture Osteosynthesis Traditional Healers

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