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Evaluation of the Care of Children Aged 0 to 10 Years Hospitalized for Severe Malaria at the Tambacounda Health Center, Senegal

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第3期14卷 581-594页

作者： Tidiane Gadiaga Aminata Fall Alioune Badara Gueye Siré Sagna Bayal Cissé Mouhamadou Faly Ba Médoune Ndiop Babacar Gueye Samba Cor Sarr Sylla Thiam Elhadji Ba Konko Ciré jean louis abdou ndiaye Issa Wone Directorate of Research Planning and Statistics Ministry of Health and Social Action Dakar Senegal Faculty of Medicine Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Senegal Presidents Malaria Initiative USAID Dakar Senegal Tambacounda Health District Ministry of Health and Social Action Tambacounda Senegal Institute of Health and Development Faculty of Medicine Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) Dakar Senegal UFR Sant Faculty of Medicine Iba Der Thiam University of This This Senegal

Introduction: Malaria remains a public health priority in Senegal, particularly in Tambacounda, where it is one of the main causes of child mortality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the care of children under 10 years of age hospitalized at the Tambacounda Health Center and the factors associated with recovery. Methods: An analytical, retrospective, and descriptive cross-sectional study with exhaustive recruitment of children 0 to 120 months hospitalized at the Tambacounda reference health center for severe malaria (according to WHO criteria) between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2021 was performed. Data collection was done through a questionnaire. Records, hospitalization records, and treatment records were the sources of collection. Data entry and analysis were performed on Epi Info 7.2 and R. Results: A total of 481 children hospitalized with severe malaria were recruited. The highest number of cases was recorded in 2018 (33.05%). In the four years of the study, peaks were always observed between October and November and the highest peak in November 2020 with 95 cases. The mean age was 65.64 months with a standard deviation of 29.28 months and a predominance of male (53.43%). The majority of people were admitted from the outpatient clinic (57.79%) and the rest (42.21%) on the recommendation of a peripheral health post. All hospitalized patients had a positive RDT and/or a positive thick drop. However, the sharp decline at admission or during hospitalization was positive in 93.80% of patients in our series, negative in 5.20% and not achieved in 1.00%. Seizures and severe anemia topped the list of signs of severity with 45.94% and 8.11%, respectively. In terms of evolution, for all hospitalized patients, there were 81.29% recovery, 10.19% referral to the Tambacounda regional hospital center for hospitalization, 4.99% death, 0.83% discharge and 2.70% unknown evolution. There was a statistically significant association between recovery without referral f

关键词： Severe Malaria Children Tambacounda Senegal

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Characterization of Wastewater in School Environments for an Ecological Treatment Solution: A Case Study of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 School

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第1期16卷 27-40页

作者： Falilou Coundoul abdou Khafor ndiaye abdoulaye Deme Polytechnic Institute of Saint-louis Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Sénégal Applied Sciences and Technologies Training and Research Unit Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Sénégal

The study conducted at Ndiebene Gandiol 1 school in Senegal has unveiled serious environmental and public health challenges. The wastewater analysis revealed high levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and fecal coliforms, signaling potential risks to the well-being of students and staff. This situation mirrors a wider issue in rural educational settings, where inadequate sanitation persists. Intensive wastewater treatment options are known for their effectiveness against high pollutant loads but are resource-intensive in both energy and cost. Conversely, extensive treatment systems, while requiring more land, provide a sustainable alternative by harnessing natural processes for pollutant removal. The research suggests a hybrid treatment approach could serve the school’s needs, balancing the robust capabilities of intensive methods with the ecological benefits of extensive systems. Such a solution would need to be tailored to the specific environmental, financial, and logistical context of the school, based on comprehensive feasibility studies and stakeholder engagement. This study’s findings underscore the urgency of addressing sanitation in schools, as it is intrinsically linked to the health and academic success of students. Quick, effective, and long-term strategies are vital to secure a healthier and more prosperous future for the youth. With proper implementation, the school can transform its sanitation facilities, setting a precedent for rural educational institutions in Senegal and similar contexts globally.

关键词： Wastewater Characterization Ecological Treatment School Sanitation Phytoremediation Rural Infrastructure Environmental Health

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Ecological Wastewater Treatment System in a School Environment Using a Horizontal Flow Biological Reactor: The Case of Typha

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第1期15卷 1-12页

作者： Falilou Coundoul abdou Khafor ndiaye abdoulaye Deme Institut Polytechnique de Saint-louis (IPSL) Universit&eacute Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis Saint-Louis S&eacuten&eacutegal UFR de Sciences Appliqué es et de Technologie Universit&eacute Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis Saint-Louis S&eacuten&eacutegal

The overarching goal of this study is to offer an effective and sustainable solution to the challenges of sanitation in rural and school settings in the northern region of Senegal. The study explores a wastewater treatment approach based on phytoremediation, with a particular focus on the use of horizontally-flowing reed bed filters. Furthermore, it aims to adapt and optimize these systems for the specific needs of Senegal, focusing on wastewater in school environments. Thus, we constructed a horizontally-flowing reed bed filter, planted with Typha, at the Ndiébène Gandiol school in Senegal. We will investigate the efficiency of wastewater treatment by this horizontally-flowing reed bed filter, emphasizing the role of the plant used: Typha. The filter is described in detail, specifying its dimensions, its composition of flint gravel, and the choice of plants, namely Typha. The experimental protocol is detailed, describing the sampling at the entrance and exit of the filter to evaluate water quality. The parameters analyzed include Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand over 5 days (BOD5), suspended solids, ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, pH, conductivity, and fecal coliforms. The results indicate a significant improvement in water quality after treatment. COD, BOD5, suspended solids, and fecal coliforms are greatly reduced, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the Typha filter. However, nitrate concentrations remain relatively stable, suggesting room for improvement in their elimination. A perspective of reuse of the treated water is considered, showing that the effluents from the planted filter meet Senegalese and international standards for irrigation. The findings suggest that these waters could be used for a variety of crops, thereby reducing the pressure on freshwater resources. In conclusion, the Typha-based filtration system shows promising results for improving water quality in this region of Senegal. However, adjustments are necessary for mor

关键词： Hydraulic Engineering Wastewater Quality Wastewater Treatment Agricultural Irrigation Sanitation Engineering Environment

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Ecological Wastewater Treatment System Using a Horizontal Flow Biological Reactor: The Case of Vetiver

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第1期15卷 26-38页

作者： Falilou Coundoul abdou Khafor ndiaye abdoulaye Deme Polytechnic Institute of Saint-louis Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis S&eacuten&eacutegal Applied Sciences and Technologies Training and Research Unit Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Saint-Louis S&eacuten&eacutegal

Confronted with the challenge of wastewater management, particularly in the school environment of Senegal, our study set out to achieve multiple objectives. Following field surveys, laboratory analyses of wastewater samples were carried out, revealing a significant pollutant load. In the community of Gandiol, near Saint-louis (Senegal), the school of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 faces significant sanitation challenges. Our study aimed to address this issue by using a constructed filter composed of two filtering bed cells measuring 12 × 8.5 m, preceded by a septic tank. We particularly focused on the influence of Vetiver;a plant chosen for its purification potential. Our analyses showed remarkable efficiency of the filter. Elimination rates reached 95% for 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), 91% for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and 92% for SS, far exceeding the Senegalese standards set at 50 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and 40 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of fecal coliforms was reduced to 176 FCU/100mL, well below the Senegalese threshold of 2000 FCU/100mL and close to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation of 1000 FCU/100mL. However, despite these promising results, some parameters, particularly the concentration of certain pollutants, approached the thresholds defined by European legislation. For example, for Suspended Solids (SS), the post-treatment level of 3 mg/L was well below the Senegalese standard but edged close to the European minimum of 10 mg/L. In conclusion, the Vetiver filter demonstrated a remarkable ability to treat school wastewater, offering high pollutant elimination percentages. These results suggest significant opportunities for the reuse of treated water, potentially in areas such as irrigation, though some adjustments may be necessary to meet the strictest standards such as those of the European union (EU).

关键词： Hydraulic Engineering Wastewater Quality Wastewater Treatment Agricultural Irrigation Sanitation Engineering Environment

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A Comparative Analysis of Vetiver and Typha in Ecological Wastewater Treatment Using a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetlands in Rural Setting

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2024年第1期13卷 67-82页

作者： Falilou Coundoul abdou Khafor ndiaye abdoulaye Deme Antonina Torrens Armegnol Polytechnic Institute of Saint-louis (IPSL) Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Senegal UFR of Applied Sciences and Technology Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Senegal Department of Biology Healthcare and Environment Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

This study presents an assessment of wastewater ecological treatment processes utilizing a horizontal flow bio-reactor at the Ndiebene Gandiol 1 school. It primarily aims to juxtapose the filtration efficacy of two distinct vegetative cells, Vetiver and Typha, in the pursuit of sustainable wastewater management strategies for rural scholastic institutions. A synergistic approach was employed, integrating on-site surveys for site-specific insights and laboratory analyses to quantify the pollutant loads pre- and post-treatment. Our findings indicate that both Vetiver and Typha-infused filter beds significantly reduce most contaminants, with particular success in diminishing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). Vetiver was notable for its superior reduction of COD, achieving an average effluent concentration of 74 mg/L, in contrast to Typha’s 155 mg/L. Conversely, Typha excelled in suspended solids removal, registering 1 mg/L against Vetiver’s 3 mg/L. While both systems notably surpassed the target metrics across several indicators, including fecal coliform reduction, our results pinpoint the need for refinement in phosphate remediation. Conclusively, the study underscores the efficacy of both Vetiver and Typha systems in rural wastewater treatment contexts, with their integrative application potentially paving the way for enhanced system robustness and efficiency. The outcomes herein highlight the imperative for continued research to further hone these ecological treatment modalities, especially concerning phosphate elimination.

关键词： Hydraulics Water Treatment Agricultural Irrigation Sanitation Engineering Environment

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Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Penne-Type Pasta Based on Cereals (Oryza sativa (L.), Digitaria exilis, Pennicetum glaucum), Tubers (Ipomoea batata, Manihot esculenta Crantz), and a Legume (Vigna unguiculata (L.))

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第5期15卷 351-360页

作者： Maurice jean François Sylvestre Lopy Ndèye Fatou ndiaye Malick Mbengue Mamadou Salif Sow abdou Diouf Department of Cereals and Legumes Institute of Food Technology (ITA) Dakar Senegal Polytechnic School Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and sensory characteristics of penne-type pasta produced from locally sourced cereals, tubers, and legumes. To achieve this, we formulated four different types of pasta with varying levels of incorporation ranging from 10 to 50% cereals such as millet, fonio, and rice, tubers such as manioc and sweet potato, and legumes such as cowpea. The results showed that the incorporation of local products considerably improved the nutrient content of penne without being rejected by consumers. Sensory analysis showed that the best results were obtained with mixtures of sweet potato, cowpea, and wheat, as well as with rice, manioc, cowpea, and sample wheat. These results are of great importance to manufacturers in a world where developing nutritious and attractive food products is a crucial challenge.

关键词： Pasta Tubers Cereals Legumes

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Design and Sizing of an Ecological Wastewater Treatment System in a School Environment: A Case Study of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 School

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第1期16卷 41-57页

作者： Falilou Coundoul abdou Khafor ndiaye abdoulaye Deme David de la Varga Polytechnic Institute of Saint-louis Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Senegal Applied Sciences and Technologies Training and Research Unit Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Senegal Laboratory of Chemical-Physical and Chemical Engineering I University of A Coru&ntildea A Coru&ntildea Spain

The primary objective of this study was to design and size a sustainable sanitation solution for the Ndiebene Gandiol 1 school located in the eponymous commune in northern Senegal. Field investigations led to the collection of wastewater samples. Their analysis revealed specific pollutant loads, including loads of BOD5 3.6966 kgO2/day and COD of 12.8775 kgO2/day, which were central to the design phase. Following a rigorous assessment of the existing sanitation infrastructure, constructed wetland (CWs) emerged as the most appropriate ecological solution. This system, valued for its ability to effectively remove contaminants, was tailored to the specific needs of the site. Consequently, the final design of the filter extends over 217.16 m2, divided into two cells of 108.58 m2 each, with dimensions of 12.77 m in length and 8.5 m in width. The depth of the filtering medium is approximately 0.60 m, meeting the standards while ensuring maximized purification. Typha, an indigenous and prolific plant known for its purification abilities, was selected as the filtering agent. Concurrently, non-crushed gravel was chosen for its proven filtration capacity. This study is the result of a combination of scientific rigor and design expertise. It provides a holistic view of sanitation for Ndiebene Gandiol. The technical specifications and dimensions of the constructed wetland filter embody an approach that marries indepth analysis and practical application, all aimed at delivering an effective and long-lasting solution to the local sanitation challenges. By integrating precise scientific data with sanitation design expertise, this study delivers a holistic solution for Ndiebene Gandiol. The detailed dimensions and specifications of the constructed wetland filter reflect a methodology that combines meticulous analysis with practical adaptation, aiming to provide an effective and sustainable response to the challenges of rural and school san

关键词： Water Review Hydraulic Engineering Water Treatment Agricultural Irrigation Sanitation Engineering Environment

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Traumatic Floating Bone. About 11 Cases and a Literature Review

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2017年第12期7卷 383-395页

作者： Amadou Ndiassé Kasse Malick Diallo Souleymane Diao jean Claude Sane abdoulaye Bousso abdou Razack ndiaye Mouhamadou Habib SY University of Dakar Dakar Senegal University of Bobo-Dioulasso Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Hô pital Général de Grand-Yoff Dakar Senegal

Introduction: Floating bone injury or bipolar dislocation is a concurrent dislocation at both ends of a long bone or a flat bone. It is an exceptional injury. We report 11 consecutives cases of floating bones. Objectives: The aim of the study is to analyze the frequency, the mechanism of injury and clinical forms of floating bones, and to present the results of their management. Material and Methods: A ten years ongoing retrospective study was held in four trauma departments. Eleven cases of floating bones were identified. The floating bones characteristics such as the injured bone, the patient age and sex, the mechanism of injury, the dislocations directions, the associated complications, the treatment and the outcome were studied. Results: Nine male and two female patients, with a mean age of 37 years [19 - 65 years range] presented a concurrent bipolar dislocation of one bone or a group of bones. They sustained a road traffic accident (n = 5), a workplace accident (n = 3), a fall from height (n = 2), and a sport accident (n = 1). The clavicle (n = 3) and the first metatarsal (n = 3) were the most frequently involved. The others floating bones were the radius-ulna complex (n = 1), the radius-lunatum complex (n = 1), the first metacarpal (n = 1), the first phalanx (n = 1) and the femur (n = 1). The floating bones ends displacement occurred in the sagittal plane (the forearm, the femur, the first phalanx and the first metatarsal) and in the horizontal plane (the clavicle, the first metatarsal and the first metacarpal). We defined direction displacements as bidirectional asymmetric (n = 10) or unidirectional symmetric (n = 1). Associated complications were fractures (wrist, hip, tarso-metatarsal joints) and wounds (fingers, metatarso-phalangeal joint). Dislocations were treated conservatively (n = 5) and surgically (n = 17) with excellent results (n = 13/16 joints). Three patients were lost of view. Conclusion: Our study described the characteristics of this exceptio

关键词： Traumatic Dislocation Floating Bone Bipolar Dislocation Clavicle First Metatarsal Forearm First Metacarpal First Phalanx Femur

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Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-louis, Senegal

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Natural Resources 2024年第1期15卷 1-16页

作者： abdou Khafor ndiaye Falilou Coundoul abdoulaye Deme Antonina Torrens Armengol abdoulaye Senghor UFR of Applied Sciences and Technology Gaston Berger University of Senegal Saint-Louis Senegal Polytechnic Institute of Saint-louis (IPSL) Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis Saint-Louis Senegal Department of Biology Healthcare and Environment Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain Sanitation Department Ministry in Charge of Sanitation Dakar Senegal

In Saint-louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

关键词： Constructed Wetlands Horizontal Flow Reed Beds Wastewater Treatment Phragmites and Typha Plants Physicochemical Pollutant Removal Microbiological Indicators Fecal Coliforms and Helminth Eggs Water Quality Improvement Senegal Water Reuse Standards Sustainable Water Management Agricultural Irrigation Reuse Nutrient Removal Efficiency Environmental Engineering Ecological Sanitation Systems

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Performance Evaluation of Two Series Vertical Flow Filters for Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-louis, Senegal

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2024年第1期14卷 14-32页

作者： abdou Khafor ndiaye Falilou Coundoul abdoulaye Deme Antonina Torrens Armengol abdoulaye Senghor UFR of Applied Sciences and Technology Gaston Berger University of Senegal Saint-Louis Senegal Polytechnic Institute of Saint-louis (IPSL) Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis Saint-Louis Senegal UFR of Applied Sciences and Technology Gaston Berger University Saint-Louis Senegal Department of Biology Healthcare and Environment Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain Sanitation Department Ministry in Charge of Sanitation of Senegal Dakar Senegal

This paper evaluates the efficacy of two sequential vertical flow filters (VFF), FV1 and FV2, implanted with Typha, in a pilot-scale wastewater treatment system. FV1 comprises three cells (FV1a, FV1b, and FV1c), while FV2 consists of two cells (FV2a and FV2b), each designed to reduce various physicochemical and microbiological pollutants from wastewater. Quantitative analyses show significant reductions in electrical conductivity (from 1331 to 1061 μS/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 from 655.6 to 2.3 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD from 1240 to 82.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (from 188 to 37.3 mg/L), and phosphates (from 70.9 to 14.6 mg/L). Notably, FV2 outperforms FV1, particularly in decreasing dissolved salts and BOD5 to remarkably low levels. Microbiological assessments reveal a substantial reduction in fecal coliforms, from an initial concentration of 7.5 log CFU/100mL to 3.7 log CFU/100mL, and a complete elimination of helminth eggs, achieving a 100% reduction rate in FV2. The study highlights the impact of design parameters, such as filter material, media depth, and plant species selection, on treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that the judicious choice of these components is critical for optimizing pollutant removal. For instance, different filtration materials show varying efficacies, with silex plus river gravel in FV1c achieving superior pollutant reduction rates. In conclusion, VFFs emerge as a promising solution for wastewater treatment, underscoring the importance of design optimization to enhance system efficiency. Continuous monitoring and adaptation of treatment practices are imperative to ensure water quality, allowing for safe environmental discharge or water reuse. The research advocates for ongoing improvements in wastewater treatment technologies, considering the environmental challenges of the current era. The study concludes with a call for further research to maximize the effectiveness of VFFs in water management.

关键词： Phytoremediation Phytopurification Plant-Based Purifier Wastewater Treat-ment Vertical Flow Filters Pollutant Reduction Typha Physicochemical Analysis Microbial Removal

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