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Do Rules and Patterns Affect Design Maintainability?

Journal of Computer science & Technology 2009年第2期24卷 262-272页

作者： javier garzás Félix García Mario Piattini Kybele Consulting Madrid Spain Department of Information Technologies and Systems-Escuela Superior de Informáica University of Castilla-La Mancha Alarcos Research Group-Institute of Information Technologies and systems Department of Information Technologies and systems-Escuela superior de Informáica University of Castilla-La Mancha

At the present time, best rules and patterns have reached a zenith in popularity and diffusion, thanks to the software community＇s efforts to discover, classify and spread knowledge concerning all types of rules and patterns. Rules and patterns are useful elements, but many features remain to be studied if we wish to apply them in a rational manner. The improvement in quality that rules and patterns can inject into design is a key issue to be analyzed, so a complete body of empirical knowledge dealing with this is therefore necessary. This paper tackles the question of whether design rules and patterns can help to improve the extent to which designs are easy to understand and modify. An empirical study, composed of one experiment and a replica, was conducted with the aim of validating our conjecture. The results suggest that the use of rules and patterns affect the understandability and modifiability of the design, as the diagrams with rules and patterns are more difficult to understand than non-rule/pattern versions and more effort is required to carry out modifications to designs with rules and patterns.

关键词： design patterns and rules maintainability software quality object-oriented design

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Non invasive blood flow measurement in cerebellum detects minimal hepatic encephalopathy earlier than psychometric tests

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第33期20卷 11815-11825页

作者： Vicente Felipo Amparo Urios Carla Giménez-garzó Omar Cauli Maria-Jesús Andrés-Costa Olga González Miguel A serra javier sánchez-González Roberto Aliaga Remedios Giner-Durán Vicente Belloch Carmina Montoliu Laboratory of Neurobiology Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe 46012Valencia Spain Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia. Instituto de Investigación sanitaria INCLIVA 46010 Valencia Spain servicio DigestivoHospital Arnau de Vilanova 46015 Valencia Spain Grupo Hepatología Servicio Aparato Digestivo Hospital Clínico de Valencia 46010 Valencia Spain Philips Healthcare Iberia 28050 Madrid Spain EREsA Unidad RM 46015 Valencia Spain Departamento de Patología Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Valencia 46010 Valencia Spain

AIM: To assess whether non invasive blood flow measurement by arterial spin labeling in several brain regions detects minimal hepatic encephalopathy. METHODs: Blood flow(BF) was analyzed by arterial spin labeling(AsL) in different brain areas of 14 controls, 24 cirrhotic patients without and 16 cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE). Images were collected using a 3 Tesla MR scanner(Achieva 3T-TX, Philips, Netherlands). Pulsed AsL was performed. Patients showing MHE were detected using the battery Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy score(PHEs) consisting of five tests. Different cognitive and motor functions were also assessed: alterations in selective attention were evaluated using the stroop test. Patients and controls also performed visuo-motor and bimanual coordination tests. several biochemical parameters were measured: serum pro-inflammatory interleukins(IL-6 and IL-18), 3-nitrotyrosine, cGMP and nitrates+nitrites in plasma, and blood ammonia. Bivariate correlations were evaluated.REsULTs: In patients with MHE, BF was increased in cerebellar hemisphere(P = 0.03) and vermis(P = 0.012) and reduced in occipital lobe(P = 0.017). BF in cerebellar hemisphere was also increased in patients without MHE(P = 0.02). Bimanual coordination was impaired in patients without MHE(P = 0.05) and much more in patients with MHE(P suo-motor coordination was impaired only in patients with MHE(P s slightly affected in patients without MHE and more strongly in patients with MHE(Psphere and vermis correlated with performance in most tests of PHEs [(number connection tests A(NCT-A), B(NCT-B)and line tracing test] and in the congruent task of stroop test. BF in frontal lobe correlated with NCT-A. Performance in bimanual and visuomotor coordination tests correlated only with BF in cerebellar hemisphere. BF in occipital lobe correlates with performance in the PHEs battery and with CFF. BF in cerebellar hemisphere correlates with plasma cGMP and nitr

关键词： Arterial spin labelling Neurological impair-ment B

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