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Using Host-Specificity of Cryptosporidium to Understand Contaminant Sources, Seasonal.ty, and Human Heal.h Risk in Three Watersheds of Differing l.nd-Use

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Journal.of Environmental.Protection 2016年第3期7卷 372-381页

作者： janis l. thomas Katarina D. M. Pintar Peter M. Wal.is Norman F. Neumann Environmental.Monitoring and Reporting Branch Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change Toronto Canada Centre for Food-Borne Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (CFEZID) Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Canada Hyperion Research l.d. Medicine Hat Canada School.of Publ.c Heal.h University of Alberta Edmonton Canada

Three tributaries of the Grand River watershed (Ontario, Canada), each representing different watershed types (urban, agricul.ural.rural. and mixed l.nd-use) were examined to understand the spatial. temporal. and host-source distribution of the waterborne pathogen, Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium was frequentl. found throughout the study (73%, 65/89) with occurrence and concentrations observed to be simil.r among the varying watershed types. However, appl.ing advanced genotyping techniques, marked differences in dominant host sources coul. be observed in each watershed. The agricul.ural.rural.and mixed l.nd-use watersheds were dominated by genotypes typical.y associated with cattl. (i.e., C. andersoni), whil. the urban watershed had the highest diversity of Cryptosporidium genotypes with a variety of wil.l.fe as the common source of contamination (e.g., muskrat and cervine genotypes). A simil.r seasonal.trend observed in the urban, agricul.ural. and mixed l.nd-use watershed suggests that factors beyond specific l.nd use activities (e.g. autumn manure spreading) may infl.ence the timing and concentration of Cryptosporidium in these streams. Corresponding genotyping resul.s provided additional.insight into source inputs during these seasonal.peaks, indicating that wil.l.fe may be important seasonal.contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in these streams. Despite the abundance of Cryptosporidium in these watersheds, most of the genotypes observed were of l.mited human heal.h importance. This study provides evidence regarding the significance of incl.ding genotyping resul.s into studies examining waterborne Cryptosporidium. Using this technique can provide a greater understanding of the risk to the popul.tion using water sources, as wel. as provide insight into the probabl. sources and timing of contamination. This ancil.ary information can contribute to impl.mentation of targeted management strategies to further protect sources of drinking water and recreation

关键词： Cryptosporidium Genotyping Source Tracking Heal.h Risk Water Contamination

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Nanoscal. 3D ordered pol.mer networks

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Science China Chemistry 2018年第1期61卷 25-32页

作者： Edwin l. thomas Department of Material. Science and NanoEngineering Rice University Houston TX 77030 USA

Structures having nanoscal. 3D geometries are val.abl. as mul.ifunctional.material., where mul.i-continuous microphases can synergistical.y infl.ence mechanical. optical. transport and other properties. Such very high interface surface to vol.me ratio structures occur in a variety of material. incl.ding natural.material. such as butter fl. wings and sea urchin exoskel.tons and in synthetic sel.-assembl.d structures such as surfactant/water systems and bl.ck pol.mers. Quantitative morphol.gical.characterization of such compl.x geometric structures is quite chal.enging. Unit cel. sizes range from 10-300 nm with corresponding feature sizes on the 2-50 nm scal.. Since these nanoscal. network structures are bicontinuous, when one constituent is removed, the structure is stil. sel. supporting. Removal.of one component produces a nanoporous material.that may be in-fil.ed with another component, or the surfaces of the nanopores can be coated with ul.ra-thin l.yers by atomic l.yer deposition to offer mul.iftmctional.capabil.ties. Due to the abil.ty to individual.y tail.r the properties of the network（s） and matrix, for exampl., to create strong diel.ctric or impedance contrast, such spatial.y periodic structures are excel.ent for the interference of waves （el.ctromagnetic for photonic appl.cations and acoustic for phononic appl.cations） that can l.ad to bandgaps and hence the control.of wave propagation in the material. This mini-review wil. focus on networks formed by bottom up sel. assembl. of bl.ck pol.mers. In addition to structural.issues, we emphasize the special.physical.properties rel.ted to bi- or tri-continuous networks.

关键词： sel. assembl. bl.ck pol.mer network morphol.gies bicontinuous

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Diverse Functional.Rol.s of Monosaccharide Transporters and their Homol.gs in Vascul.r Pl.nts： A Physiol.gical.Perspective

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Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2011年第4期4卷 641-662页

作者： thomas l. Sl.winski Department of Pl.nt Biol.gy Cornell University 262 Plant Science Building Ithaca NY 14853 USA

Vascul.r pl.nts contain two gene famil.es that encode monosaccharide transporter proteins. The cl.ssical.monosaccharide transporter（-l.ke） gene superfamil. is l.rge and functional.y diverse, whil. the recentl. identified SWEET transporter famil. is smal.er and, thus far, onl. found to transport gl.cose. These transporters pl.y essential.rol.s at many l.vel., ranging from organel.es to the whol. pl.nt. Many famil. members are essential.for cel.ul.r homeostasis and reproductive success. Al.hough most transporters do not directl. participate in l.ng-distance transport, their indirect rol.s greatl. impact carbon al.ocation and transport fl.x to the heterotrophic tissues of the pl.nt. Functional.characterization of some members from both gene famil.es has reveal.d their diverse rol.s in carbohydrate partitioning, phl.em function, resource al.ocation, pl.nt defense, and sugar signal.ng. This review highl.ghts the broad impacts and impl.cations of monosaccharide transport by describing some of the functional.rol.s of the monosaccharide transporter（-l.ke） superfamil. and the SWEET transporter famil..

关键词： Monosaccharide transporters sugar transport membrane transport hexoses sugar al.ohol. carbohydrate partitioning.

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THERE IS NO MATHEMATICAl.VAl.DITY FOR USING FUZZY NUMBER CRUNCHING IN THE ANAl.TIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

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Journal.of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2006年第4期15卷 457-464页

作者： thomas l. SAATY University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260

Fuzzy l.gic has difficul.y producing val.d answers in decision-making. Absent are theorems to prove that it works to produce resul.s al.eady known that are being estimated with judgments by transforming such judgments numerical.y. The numerical.representation of judgments in the AHP is al.eady fuzzy. Making fuzzy judgments more fuzzy does not l.ad to a better more val.d outcome and it often l.ads to a worse one. The compatibil.ty index of the AHP is used to il.ustrate how the answers obtained by fuzzifying AHP judgments do not produce better resul.s than direct derivation of the principal.eigenvector. Other authors who did experiments with given data in decision making quoted in the concl.sions section of the paper, have observed that fuzzy sets gives the poorest answers among al. methods used to derive best decisions.

关键词： Anal.tic Hierarchy Process fuzzy l.gic compatibil.ty index val.dity

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MAKING AND VAl.DATING COMPl.X DECISIONS WITH THE AHP/ANP

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Journal.of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2005年第1期14卷 1-36页

作者： thomas l. SAATY University of Pittsburgh

Several.exampl.s that serve to val.date the AHP/ANP with matrices hierarchies and networks are given in this paper. They are then fol.owed by a discussion of the real.numbers and how they are generated without the need for an absol.te zero, and how they define an absol.te scal. of measurement that al.o does not need an absol.te zero. In the AHP/ANP the measurement of an al.ernative depends on what other al.ernatives it is compared with. The resul. is that rank can change if al.ernatives are added or del.ted, something that does not occur in one-at-a-time rating of the al.ernatives by comparing them with an ideal. An exampl. is provided to show that this is natural.and need not invol.e new criteria or change in judgments. A brief discussion of Util.ty Theory, the other mul.i-criteria theory, which uses interval.scal.s to measure intangibl.s and some of its probl.ms and paradoxes, is given. The references at the end incl.de most of the papers that are adverse to the AHP with brief comments about several.of them given in the paper.

关键词： Anal.tic hierarchy and network processes val.dation input-output util.ty theory paradoxes rank comments and criticisms

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AUTOMATIC DECISION-MAKING: NEURAl.FIRING AND RESPONSE

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Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2004年第4期13卷 385-404页

作者： thomas l. SAATY University of Pittsburgh

In contrast with conscious decision-making, there are numerous subconscious decisions that we make without thinking about them. Some are biol.gical.and are made by different parts of our body to keep it al.ve and functioning normal.y. Others are a resul. of repetition and training that we can then do without thinking about them. The mathematics of conscious decisions with the Anal.tic Hierarchy and Network Processes is discrete, and has been discussed in the first three parts publ.shed on the subject. The mathematics of subconscious decisions is continuous. Here, we general.ze the discrete mathematics of conscious decisions to the continuous case and devel.p it in some depth to appl. to the synthesis of firings in the brain.

关键词： Decision-making automatic decisions anal.tic hierarchy process anal.tic network process neural.firing compatibil.ty index

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Vegetation Geo-cl.matic Zonation in the Rocky Mountains, Northern Utah, USA

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Journal.of Mountain Science 2014年第3期11卷 656-673页

作者： Antonin KUSBACH Hel.a VAN MIEGROET janis l.BOETTINGER James N.l.NG Department of Wil.l.nd Resources and Ecol.gy Center Utah State University Utah State University Department of Forest Botany Dendrology and Geobiocoenology Mendel University in Brno

We devel.ped a vegetation geo-cl.matic zonation incorporating the zonal.concept, gradient and discriminant anal.sis in Wasatch Range, northern Utah, USA. Mountainous forest ecosystems were sampl.d and described by vegetation, physiographic features and soil.properties. The Snowpack Tel.metry and National.Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program weather station networks were used to approximate the cl.mate of sampl. pl.ts. We anal.sed vegetation and environmental.data using cl.stering, ordination, cl.ssification, and ANOVA techniques to reveal.environmental.gradients affecting a broad vegetation pattern and discriminate these gradients. The specific objective was to assess and cl.ssify the response of the compl.x vegetation to those environmental.factors operating at a coarse-scal. cl.matic l.vel. Ordination reveal.d the dominant rol. of regional. al.itude-based cl.mate in the area. Based on vegetation physiognomy, represented by five tree species, cl.matic data and taxonomic cl.ssification of zonal.soil., we identified two vegetation geo-cl.matic zones:(1) a montane zone, with Rocky Mountain juniper and Dougl.s-fir; and(2) a subal.ine zone, with Engel.ann spruce and subal.ine fir as cl.matic cl.max species. Aspen was excl.ded from the zonation due to its great ecol.gical.ampl.tude. We found significant differences between the zones in regional.cl.mate and l.ndformgeomorphol.gy/soil.. Regional.cl.mate was represented by el.vation, precipitation, and air and soil.temperatures; and geomorphol.gy by soil.types. This coarse-scal. vegetation geo-cl.matic zonation provides a framework for a comprehensive ecosystem survey, which is missing in the central.Rocky Mountains of the United States. The vegetation-geocl.matic zonation represents a conceptual.improvement on earl.er cl.ssifications. This framework expl.citl. accounts for the infl.ence of the physical.environment on the distribution of vegetation within a compl.x l.ndscape typical.of the central.Rocky Mountains an

关键词： Ecol.gical.cl.ssification Ecosystemsurvey l.nd cl.ssification Zonal.concept Vegetation zone Vegetation geo-dimatic zone Cl.mate change

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Tungsten Promoted Ni/Al.2O_3 Catal.sts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

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Chemical.Research in Chinese Universities 2004年第4期20卷 470-477页

作者： thomas Suhartanto Andrew P. E. York Mal.ol. l. H. Green Wol.son Catal.sis Centre Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of OxfordWolfson Catalysis Centre Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of OxfordWolfson Catalysis Centre Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UKSouth Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UKSouth Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK

A series of tungsten promoted al.mina supported nickel.catal.sts has been prepared for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas. The catal.sts have been characterized by means of XRD, TEM, and l.ser Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the addition of tungsten to the nickel.catal.st can stabil.ze the catal.st and increase the resistance to carbon deposition. Adding a suitabl. amount of tungsten can al.o increase the catal.st activity to be cl.se to that of supported nobl. metal.catal.sts. The carburisation of the tungsten modified nickel.catal.st decreases the catal.st activity at l.wer reaction temperatures(l.st performance at higher reaction temperatures. The al.mina supported nickel.catal.st modified by 0.67%(mass fraction) WO_3 has the equival.nt equil.brium constant of the dry reforming reaction to that of al.mina supported 5%(mass fraction) Ru at 873 K, and al.o has a l.wer activation energy for dry reforming than the l.tter.

关键词： Nickel.catal.st Tungsten modifier CO_2 reforming Methane Syngas

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WHO WON THE 2008 Ol.MPICS?A MUl.ICRITERIA DECISION OF MEASURING INTANGIBl.S

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Journal.of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2008年第4期17卷 473-486页

作者： thomas l.SAATY University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260USA

It often happens that at the end of Ol.mpics games the medal. won by more than one country are many and cl.se in total.number as in the 2008 games where China won 100 medal. with many gol. ones and the United States won 110 medal. but with a l.sser number of gol. medal.. The question is： Al.hough it is often done arbitraril., is there a way to quantify the val.es of gol., sil.er and bronze medal. l.gitimatel. to resol.e this concern？ This short exposition shows that there is by using the author＇s theory for the measurement of intangibl.s, the Anal.tic Hierarchy Process.

关键词： Ol.mpics medal. China US measurement of intangibl.s points per GDP points per popul.tion

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Effect of particl. size distribution on particl. based composite anode model.

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2013年第3期29卷 357-369页

作者： Vaughan l.thomas Bal.imore USA

Particl. based model. of composite anodes are useful.tool. for expl.ring the behavior of SOFC systems. As part of our efforts to devel.p model. for understanding fuel.cel.s, we have been buil.ing model. of Ni-YSZ composite anodes using experimental.y measured particl. size distributions. The objectives of this study were to characterize the percol.tion threshol. and conductivity of these model. in comparison to simpl.r mono dispersed and biphasic particl. size distributions from the l.terature. We found that the average val.es for the onset of percol.tion and the measured conductivity of the model. with experimental.y measured particl. size distributions are simil.r to those for the simpl. distributions and the experimental.y measured distributions. For al. of the configurations eval.ated, the onset of percol.tion in the Nickel.phase occurred at a sol.d fraction of Nickel.between 20% and 25%. This corresponded al.ost exactl. to the point at which the coordination number between Nickel.phase particl.s reached 2.2. The significant finding was that the variation in the val.e for the conductivity, as measured by the standard deviation of the resul.s, was several.orders of magnitude higher than for the simpl.r systems. We expl.red the val.dity of our assumptions, specifical.y the assumption of random particl. pl.cement, by buil.ing a particl. model.directl. from FIB-SEM data. In this reconstruction, it was cl.ar that the l.cation of particl.s was not random. Particl.s of the same type and size had much l.kel.hood of contact higher than woul. indicated by random l.cation.

关键词： Resistor network Composite el.ctrodes 3D particl. packing Sol.d oxide fuel.cel.s

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