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The LysM Receptor-Like Kinase LysM RLK1 Is Required to Activate Defense and Abiotic-Stress Responses Induced by Overexpression of Fungal Chitinases in Arabidopsis Plants

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Molecular Plant 2012年第5期5卷 1113-1124页

作者： Yariv Brotman Udi Landau Smadar Pnini jan lisec Salma Balazadeh Bernd Mueller-Roeber Aviah Zilberstein Lothar Willmitzer Ilan Chet Ada Viterbo Genes and Small Molecules AG Willmitzer Max-Planck-lnstitut of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Muhlenberg 1 D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology The Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot 76100 Israel Department of Plant Science Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel University of Potsdam Institute of Biochemistry and Biology KarI-Liebknecht-Strae 24-25 Haus 20 14476 Potsdam-Golrn Germany

Application of crab shell chitin or pentamer chitin oligosaccharide to Arabidopsis seedlings increased toler- ance to salinity in wild-type but not in knockout mutants of the LysM Receptor-Like Kinasel （CERK1/LysM RLK1） gene, known to play a critical role in signaling defense responses induced by exogenous chitin. Arabidopsis plants overexpress- ing the endochitinase chit36 and hexoaminidase excyl genes from the fungus Trichoderma asperelleoides T203 showed increased tolerance to salinity, heavy-metal stresses, and Botrytis cinerea infection. Resistant lines, overexpressing fungal chitinases at different levels, were outcrossed to lysm rlkl mutants. Independent homozygous hybrids lost resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, despite enhanced chitinase activity. Expression analysis of 270 stress-related genes, including those induced by reactive oxygen species （ROS） and chitin, revealed constant up-regulation （at least twofold） of 10 genes in the chitinase-overexpressing line and an additional 76 salt-induced genes whose expression was not elevated in the lysm rlkl knockout mutant or the hybrids harboring the mutation. These findings elucidate that chitin-induced signaling mediated by LysM RLK1 receptor is not limited to biotic stress response but also encompasses abiotic-stress signaling and can be conveyed by ectopic expression of chitinases in plants.

关键词： abiotic stress chitin-induced signaling chitinases LysM receptor kinase Trichoderma.

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Metabolic and Phenotypic Responses of Greenhouse-Grown Maize Hybrids to Experimentally Controlled Drought Stress

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Molecular Plant 2012年第2期5卷 401-417页

作者： Sandra Witt Luis Galicia jan lisec Jill Cairns Axel Tiessen Jose Luis Araus Natalia Palacios-Rojas Alisdair R. Fernie Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany CIMMYT Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico DF Mexico CIMMYT Int. PO Box MP 163 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe Departamento de Ingenieria CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato KM 9.8 Libramiento Norte CP 36821 Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico University of Barcelona Department of Vegetal Biology Faculty of Biology Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain

Adaptation to abiotic stresses like drought is an important acquirement of agriculturally relevant crops like maize. Development of enhanced drought tolerance in crops grown in climatic zones where drought is a very dominant stress factor therefore plays an essential role in plant breeding. Previous studies demonstrated that corn yield potential and enhanced stress tolerance are associated traits. In this study, we analyzed six different maize hybrids for their ability to deal with drought stress in a greenhouse experiment. We were able to combine data from morphophysiological parameters measured under well-watered conditions and under water restriction with metabolic data from different organs. These different organs possessed distinct metabolite compositions, with the leaf blade displaying the most considerable metabolome changes following water deficiency. Whilst we could show a general increase in metabolite levels under drought stress, including changes in amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and intermediates of the TCA cycle, these changes were not differential between maize hybrids that had previously been designated based on field trial data as either drought-tolerant or susceptible. The fact that data described here resulted from a greenhouse experiment with rather different growth conditions compared to natural ones in the field may explain why tolerance groups could not be confirmed in this study. We were, however, able to highlight several metabolites that displayed conserved responses to drought as well as metabolites whose levels correlated well with certain physiological traits.

关键词： carbon metabolism metabolomics water relations.

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