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Evaluation of forage-based weaning systems in spring-born cross-bred beef calves

Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2013年第2期3卷 99-104页

作者： John Fredrick Odhiambo Robert Arthur Dailey Ronnie Helmondollar james yeager pritchard Phillip Irvin Osborne Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown USA West Virginia University Extension Service Randolph County Extension Office Elkins USA

Preconditioned calves have greater marketvalue per unit weight than normal-weaned calves. Development of a low cost forage-based preconditioning system allows producers to add value to their calf-crop. This study evaluated calf performance in three forage-based weaning systems;early-weaned calves were backgrounded in legume/grass forage plots and supplemented with commercial preconditioning feed (Treatment 1) or an on-farm corn-mix (Treatment 2). Control (Treatment 3) calves suckled for an additional 45 days. Supplements provided2.17 kgTDN/calf/ day. Weights were collected on days -30, 0 and 45 with respect to early weaning, from135 inyear 1 and 150 calves in each of the two subsequent years. Effects of treatment, age of dam, sex of calf and their interactions on calf weight gain were analyzed by analysis of covariance using GLM procedures of SAS. Marginal effects of treatment and feed cost were used to evaluate economic feasibility. Sensitivity analyses were evaluated for anticipated market fluctuations in feed costs and calf premiums. Data are reported as least squares means. Calf weight gains differed (P < 0.001) among treatments and averaged 1.16, 1.03 and1.04 kg/calf/day for commercial supplement, corn-mix and controls, respectively. Calves from 2-year-old cows gained less (P < 0.001) weight compared to those from cows 3 - 4 and ≥5 years of age (44.8, 48.9 and51.5 kg, respectively). Steers calves gained more (P < 0.001) weight compared to heifer calves (51.2 vs.45.7 kg, respectively). Net returns for corn mix were greater than those for commercial feed ($1.48 vs. $1.35/kg weight gain, respectively). Sensitivity analyses indicated that selection of preconditioning treatment to a large degree was less sensitive to significant changes in market conditions due to the large gap in marginal costs between the two treatments. In conclusion, forage-based weaning systems can be utilized to precondition calves providing an economical means for calf weight gain and profit

关键词： Preconditioning Beef Calves Early Weaning Weight Gain

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Elmwood矿区深部密西西比河谷型锌矿体伴生的酶浸析异常

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国外地质勘探技术 1999年第2期 8-15页

作者： james R.yeager 吴传芝

目前,北美已开采或正开采的深部密西西比河谷型矿藏,最初都是由钻探发现的。当这类盲矿存在于稳定地台的碳酸盐岩和页岩层序中时,传统的地球化学方法就无力检测出它们。"酶"浸析是一种选择性分析技术,为的是确定土壤中非晶质氧化锰吸收... 详细信息

目前,北美已开采或正开采的深部密西西比河谷型矿藏,最初都是由钻探发现的。当这类盲矿存在于稳定地台的碳酸盐岩和页岩层序中时,传统的地球化学方法就无力检测出它们。"酶"浸析是一种选择性分析技术,为的是确定土壤中非晶质氧化锰吸收的微量元素。在世界上许多地区,酶浸折法检测土壤中与地下盲矿有关的低级别地球化学异常都很有效。在田纳西州Elmwood矿田所采的土壤样,酶浸析法分析结果表明,在370m深的地下矿体上方存在高衬度异常。在土壤化学平衡区,Zn矿体上方出现了"综合"异常。其特征表现为,矿体上方出现不对称的卤素异常晕,晕的中心为低值带;成矿金属元素(Zn和Pb)和矿体伴生微量元素(Cl、Ba和Mn)在卤素异常环内形成顶端异常,处于矿体的正上方。大多数情况下,农业活动不会影响酶浸析法的测量结果。但在田纳西州中部的某些地区,农业活动似乎改变了土壤中非晶质氧化锰的比铡。土壤中MnO_2平衡一旦被破坏,酶浸析法获得的资料就没有规律。在这种情况下,通过资料处理,取各微量元素测值与Mn测值之比值,这样获得的异常可圈划出地下盲矿体。

关键词：锌矿床锌矿体伴生酶浸析异常土壤深部矿藏

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Competing risks of death in younger and older postmenopausal breast cancer patients

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2014年第5期5卷 1088-1096页

作者： Judy-Anne W Chapman Kathleen I pritchard Paul E Goss james N Ingle Hyman B Muss Susan F Dent Ted A Vandenberg Brian Findlay Karen A Gelmon Carolyn F Wilson Lois E Shepherd Michael N Pollak NCIC Clinical Trials Group Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre University of Toronto Toronto ON M4N 3M5 Canada Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard University Boston MA 02114 United States Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 United States Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC27514 United States Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1H8L6 Canada London Health Sciences Centre University of Western Ontario London ON N6G 2V4 Canada Niagara Health System McM aster University St. Catharines ON L2R 2Z4 Canada BC Cancer Agency University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada NCIC Clinical Trials Group Queen's University Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada Lady Davis Institute Jewish General Hospital McG ill University Montreal QC H3T 1E2 Canada

AIM: To show a new paradigm of simultaneously testing whether breast cancer therapies impact other causes of death. METHODS: MA.14 allocated 667 postmenopausal women to 5 years of tamoxifen 20 mg/daily ± 2 years of octreotide 90 mg, given by depot intramuscular injections monthly. Event-free survival was the primary endpoint of MA.14; at median 7.9 years, the tamoxifen+octreotide and tamoxifen arms had similar event-free survival(P = 0.62). Overall survival was a secondary endpoint, and the two trial arms also had similar overall survival(P = 0.86). We used the median 9.8 years follow-up to examine by intention-to-treat, the multivariate time-to-breast cancer-specific(Br Ca) and other cause(OC) mortality with log-normal survival analysis adjusted by treatment and stratification factors. We tested whether baseline factors including Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1), IGF binding protein-3, C-peptide, body mass index, and 25-OH vitamin D were associated with(1) all cause mortality, and if so; and(2) cause-specific mortality. We also fit step-wise forward cause-specific adjusted ***: The analyses were performed on 329 patients allocated tamoxifen and 329 allocated tamoxifen+octreotide. The median age of MA.14 patients was 60.1 years: 447(82%) < 70 years and 120(18%) ≥ 70 years. There were 170 deaths: 106(62.3%) BrC a; 55(32.4%) OC, of which 24 were other malignancies, 31 other causes of death; 9(5.3%) patients with unknown cause of death were excluded from competing risk assessments. BrC a and OC deaths were not significantly different by treatment arm(P = 0.40): tamoxifen patients experienced 50 BrC a and 32 OC deaths, while tamoxifen + octreotide patients experienced 56 Br Ca and 23 OC deaths. Proportionately more deaths(P = 0.004) were from BrC a for patients< 70 years, where 70% of deaths were due to Br Ca, compared to 54% for those ≥ 70 years of age. The proportion of deaths from OC increased with increasing body mass index(BMI)(P = 0.02). Higher pathol

关键词： Breast cancer Postmenopausal Hormone receptor positive Competing risks Tamoxifen Octreotide LAR

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