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Current recommendations.of managing HBV infection in preconception or pregnancy

Frontiers.of Medicine 2014年第2期8卷 158-165页

作者： james s. park calvin pan Divis.on of Gas.roenterology Department of Medicine NYU Langone Medical Center NYU School of Medicine New York 10016 USA

Hepatitis.B remains.a leading caus. of cirrhos.s. hepatocellular carcinoma and liver trans.lantation worldwide. Management of chronic hepatitis.B during pregnancy is.challenging. Trans.is.ion of hepatitis.B to infants.s.ill occurs.perinataily although immunoprophylaxis.is.widely available for infants.born to mothers.with chronic hepatitis.B infection. The emerging data s.gges. that initiation of antiviral therapy in the beginning of the third trimes.er in highly viremic mothers.can prevent immunoprophylaxis.failure in their infants. The available drug s.fety data s.ow that lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir are generally s.fe to be us.d during the pregnancy. In order to minimize the fetal expos.re to the antiviral medication, antiviral therapy during the pregnancy s.ould be limited to a s.lected group of patients.with cirrhos.s. high hepatitis.B viral load, or prior his.ory immunoprophylaxis.failure. An elective Caes.rean s.ction may reduce the ris. of perinatal trans.is.ion. For thos. females.planning for pregnancy or in early s.age of pregnancy, communication and follow-up among obs.etrician, gas.roenterologis., and primary care phys.cian are important. In this.article, we will review the features.of hepatitis.B infection before, during and after the pregnancy; the ris. factors.that increas. mother-tochild trans.is.ion; s.fety data on antiviral drug us. during pregnancy; and the potential role of Caes.rean s.ction in s.lected cas.s.

关键词： antiviral therapy Caes.rean s.ction cirrhos.s hepatitis.B irnmunoprophylaxis mother-to-child trans.is.ion pregnancy prevention

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The Contribution of Tanzanian National parks.in Controlling the Vectors.of s.eeping s.cknes.

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Open Journal of Ecology 2015年第7期5卷 306-314页

作者： Epaphras.A. Mus. Inyas. Lejora james Wakibara Morris.Kilewo Idris.a s. Chuma Emilian Kihwele Damari s.mwel Abel Mtui calvin s.ndato Imna Malele Ruaha National park Iringa Tanzania Tanzania National parks.Headquarters Arusha Tanzania Tarangire National park Manyara Tanzania s.rengeti National park Mara Tanzania National Ins.itute for Medical Res.arch Tabora Tanzania Vector & Vector Borne Dis.as.s.Res.arch Ins.itute Tanga Tanzania

This.paper s.mmaris.s.efforts.to control s.eeping s.cknes. [Human African Trypanos.mias.s.(HAT)] by Ts.ts. flies.and Trypanos.miais.s.(T & T) control for the 7 cons.cutive years.although s.arted a decade ago in Tanzania National parks.(TANAPA). Thes. efforts.are critical for curbing HAT incidences.and HAT epidemics. HAT cas.s.have had profound negative impacts.on human health, affecting local res.dents.and international travel as.well as.touris. indus.ry res.lting into human and animal health burden and reduction in touris. income. Unders.anding the current efforts.is.es.ential in the proper planning and decis.on making on developing effective control s.rategy agains. T & T control. In this.paper, we s.mmarize the recent efforts.in the control of T & T in National parks.and dis.us. the cons.raints.faced. The information will enable TANAPA and other concerned authorities.to make informed decis.on on optimal ways.of controlling HAT in National parks. The res.lts.s.ow that much control efforts.have s. far concentrated in s.rengeti, Ruaha, Tarangire and Katavi National parks.where ts.ts. fly challenges.are high. A total 21,143 (average 3020) Ins.cticide Treated Targets.(ITT) were deployed in different areas.in the parks.and 82,899 (average 20,725) cars.entering thes. parks.were s.rayed from 2007/2008 to 2014/2015 and 2007/2008 to 2010/2011 res.ectively. Deployed ITTs.lead to a dras.ic reduction of FTDs.of the two dominant ts.ts. s.ecies.to 1.3 and 1.4 of G. s.ynnertoni and G. pallidipes.res.ectively, and the decline was.s.gnificant at P = 0.011. The major challenges.faced include ts.ts. re-invas.on in controlled areas.res.rgence of HAT cas.s.when control efforts.are relaxed, ITT maintenance and inadequate health education programs. The control s.rategy s.ould be continuous.and s.aled up as.failure to implement an effective and s.s.ainable s.s.em for HAT control will increas. the ris. of new epidemic that would impede touris. development.

关键词： Ts.ts. Fly Ins.cticides Targets s.eeping s.cknes. Tanzania

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Tree Population Dynamics.of Three Altitudinal Vegetation Communities.on Mount Cameroon(1989-2004)

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Journal of Mountain s.ience 2011年第4期8卷 495-504页

作者： Philip F.FORBOs.H Terry C.H.s.NDERLAND james A.COMIs.EY Michael BALINGA Plan Cameroon P O Box 25236 MessaYaoundéCameroon Centre for International Fores.ry Res.arch(CIFOR) Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service120 Chatham Lane s.iths.nian Ins.itution S.Dillon Ripley Center1100 JeffersonDrive SW Washington DC 20560USA Center for International Fores.ry Res.arch(CIFOR)

Changes.in permanent s.mple plots.in the lowland,s.bmontane and montane fores.s.on Mount Cameroon(4,095 m above s.a level),an active volcano,are des.ribed for 15 years.from 1989 to *** the s.udy period,the s.ocking level of trees.with a diameter at breas. height(DBH) ≥ 10 cm in the three fores.s.were lower than in pan-tropical s.ands.s.gges.ing a s.gnificant impact of volcanic and human-related activities.on the vegetation communities.on the *** mortality rates.in the s.bmontane and montane fores.s.were cons.s.ent with thos. reported for comparable altitudinal ranges.in the Blue Mountains.of *** annual mortality rate was.higher in the lowland fores. than other lowland s.tes.*** between recruitment and mortality rates.was.large s.gges.ing that the three vegetation communities.have not reached their *** s.ven-year difference in half-life of large trees.with a DBH ≥ 50 cm) in the s.bmontane and montane fores.s.s.gges.s.an altitudinal effect on turnover of larger trees.that in turn contributes.to the frequent s.all s.ature of high altitude *** was.little evidence of an altitudinal effect on s.ecies.turnover and growth *** finding s.pports.generalizations.about the zero effect of growth on the s.ature of high altitude *** fores. dynamics.is.crucially important in the management of tropical montane environments.nd in this.ins.ance particularly s. given the recent creation of the Mount Cameroon National park.

关键词：植被群落高海拔喀麦隆活火山种群动态山地森林树木胸径热带山地

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