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全面科学地实施对制冷剂的管制

制冷与空调 2004年第2期4卷 55-59页

作者： james m.calm 汪训昌 (美)

本文给出了鉴别目前的制冷剂用户以及他们的设备能否影响未来制冷剂选择方案的一些方法。从最近对工业界征收特别税的一些科学评价来看 ,制冷剂的未来是充满着挑战。作者以这种客观的评论态度 ,作了一一报导。

关键词：制冷剂管理 R-410A R-507A 替代过程环境保护密闭系统

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离心式冷水机组的制冷剂选择

制冷与空调 2006年第1期6卷 63-69页

作者： james m.calm 张建军 Engineering Consultant 浙江蓝天环保高科技股份有限公司

描述冷水机组特别是大型机组最常用的替代制冷剂。总结了蒙特利尔议定书所制定的制冷剂淘汰时间表。对冷水机组(压缩式与吸收式)目前所使用的制冷剂进行探讨,包括大气寿命、ODP与GWP。概述了离心式冷水机组的最低能效标准。对主要的制... 详细信息

描述冷水机组特别是大型机组最常用的替代制冷剂。总结了蒙特利尔议定书所制定的制冷剂淘汰时间表。对冷水机组(压缩式与吸收式)目前所使用的制冷剂进行探讨,包括大气寿命、ODP与GWP。概述了离心式冷水机组的最低能效标准。对主要的制冷剂进行科学评估。介绍了除R-123以外的其他替代制冷剂。研究表明,R-123作为目前离心式冷水机组应用最广泛的制冷剂,其ODP与GWP较低,且大气寿命短,放射率低,效率高。对中国而言R-123至少在未来的几十年内仍具有非常显著的环境和经济优势。

关键词：制冷剂空调制冷冷水机组效率 ODP GWP

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冷水机组制冷剂的选择和展望

制冷与空调 2001年第2期1卷 59-67页

作者： james m.calm P.E. 张心卉清华大学

本文综述了冷水机组的演变历史，讨论了由于环保问题引发的制冷剂选择准则，并从效率、毒性、可燃性、成本和未来可行性等方面作了阐明，还对“冷水机组之战”的问题表明了作者的观点．最后还展望了未来的冷水机组制冷剂。

关键词：制冷剂冷水机组蒙特利尔议定书气候变化臭氧层破坏离心式 ASHRAE 制冷系统生命周期温室效应

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R-22的替代现状

制冷与空调 2005年第1期5卷 62-69页

作者： james m.calm Piotr A.Domanski 张建君美国国家标准和技术研究所

The next step in the transition to environmentally safer refrigerants is phaseout of R-22. It is the most widely used refrigerant, both in the United Statess and on a global basis. Its application range in residential, commercial, industrial, and transport systems is broader than for any other refrigerant and spans cooling capacities from 2 kW to 33 mW(1/2 to 9,500 refrigeration tons, RT). The specific replacements depend on the applications.

关键词： R-22 制冷剂替代物 AREP 环保性能 ODP值比较效率

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制冷剂特性数据解析与更新

制冷与空调 2007年第5期7卷 61-73,98页

作者： james m.calm Glenn C.Hourahan 白雪莲 Engineering Consultant Air Conditioning Contractorts of America 重庆大学

介绍制冷剂主要的物理特性、安全性、环境特性等方面的数据,这些制冷剂包括过去广泛使用的、当前普遍使用的以及将来使用的。

关键词：制冷剂特性

Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Real-Time Customization

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2020年第2期29卷 127-142页

作者： james m.Tien College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida 33146USA

The outputs of a national economy can be partitioned into three sets of products:tangible goods(due to manufacturing,construction,extraction and agriculture),intangible services(due to an act of useful effort),and an integration of services and goods or,as initially defined by Tien(2012),***,these products can also be considered in terms of their relation to the first three Industrial Revolutions:the First Industrial Revolution(circa 1800)was primarily focused on the production of goods;the Second Industrial Revolution(circa 1900)was primarily focused on the mass production of goods;and the Third Industrial Revolution(circa 2000)has been primarily focused on the mass customization of goods,services or *** this follow-up paper,the Third Industrial Revolution of mass customization continues to accelerate in its evolution and,in many respects,is subsuming the earlier Industrial Revolutions of production and mass *** importantly,with the advent of real-time decision making,artificial intelligence,Internet of Things,mobile networks,and other advanced digital technologies,customization has been extensively enabled,thereby advancing mass customization into a Fourth Industrial Revolution of real-time ***,the moral,ethical,security and employment problems associated with both mass and real-time customization must be carefully assessed and mitigated,especially in regard to unintended *** ahead and with the advance of artificial general intelligence,this Fourth Industrial Revolution could be forthcoming in about the middle of the 21st Century;it would allow for multiple activities to be simultaneously tackled in real-time and in a customized manner.

关键词： Industrial revolutions big data goods services servgoods connected production mass customization real-time decision making Internet of Things artificial intelligence general

THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:INTEGRATED SERVICES AND GOODS

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2012年第3期21卷 257-296页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida 33146USA

The outputs or products of an economy can be divided into services products ana gooas products （due to manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining）. To date, the services and goods products have, for the most part, been separately mass produced. However, in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods, the next - or third - industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it is beginning in this second decade of the 21st Century. The Third Industrial Revolution （TIR） is based on the confluence of three major technological enablers （i.e., big data analytics, adaptive services and digital manufacturing）; they underpin the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods. As detailed in an earlier paper, we regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real-time management of supply and demand chains, based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci. The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced - as ＂servgoods＂ - in real-time, resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.

关键词： Big data decision analytics goods adaptive services digital manufacturing value chain supply chain demand chain mass production mass customization industrial revolution

ON INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION IN COmPLEX SERVICE SYSTEmS

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2008年第4期17卷 385-415页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of miami Coral GablesFloridaUSA

The services sector employs a large and growing proportion of workers in the industrialized nations, and it is increasingly dependent on information and communication technologies. While the interdependences, similarities and complementarities of manufacturing and services are significant, there are considerable differences between goods and services, including the shift in focus from mass production to mass customization （whereby a service is produced and delivered in response to a customer＇s stated or imputed needs）. In general, services can be considered to be knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Like manufacturing systems, an efficient service system must be an integrated system of systems, leading to greater connectivity and interdependence. Integration must occur over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, and must include methods concerned with the component, the management, and the system. moreover, an effective service system must also be an adaptable system, leading to greater value and responsiveness. Adaptation must occur over the dimensions of monitoring, feedback, cybernetics and learning, and must include methods concerned with space, time, and system. In sum, service systems are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of such systems. moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation. The paper concludes with several insights, including a plea to shift the current misplaced focus on developing a science or discipline for services to further developing a systems engineering approach to services, an approach based on the integration and adaptation of a host of sciences or disciplines （e.g., physics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, sociology, etc.）. In fact, what is required is a services-related transdisciplinary - beyond a s

关键词： Services service system system components system integration system adaptation system of systems decision informatics real-time decision making

BIG DATA:UNLEASHING INFORmATION

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2013年第2期22卷 127-151页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of Miami

At present, it is projected that about 4 zettabytes （or 10^＊＊21 bytes） of digital data are being generated per year by everything from underground physics experiments to retail transactions to security cameras to global positioning systems. In the U. S., major research programs are being funded to deal with big data in all five sectors （i.e., services, manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining） of the economy. Big Data is a term applied to data sets whose size is beyond the ability of available tools to undertake their acquisition, access, analytics and/or application in a reasonable amount of time. Whereas Tien （2003） forewarned about the data rich, information poor （DRIP） problems that have been pervasive since the advent of large-scale data collections or warehouses, the DRIP conundrum has been somewhat mitigated by the Big Data approach which has unleashed information in a manner that can support informed - yet, not necessarily defensible or valid - decisions or choices. Thus, by somewhat overcoming data quality issues with data quantity, data access restrictions with on-demand cloud computing, causative analysis with correlative data analytics, and model-driven with evidence-driven applications, appropriate actions can be undertaken with the obtained information. New acquisition, access, analytics and application technologies are being developed to further Big Data as it is being employed to help resolve the 14 grand challenges （identified by the National Academy of Engineering in 2008）, underpin the 10 breakthrough technologies （compiled by the massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2013） and support the Third Industrial Revolution of mass customization.

关键词： Big data data acquisition data access data analytics data application decision informatics products processes adaptive services digital manufacturing mass customization third industrial revolution