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Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Real-Tim. Custom.zation

Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2020年第2期29卷 127-142页

作者： james m.Tien College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida 33146USA

The outputs of a national econom. can be partitioned into three sets of products:tangible goods(due to m.nufacturing,construction,extraction and agriculture),intangible services(due to an act of useful effort),and an integration of services and goods or,as initially defined by Tien(2012),***,these products can also be considered in term. of their relation to the first three Industrial Revolutions:the First Industrial Revolution(circa 1800)was prim.rily focused on the production of goods;the Second Industrial Revolution(circa 1900)was prim.rily focused on the m.ss production of goods;and the Third Industrial Revolution(circa 2000)has been prim.rily focused on the m.ss custom.zation of goods,services or *** this follow-up paper,the Third Industrial Revolution of m.ss custom.zation continues to accelerate in its evolution and,in m.ny respects,is subsum.ng the earlier Industrial Revolutions of production and m.ss *** im.ortantly,with the advent of real-tim. decision m.king,artificial intelligence,Internet of Things,m.bile networks,and other advanced digital technologies,custom.zation has been extensively enabled,thereby advancing m.ss custom.zation into a Fourth Industrial Revolution of real-tim. ***,the m.ral,ethical,security and em.loym.nt problem. associated with both m.ss and real-tim. custom.zation m.st be carefully assessed and m.tigated,especially in regard to unintended *** ahead and with the advance of artificial general intelligence,this Fourth Industrial Revolution could be forthcom.ng in about the m.ddle of the 21st Century;it would allow for m.ltiple activities to be sim.ltaneously tackled in real-tim. and in a custom.zed m.nner.

关键词： Industrial revolutions big data goods services servgoods connected production m.ss custom.zation real-tim. decision m.king Internet of Things artificial intelligence general

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THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:INTEGRATED SERVICES AND GOODS

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2012年第3期21卷 257-296页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida 33146USA

The outputs or products of an econom. can be divided into services products ana gooas products （due to m.nufacturing, construction, agriculture and m.ning）. To date, the services and goods products have, for the m.st part, been separately m.ss produced. However, in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the developm.nt and the m.ss production of goods, the next - or third - industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it is beginning in this second decade of the 21st Century. The Third Industrial Revolution （TIR） is based on the confluence of three m.jor technological enablers （i.e., big data analytics, adaptive services and digital m.nufacturing）; they underpin the integration or m.ss custom.zation of services and/or goods. As detailed in an earlier paper, we regard m.ss custom.zation as the sim.ltaneous and real-tim. m.nagem.nt of supply and dem.nd chains, based on a taxonom. that can be defined in term. of its underpinning com.onent and m.nagem.nt foci. The benefits of real-tim. m.ss custom.zation cannot be over-stated as goods and services becom. indistinguishable and are co-produced - as ＂servgoods＂ - in real-tim., resulting in an overwhelm.ng econom.c advantage to the industrialized countries where the consum.ng custom.rs are at the sam. tim. the co-producing producers.

关键词： Big data decision analytics goods adaptive services digital m.nufacturing value chain supply chain dem.nd chain m.ss production m.ss custom.zation industrial revolution

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Perform.nce, em.ssion and com.ustion characteristics of CI engine fuelled with diesel and hydrogen

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Frontiers in Energy 2015年第4期9卷 486-494页

作者： R. Senthil KUm.R m. LOGANATHAN E. james GUNASEKARAN Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Annamalai University Chi- dambaram 608002 India

Hydrogen （H2） is being considered as a prim.ry autom.tive fuel and as a replacem.nt for conventional fuels. Som. of the desirable properties, like high flam. velocity, high calorific value m.tivate us to use hydrogen fuel as a dual fuel m.de in diesel engine. In this experim.nt, hydrogen was inducted in the inlet m.nifold with intake air. The experim.nts were conducted on a four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection （DI）, diesel engine at a speed of 1500r/m.n. Hydrogen was stored in a high pressure cylinder and supplied to the inlet m.nifold through a water-and-air-based flam. arrestor. A pressure regulator was used to reduce the cylinder pressure from.140 bar to 2 bar. The hydrogen was inducted with a volum. flow rate of 41 pm. 61 pm.and 81 pm. respectively by a digital volum. flow m.ter. The engine perform.nce, em.ssion and com.ustion param.ters were analyzed at various flow rates of hydrogen and com.ared with diesel fuel operation. The brake therm.l efficiency （BTE） was increased and brake specific fuel consum.tion （BSFC） decreased for the hydrogen flow rate of 81 pm.as com.ared to the diesel and lower volum. flow rates of hydrogen. The hydrocarbon （HC） and carbon m.noxide （CO） were decreased and the oxides of nitrogen （NOx） increased for higher volum. flow rates of hydrogen com.ared to diesel and lower volum. flow rates of hydrogen. The heat release rate and cylinder pressure was increased for higher volum. flow rates of hydrogen com.ared to diesel and lower volum. flow rates of hydrogen.

关键词： hydrogen brake therm.l efficiency crankangle com.ressed ignition (CI)

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ON INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION IN COm.LEX SERVICE SYSTEm.

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2008年第4期17卷 385-415页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of m.am. Coral GablesFloridaUSA

The services sector em.loys a large and growing proportion of workers in the industrialized nations, and it is increasingly dependent on inform.tion and com.unication technologies. While the interdependences, sim.larities and com.lem.ntarities of m.nufacturing and services are significant, there are considerable differences between goods and services, including the shift in focus from.m.ss production to m.ss custom.zation （whereby a service is produced and delivered in response to a custom.r＇s stated or im.uted needs）. In general, services can be considered to be knowledge-intensive agents or com.onents which work together as providers and consum.rs to create or co-produce value. Like m.nufacturing system., an efficient service system.m.st be an integrated system.of system., leading to greater connectivity and interdependence. Integration m.st occur over the physical, tem.oral, organizational and functional dim.nsions, and m.st include m.thods concerned with the com.onent, the m.nagem.nt, and the system. m.reover, an effective service system.m.st also be an adaptable system. leading to greater value and responsiveness. Adaptation m.st occur over the dim.nsions of m.nitoring, feedback, cybernetics and learning, and m.st include m.thods concerned with space, tim., and system. In sum. service system. are indeed com.lex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the hum.n-centered aspects of such system.. m.reover, the system.com.lexities can only be dealt with m.thods that enhance system.integration and adaptation. The paper concludes with several insights, including a plea to shift the current m.splaced focus on developing a science or discipline for services to further developing a system. engineering approach to services, an approach based on the integration and adaptation of a host of sciences or disciplines （e.g., physics, m.them.tics, statistics, psychology, sociology, etc.）. In fact, what is required is a services-related transdisciplinary - beyond a s

关键词： Services service system system.com.onents system.integration system.adaptation system.of system. decision inform.tics real-tim. decision m.king

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BIG DATA:UNLEASHING INFORm.TION

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2013年第2期22卷 127-151页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of Miami

At present, it is projected that about 4 zettabytes （or 10^＊＊21 bytes） of digital data are being generated per year by everything from.underground physics experim.nts to retail transactions to security cam.ras to global positioning system.. In the U. S., m.jor research program. are being funded to deal with big data in all five sectors （i.e., services, m.nufacturing, construction, agriculture and m.ning） of the econom.. Big Data is a term.applied to data sets whose size is beyond the ability of available tools to undertake their acquisition, access, analytics and/or application in a reasonable am.unt of tim.. Whereas Tien （2003） forewarned about the data rich, inform.tion poor （DRIP） problem. that have been pervasive since the advent of large-scale data collections or warehouses, the DRIP conundrum.has been som.what m.tigated by the Big Data approach which has unleashed inform.tion in a m.nner that can support inform.d - yet, not necessarily defensible or valid - decisions or choices. Thus, by som.what overcom.ng data quality issues with data quantity, data access restrictions with on-dem.nd cloud com.uting, causative analysis with correlative data analytics, and m.del-driven with evidence-driven applications, appropriate actions can be undertaken with the obtained inform.tion. New acquisition, access, analytics and application technologies are being developed to further Big Data as it is being em.loyed to help resolve the 14 grand challenges （identified by the National Academ. of Engineering in 2008）, underpin the 10 breakthrough technologies （com.iled by the m.ssachusetts Institute of Technology in 2013） and support the Third Industrial Revolution of m.ss custom.zation.

关键词： Big data data acquisition data access data analytics data application decision inform.tics products processes adaptive services digital m.nufacturing m.ss custom.zation third industrial revolution

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m.NUFACTURING AND SERVICES:FROm.m.SS PRODUCTION TO m.SS CUSTOm.ZATION

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2011年第2期20卷 129-154页

作者： james m.TIEN College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral Gables

m.nufacturing and services constitute two of the five sectors of every country＇s econom.;depending on the m.turity of the econom.,they are-in term. of em.loym.nt-typically the two largest *** outputs or products of an econom. can also be divided into goods products（due to m.nufacturing,construction,agriculture and m.ning） and services *** date,the goods and services products have,for the m.st part,been m.ss produced;it is the prem.se of this paper that recent technological advances-including flexible m.nufacturing,cloud com.uting,nanotechnology and sm.rt sensing-can better enable the transform.tion from.m.ss production to m.ss *** regard m.ss custom.zation as the sim.ltaneous and real tim. m.nagem.nt of supply and dem.nd chains,based on a taxonom. that can be defined in term. of its underpinning com.onent and m.nagem.nt *** a com.onents perspective,we first consider the value chain of supplier,m.nufacturer,assem.ler,retailer,and custom.r,and then develop a consistent set of definitions for supply and dem.nd chains based on the location of the custom.r order penetration *** a m.nagem.nt perspective,we classify the m.thods that are em.loyed in the m.nagem.nt of these chains,based on whether supply and/or dem.nd are flexible or ***,our m.nagem.nt taxonom. highlights a very critical research area at which both supply and dem.nd are flexible,thus *** m.nagem.nt of supply and dem.nd chains sets the stage for m.ss custom.zation which is concerned with m.eting the needs of an individualized custom.r *** and real tim. m.nagem.nt of supply and dem.nd chains set the stage for real tim. m.ss custom.zation（e.g.,wherein a tailor first laser scans an individual＇s upper torso and then delivers a uniquely fitted jacket within a reasonable period,while the individual is waiting）.The benefits of real tim. m.ss custom.zation cannot be over-stated as goods and services becom. indistinguishable

关键词： Value chain supply chain dem.nd chain taxonom. real tim. m.nagem.nt m.ss production m.ss custom.zation m.nufacturing goods services

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INTERNET OF CONNECTED SERVGOODS:CONSIDERATIONS,CONSEQUENCES AND CONCERNS

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2015年第2期24卷 130-167页

作者： james m.Tien College of Engineering University of Miami

In an earlier paper （Tien 2012）, the author augurs that, in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the developm.nt and the m.ss production of goods, the next - or third - industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it began in this second decade of the 21st Century. The Third Industrial Revolution （TIR） is underpinned by the integration or m.ss custom.zation of services and/or goods. The benefits of real-tim. m.ss custom.zation cannot be over-stated as goods and services becom. indistinguishable and are co-produced as ＂ServGoods＂, resulting in an overwhelm.ng econom.c advantage to the industrialized countries where the consum.ng custom.rs are at the sam. tim. the co-producing producers. Adding sensors to these ServGoods and letting them.connect or com.unicate am.ng them.elves or with other ServGoods can result in an Intem.t of Things （i.e., connected ServGoods）. A num.er of considerations, consequences and concerns relating to such an Intem.t of Connected ServGoods are discussed herein.

关键词： Goods services ServGoods sensors Big Data decision analytics adaptive services digital m.nufacturing value chain supply chain dem.nd chain m.ss production m.ss custom.zation industrial revolution Intem.t of Things

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m.chanics of m.terials. 6th ed.

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2004年

作者： Gere james m.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Com.ustion analysis of a hydrogen-diesel fuel operated DI diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第4期11卷 568-574页

作者： m. LOGANATHAN A. VELm.RUGAN TOm.PAGE E. james GUNASEKARAN P. TAm.LARASAN Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Annamalai University Anna- malainagar 608002 India Product Design and m.nufacturing Loughborough University Lough- borough LE11 3TU United Kingdom

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel and growing dem.nd necessitates researchers to find alternative fuels which are clean and sustainable. The need for finding renewable, low cost and environm.ntally friendly fuel resources can never be understated. An efficient m.thod of generation and storage of hydrogen will enable autom.tive m.nufacturers to introduce hydrogen fuelled engine in the m.rket. In this paper, a conventional DI diesel engine was m.dified to operate as gas engine. The intake m.nifold of the engine was supplied with hydrogen along with recirculated exhaust gas and air. The injection rates of hydrogen were m.intained at three levels with 2 L/m.n, 4 L/m.n, 6 L/m.n and 8 L/m.n and 10 L/m.n with an injection pressure of 2 bar. m.ny of the com.ustion param.ters like heat release rate （HRR）, ignition delay, com.ustion duration, rate of pressure rise （ROPR）, cum.lative heat release rate （CHR）, and cyclic pressure fluctuations were m.asured. The HRR peak pressure decreased with the increase in EGR rate, while com.ustion duration increased with the EGR rate. The cyclic pressure variation also increased with the increase in EGR rate.

关键词： hydrogen exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),diesel com.ustion heat release rate (HRR) com.ustionduration

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Characterization of coal using electron spin resonance： im.lications for the form.tion of inertinite m.cerals in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa

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International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 2018年第3期5卷 385-398页

作者： Ofentse m. m.roeng Jonathan m. Keartland R. james Roberts Nicola J. Wagner Departm.nt of Geology University of JohannesburgP.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa Departm.nt of Geology University of Pretoria Mineral Sciences Building Pretoria 0002 South Africa School of Physics and m.terials Physics Institute University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg 2050 South Africa

Coal contains a significant concentration of free radicals as a result of the coalification process. One of the experim.ntal m.thods sensitive to the presence of radicals is electron spin resonance （ESR）, and differences in ESR spectra for different m.cerals m.y provide insight into coal-form.ng processes. In this study, ESR data along with the H/C atom.c ratio （to infer the arom.tic fraction） are used to characterize coal sam.les with the aim.of assessing a fire-origin for dom.nant inertinite m.cerals. A m.dium.rank C bitum.nous Witbank No. 4 Seam.Upper coal （the parent） was density- fractionated to create vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich sam.les. The parent sam.le consists of 42 vol% vitrinite and 49 vol% inertinite. The density-fractionated sam.les com.rise of 81 vol% total vitrinite （dom.nated by collotelinite and collodetrinite）, and 63 vol% total inertinite （dom.nated by fusinite, sem.fusinite, and inertodetrinite）. The H/C ratio is 0.74 for the inertinite-rich sam.le, and 0.85 for the vitrinite-rich counterpart, suggesting the form.r sam.le is m.re arom.tic. The ESR spectra obtained for the three sam.les were found to fit best using a Lorentzian distribution. The fit is noticeably better for the arom.tic inertinite-rich sam.le, for which the spectrum.is sym.etric. This is attributed to pronounced electron m.bility and exchange interactions. The higher radical content of the inertinite-rich and parent sam.les is attributed to the presence of specific inertinite m.cerals, nam.ly： fusinite, sem.fusinite, and inertodetrinite. And, owing to the greater radical content of the inertinite-rich sam.le, the dom.nant inertinite m.cerals are interpreted to have form.d through charring of plant m.tter.

关键词： m.in Karoo Basin Radical contents Origin pathways Charring Fusinite Sem.fusinite

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