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Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2024年第2期12卷 310-319页

作者： Patrick Ssem.jju Lubowa Hiram.Ndiritu Peter Oketch james m.tua Departm.nt of m.chanical and m.chatronics Engineering Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovations Nairobi Kenya Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

The current energy crisis could be alleviated by enhancing energy generation using the abundant biom.ss waste resources. Agricultural and forest wastes are the leading organic waste stream. that can be transform.d into useful alternative energy resources. Pyrolysis is one of the technologies for converting biom.ss into m.re valuable products, such as bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. This work investigated the production of bio-oil through batch pyrolysis technology. A fixed bed pyrolyzer was designed and fabricated for bio-oil production. The m.jor com.onents of the system.include a fixed bed reactor, a condenser, and a bio-oil collector. The reactor was heated using a cylindrical biom.ss external heater. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor at a pressure of 1atm.and a varying operating tem.erature of 150˚C, 250˚C, 350˚C to 450˚C for 120 m.nutes. The m.ss of 1kg of coconut fiber was used with particle sizes between 2.36 m. - 4.75 m.. The results show that the higher the tem.erature, the m.re volum. of bio-oil produced, with the highest yield being 39.2%, at 450˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/m.n. The Fourier transform.tion Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the bio-oil com.onents. The obtained bio-oil has a pH of 2.4, a density of 1019.385 kg/m.sup>3, and a calorific value of 17.5 m./kg. The analysis also showed the presence of high-oxygenated com.ounds;carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, and branched oxygenated hydrocarbons as the m.in com.ounds present in the bio-oil. The results inferred that the liquid product could be bestowed as an alternative resource for polycarbonate m.terial production.

关键词： Batch Pyrolysis Technology Coconut Fiber Bio-Oil Fourier Transform.tion Infrared Analysis

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The Contribution of Hem.spherical Photographs to Understand Natural Forest Regeneration in the AKAK Forest Area

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Open Journal of Forestry 2024年第3期14卷 313-326页

作者： Agbor james Ayam.a Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi Kam.h Pascal Bum.u Departm.nt of Forestry and Wildlife University of Buea Buea Cameroon Departm.nt of Environm.ntal Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon

Exam.ning the contribution of hem.spherical photographs in the understanding of Natural forest regeneration is very im.ortant in estim.ting the future forest structure, com.osition and to enforce conservation regulations. This study sets out to exam.ne the interaction between stum. sprouting, LAI, site and canopy openness for the entire AKAK forest area and for the logging com.artm.nts;2013, 2015 and 2017 respectively. 49 sprouted stum. were identified randonly. 20 m.× 20 m.plots were dem.rcated along a canopy gaps for each sprouted stum., the plots were established in such a m.nner that the sprouted stum.s will be in the m.ddle. For each of the selected 49 sprouted stum., indirect m.asurem.nts of canopy cover were perform.d in the 49 plots of 20 m.× 20 m.(0.04 ha), giving a total of 1.96 ha of land covered. Galaxy S3 sm.rtphone with a built-in Infinix ZERO 4 fish-eye lens with 198˚ view angle equidistant projection was used to take photos. The fish-eye lens was m.unted on the phone cam.ra and photograph were taken at a fixed height of 1.3 m. Results revealed that, the com.ine Principal Com.onent Factor Analysis (2013, 2015 and 2017) of the correlation m.trix for Sprout, Years, LAI 4%, LAI 5%, Canopy and Site openness, shows that factor 1 explained 62.6% of total variance while factor 2 explained 17.9% together explain 80.05% Com.unalities. For the year 2013, 2015 and 2017 respectively shows that there is a very strong correlation (p p < 0.0005) between LAI4 and LAI5.

关键词： Hem.spherical Photographs Natural Forest Regeneration AKAK Forest

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SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons as anodes for lithium.ion batteries with enhanced cycling stability

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Nano Research 2014年第9期7卷 1319-1326页

作者： Lei Li Anton Kovalchuk james m. Tour Departm.nt of Chem.stry Rice University 6 I00 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA Richard E. Sm.lley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA Departm.nt of m.terials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA

A nanocom.osite m.terial of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons has been developed. In this com.osite, the reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons are uniform.y coated by nanosized SnO2 that form.d a thin layer of SnO2 on the surface. When used as anodes in lithium.ion batteries, the com.osite shows outstanding electrochem.cal perform.nce with the high reversible discharge capacity of 1,027 m.h/g at 0.1 A/g after 165 cycles and 640 m.h/g at 3.0 A/g after 160 cycles with current rates varying from.0.1 to 3.0 A/g and no capacity decay after 600 cycles com.ared to the second cycle at a current density of 1.0 A/g. The high reversible capacity, good rate perform.nce and excellent cycling stability of the com.osite are due to the synergistic com.ination of electrically conductive reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons and SnO2, The m.thod developed here is practical for the large-scale developm.nt of anode m.terials for lithium.ion batteries.

关键词： lithium.ion battery tin oxide graphene oxide nanoribbons energy storage

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The effect of surface roughness on claw and adhesive hair perform.nce in the dock beetle Gastrophysa viridula

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Insect Science 2011年第3期18卷 298-304页

作者： james m. R. Bullock Walter Federle Departm.nt of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge UK

Natural adhesive system. are adapted to attach to rough surfaces, but the underlying m.chanism. have not been fully clarified. Attachm.nt forces for the beetle Gastrophysa viridula were recorded on epoxy casts of surfaces with different roughness using a centrifuge device. Replicas were m.de of standardized polishing paper with asperity sizes ranging from.0.05 to 30 μm.and of dock leaves （Rum.x obtusifolius）. Beetles adhered with a safety factor of up to 36 tim.s body weight on sm.oth substrates or on casts of leaves of their host plant. On the rough substrates, forces were m.ch lower and a m.nim.m.at sm.ll scale roughness （0.05μm.asperity size, with a m.an safety factor of S） was observed. Rem.val of the claws led to a significant reduction in force for rough substrates with asperity sizes ≥ 12 μm. Attachm.nt forces of the hairy adhesive system.itself（without the claws） slightly increased from.sm.ll-scale to large-scale surface roughness, but rem.ined below the level seen on the sm.oth substrate. This is explained by the inability of setal tips to m.ke full contact to the surface.

关键词： adhesion biom.chanics claws locom.tion roughness tribology

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不同土地利用方式下典型黑土区土壤微生物群落演替规律

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土壤学报 2022年第5期59卷 1238-1247页

作者：胡芳王芳韩晓增许敏付玉豪严君贾仲君 tiedje james m. 蒋新中国科学院土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室(南京土壤研究所) 南京210008 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所黑土区农业生态重点实验室哈尔滨150081 中国科学院大学北京100049 密歇根州立大学植物、土壤和微生物科学系微生物生态中心美国密歇根州48824

利用先进的分子生态学技术,针对中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站长期定位实验,研究了典型黑土区经过长期(32年)裸地、农田和草地三种土地利用后,土壤微生物区系的演替规律及其环境驱动机制。结果表明:与裸地相比,32年玉米-大豆-小麦轮作... 详细信息

利用先进的分子生态学技术,针对中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站长期定位实验,研究了典型黑土区经过长期(32年)裸地、农田和草地三种土地利用后,土壤微生物区系的演替规律及其环境驱动机制。结果表明:与裸地相比,32年玉米-大豆-小麦轮作种植或自然草地恢复后,土壤有机质含量从52.07 g·kg^(–1)显著增加至54.83 g·kg^(–1)和61.54 g·kg^(–1),增幅分别为8.0%和27.5%,土壤氮磷钾养分有效性也显著增加。同时,每克干燥土壤中微生物丰度从2.25×10^(7)拷贝数增加至8.08×10^(7)拷贝数和1.69×10^(8)拷贝数,分别增加了2.58倍和6.51倍。裸地、农田和草地土壤的优势微生物菌门均为变形菌、酸杆菌和放线菌,其相对丰度均高于19%,且三者无显著差异(P>0.05)。然而,所有检测到的228个微生物属中,高达54个微生物属有显著差异(P<0.05),但绝大多数为相对丰度较低的微生物。分析表明土壤养分含量是微生物群落分异的主要环境驱动力,Granulicella微生物属可作为指示类群评估黑土环境的变化。上述研究结果表明,植被覆盖是土壤微生物群落演替的重要影响因素,未来应深入研究原位条件下黑土微生物的功能及其农业环境意义,为维系土壤养分元素循环和发展可持续农业生态管理模式提供理论参考。

关键词：长期试验黑土土壤微生物高通量测序农田草地

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两个分离菌株对2,4-D降解效率的微生态系统模拟

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中山大学学报（自然科学版） 2000年第3期39卷 111-115页

作者：夏北成李婉华 David S.Treves james m.tiedje 中山大学环境科学研究所广东广州5102752 广州污水处理总厂 Center for m.crobial Ecology Michigan State University

在微生态系统模拟条件下 ,2个分离菌株Sphingom.naspaucim.bilis 92 56 ,Ralstoniaeu trophusJm.表现出对除草剂 2 ,4 D的高效降解性能 .但R eutrophusJm.能在更多的模拟条件下成为优势种群 .对 2个菌株的种群消长影响最大的生态因子... 详细信息

在微生态系统模拟条件下 ,2个分离菌株Sphingom.naspaucim.bilis 92 56 ,Ralstoniaeu trophusJm.表现出对除草剂 2 ,4 D的高效降解性能 .但R eutrophusJm.能在更多的模拟条件下成为优势种群 .对 2个菌株的种群消长影响最大的生态因子是湿度和 2 ,4 D的浓度 .种群增长与 2 ,4 D降解有约 2 4h的时滞 ;种群的增长量不完全受底物 2 ,4 D消耗的多少制约 .多个生态因子的综合作用说明模拟的微生态系统离自然系统还有较大的差别 .

关键词：生物降解二氯苯氧基乙酸微生态系统模拟菌株

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理解老年人的身体活动:基于时空行为视角的研究

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体育科学 2024年第1期44卷 78-87页

作者：成佳俐仇军 james F.Sallis 于洪军河北师范大学公共体育教学部河北石家庄050024 湖州师范学院体育与大健康研究院浙江湖州313000 美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校家庭医学与公共卫生系加利福尼亚圣地亚哥92093 清华大学体育部北京100084

目的:从时空行为视角对建成环境与老年人户外身体活动的时空行为特征进行研究,为促进我国老年人身体活动水平提升和应对老龄化趋势提供新思路。方法:采用全球定位系统(global position system.GPS)和三维加速度计对126名老年人时空行为... 详细信息

目的:从时空行为视角对建成环境与老年人户外身体活动的时空行为特征进行研究,为促进我国老年人身体活动水平提升和应对老龄化趋势提供新思路。方法:采用全球定位系统(global position system.GPS)和三维加速度计对126名老年人时空行为数据进行同步收集,通过空间算法将环境暴露数据与身体活动数据相关联,总结其出行方式、出行时间、出行频率、出行范围等特征。结果:1)老年人户外身体活动存在“点-线”型、“候鸟”型、“条链”型、“自由”型、“邻里”型、“综合”型6种时空模式;2)老年人主要户外身体活动范围为家附近500 m.右;3)老年人近45%的热量消耗和中高强度身体活动发生在户外空间,主要户外活动兴趣点为休闲娱乐、购物和运动健身;4)老年人户外身体活动特征以出行频率高和短时耗为主,出行次数对身体活动水平有显著影响,出行次数每增加1次,平均每周户外身体活动水平增加20.5 m.n。结论:我国老年人户外身体活动呈现出多样化的时空行为模式,未来可以将增加出行次数作为促进老年人身体活动水平的切入点。

关键词：时空行为建成环境老年人户外身体活动

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Polyplex interaction strength as a driver of potency during cancer im.unotherapy

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 5642-5656页

作者： Shannon d. Tsai james I. Andorko Xiangbin Zeng Joshua m. Gam.on Christopher m. dewell Fischell Departm.nt of Bioengineering University of Marylond 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biom.dicol Devices University of Maryland 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA United States Departm.nt of Veterans Affairs Maryland VA Health Care System 10 North Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA Deportm.nt of m.crobiology and Im.unology University of Maryland Medical School 685 West Baltimore Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA m.rlene and Stewart Greenebaum.Cancer Center 22 South Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA

m.ny experim.ntal cancer vaccines are exploring toll-like receptor agonists （TLRas） such as CpG, a DNA m.tif that agonizes toll-like receptor 9 （TLR9）, to trigger im.une responses that are potent and m.lecularly-specific. The ability to tune the im.une response is especially im.ortant in the im.unosuppressive m.croenvironm.nts of tum.rs. Because TLR9 is located intracellularly, CpG m.st be internalized by im.une cells for functionality. Polyplexes can be self- assem.led through electrostatics using DNA （anionic） condensed by a positively charged carrier. These structures im.rove cell delivery and have been widely explored for gene therapy. In contrast, here we use cationic poly （^-am.no esters）（PBAEs） to assem.le polyplexes from.CpG as an adjuvant to target and im.rove im.une stim.lation in cells and m.use m.dels. Polyplexes were form.d over a range of PBAE：CpG ratios, resulting in a library of com.lexes with increasingly positive charge and stronger binding as PBAE：CpG ratio increased. Although higher PBAE：CpG ratios exhibited im.roved CpG uptake, lower ratios of PBAE：CpG--which condensed CpG m.re weakly, activated DCs and tum.rspecific T cells m.re effectively. In a m.use m.lanom. m.del, polyplexes with lower binding affinities im.roved survival m.re effectively com.ared with higher binding affinities. These data dem.nstrate that altering the polyplex interaction strength im.acts accessibility of CpG to TLRs in im.une cells. Thus, physiochem.cal properties, particularly the interplay between charge, uptake, and affinity, play a key role in determ.ning the nature and efficacy of the im.une response generated. This insight identifies new design considerations that m.st be balanced for engineering effective im.unotherapies and vaccines.

关键词： cancer im.unotherapy nanoparticle vaccine polyplex

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james Hogarth Pringle and his tim.-honored m.neuver

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2024年第3期13卷 391-392页

作者： Thom.s m.van Gulik Departm.nt of Surgery Amsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands

The classical m.thod to control blood loss during parenchym.l transection of the liver is the Pringle *** his landm.rk article in the Annals of Surgery in 1908,james Hogarth Pringle occluded the afferent vessels to the liver by com.ressing the hepatoduodenal ligam.nt between his thum. and index finger(1).He applied this m.neuver in eight patients who required em.rgency laparotom. for m.jor hem.rrhage after severe liver *** he succeeded in controlling blood loss,the eight patients he described unfortunately all *** outcom. did not prevent the Annals of Surgery from.publishing his report after which james Hogarth Pringle was ready to enter the‘Hall of Fam.’.Vascular inflow occlusion,applied in a continuous or interm.ttent fashion,becam. the m.instay technique for reducing blood loss during liver transection,and has rem.ined so in the present era of laparoscopic and robotic liver resection(2).

关键词： Pringle Surgery patients

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Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Real-Tim. Custom.zation

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Journal of System. Science and System. Engineering 2020年第2期29卷 127-142页

作者： james m.Tien College of Engineering University of MiamiCoral GablesFlorida 33146USA

The outputs of a national econom. can be partitioned into three sets of products:tangible goods(due to m.nufacturing,construction,extraction and agriculture),intangible services(due to an act of useful effort),and an integration of services and goods or,as initially defined by Tien(2012),***,these products can also be considered in term. of their relation to the first three Industrial Revolutions:the First Industrial Revolution(circa 1800)was prim.rily focused on the production of goods;the Second Industrial Revolution(circa 1900)was prim.rily focused on the m.ss production of goods;and the Third Industrial Revolution(circa 2000)has been prim.rily focused on the m.ss custom.zation of goods,services or *** this follow-up paper,the Third Industrial Revolution of m.ss custom.zation continues to accelerate in its evolution and,in m.ny respects,is subsum.ng the earlier Industrial Revolutions of production and m.ss *** im.ortantly,with the advent of real-tim. decision m.king,artificial intelligence,Internet of Things,m.bile networks,and other advanced digital technologies,custom.zation has been extensively enabled,thereby advancing m.ss custom.zation into a Fourth Industrial Revolution of real-tim. ***,the m.ral,ethical,security and em.loym.nt problem. associated with both m.ss and real-tim. custom.zation m.st be carefully assessed and m.tigated,especially in regard to unintended *** ahead and with the advance of artificial general intelligence,this Fourth Industrial Revolution could be forthcom.ng in about the m.ddle of the 21st Century;it would allow for m.ltiple activities to be sim.ltaneously tackled in real-tim. and in a custom.zed m.nner.

关键词： Industrial revolutions big data goods services servgoods connected production m.ss custom.zation real-tim. decision m.king Internet of Things artificial intelligence general

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