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Journal of.Sport and Health Science 2020年第4期9卷 328-334页

作者： james f.Sallis Deepti Adlakha Adewale Oyeyemi Deborah Salvo Department of.f.mily and Preventive Medicine University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Mary Mackillop Institute f.r Health Research Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne 3000Australia School of.Natural and Built Environment Queen’s University BelfastBelfast BT95AGUK Department of.Physiotherapy College of Medical SciencesUniversity of MaiduguriMaiduguri 600243Nigeria Prevention Research Center Brown SchoolWashington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO 63130USA

Physical activity(PA)has strong relevance f.r limiting the harms to human health and well-being due to the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)pandemic.1 Active muscles produce chemicals that improve immune f.nctioning,which in turn reduces the extent of.inf.ctions,and decreases inf.ammation,and these are the main causes of.the lung damage f.om severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)*** is a powerf.l preventive and therapeutic intervention f.r the most common pre-existing chronic conditions that increase risk of.severe COVID-19 inf.ctions and mortality.

关键词： inf.ammation mortality lung

Expanding the donor pool: Hepatitis C, hepatitis B and human immunodef.ciency virus-positive donors in liver transplantation

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World Journal of.Gastroenterology 2019年第47期25卷 6799-6812页

作者： james f.Crismale Jawad Ahmad Division of.Liver Diseases Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Liver transplantation(LT)remains the best option f.r patients with end-stage liver disease but the demand f.r organs f.om deceased donors continues to outweigh the available *** advent of.highly ef.ective anti-viral treatments has reduced the number of.patients undergoing LT f.r hepatitis C(HCV)and hepatitis B(HBV)related liver disease and yet the number of.patients waiting f.r LT continues to increase,driven by an increase in the patients listed with a diagnosis of.cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholrelated liver *** addition,human immunodef.ciency virus(HIV)inf.ction,which was previously a contra-indication f.r LT,is no longer a f.tal disease due to the ef.ectiveness of.HIV therapy and patients with HIV and liver disease are now developing indications f.r *** rising demand f.r LT is projected to increase f.rther in the f.ture,thus driving the need to investigate potential means of.expanding the pool of.potential *** mechanism f.r doing so is utilizing organs f.om donors that previously would have been discarded or used only in exceptional circumstances such as HCV-positive,HBV-positive,and HIVpositive *** advent of.highly ef.ective anti-viral therapy has meant that these organs can now be used with excellent outcomes in HCV,HBV or HIV inf.cted recipients and in some cases uninf.cted recipients.

关键词： Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Human immunodef.ciency virus Liver transplantation

Understanding China＇s Rise： The Collective Action Dimension

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f.dan Journal of.the Humanities and Social Sciences 2016年第1期9卷 177-182页

作者： james f. Paradise EastAsia International College Yonsei University Wonju Republic of Korea

With China having a f.rtune in f.reign exchange reserves and one of.the mightiest economies in the world, people are wondering what kind of.country China will be in the international arena. Will it be a leader or a f.llower, a norm-maker or a normtaker, a team player or a rogue elephant, a status quo power or a revisionist？a Or will it f.ll somewhere between these extremes, carving out a position that is uniquely Chinese？

关键词：外汇储备中国国际地位国际市场

Ef.ects of.anthropogenic disturbances on natural regeneration and population structure of.gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal)in the woodlands of.Lake Baringo ecosystem, Kenya

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Journal of.f.restry Research 2017年第4期28卷 775-785页

作者： Stephen f. Omondi David W. Odee George O. Ongamo james I. Kanya Damase P. Khasa Kenya f.restry Research Institute P.O. Box 2041200200 NairobiKenya School of.Biological Sciences University of NairobiP. O. Box 30197-00100NairobiKenya Centre f.r f.rest Research and Institute f.r Systems andIntegrative Biology Universite′ LavalSainte-FoyQC G1V 0A6Canada

Despite the ecological and economic importance of.Acacia senegal, little is known about the ef.ects of.anthropogenic disturbances on its natural regeneration patterns and population structure. We investigated the ef.ects of.these f.ctors within the Lake Baringo woodland ecosystem. Data was collected f.om 60 plots of.20 m × 20 m systematically distributed in f.ur A. senegal-dominated populations within the Lake Baringo woodland. Sample populations spanned a degradation gradient measured by a population disturbance index (PDI). Trees were measured f.r diameter at breast height (DBH) and categorized by growth stages: seedling, sapling and adult tree. Higher seedling and sapling densities were recorded in lightly than heavily disturbed populations, but only sapling density was signif.cantly dif.erent between the two disturbance levels (P = 0.02). Lightly disturbed populations revealed a reversed J-shape size-class distribution (SCD) indicative of.stable structure unlike the heavily disturbed populations. The quotient and permutation indices indicated unstable populations with episodic recruitment and mortality. Our study reveals that natural regeneration and population structure of.A. senegal were af.ected majorly by selective harvesting and heavy browsing. Suitable management strategies to control livestock grazing and illegal tree harvesting within the woodland is required to promote conservation of.the species genetic resources

关键词： Anthropogenic disturbance Population dynamics Renewal rate Selective harvesting Tropical woodland

Why Hollywood Hates Business： Immanuel Kant＇s Role in Avatar.＂ Movie Reviewed by Adam Smith

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Journal of.Philosophy Study 2013年第6期3卷 470-480页

作者： james f. Pontuso Hampden-Sydney College

One of.cinematic science f.ction＇s most popular plot lines is to imagine an invasion of.earth by an advanced alien species. james Cameron＇s Avatar turns the tables on that premise. Humans attack a peacef.l, less technologically sophisticated race in order to exploit their natural resources. Driving the assault is a mining company hell-bent on improving its bottom line. The villain of.Avatar is not a person, but those people who seek prof.t. To put it starkly, business is evil. But why has the entertainment business cast business as a heavy？ Hollywood has now made Immanuel Kant as the director of.moral sentiment. Not, of.course, directly, but rather the ghostwriter of.Hollywood＇s ideas about morality. The works of.Kant are not discussed or debated in the public arena, but their principles have inf.uenced the way people think about what is just and good. The ideas of.Kant have f.ltered into the contemporary discourse and are one of.the key ingredients in the national dialogue over what it means to be moral. The categorical imperative holds that an action is moral only if.it is f.ee f.om calculation of.reward or gain. To be truly, moral people must abandon all practical considerations of.need or desire; they must be directed by pure good will alone. Business people can never measure up to Kant＇s standard. They always make choices based on cost and benef.t. Their businesses would quickly go bankrupt, if.they made decisions on good will rather than interest. Kant＇s principles have raised the moral standard so high that even the common inclination to seek one＇s own benef.t is looked on with some mistrust. In Kantian-inf.uenced movies, business people have come to play the evil antagonist; they seek gain instead of.the good. How would Adam Smith, the f.ther of.economic rationality, respond to popularized Kantian morality？

关键词： Smith Kant Hollywood

Marx＇s Concept of.Alienation： With a Brief.Assessment

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Journal of.Philosophy Study 2015年第1期5卷 1-15页

作者： james f. Pontuso Hampden-Sydney College

Since the collapse of.Euro-Communism in 1989, the ideas of.Marx have largely been discarded as little more than historical relics. There is a good reason f.r the neglect. The governments that Marxism spawns are among the most brutal in history. Equally condemnable f.r a philosopher who bases his theory on a science of.historical development, most of.Marx＇s key predictions turn out to be incorrect. What then is lef. of.Marx＇s principles？ This paper argues that Marx is best understood as a critic of.the injustice of.industrial societies. Marx＇s essential critical concept is alienation. The paper presents the f.rst complete analysis of.Marx＇s treatment of.alienation and of.ers a brief.assessment of.how this concept applies to our time.

关键词： Marx alienation postmodemor not to Marx

The song remains the same： Juvenile Richardson＇s ground squirrels do not respond dif.erentially to mother＇s or colony member＇s alarm calls

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Current Zoology 2012年第5期58卷 773-780页

作者： james f. HARE Kurtis J. WARKENTIN Department of.Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2N2 Department of.Zoology Brandon University Brandon MB R7A 6A9

Alarm calls are emitted by Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii in response to avian and terrestrial predators. Conspecif.cs detecting these calls respond with increased vigilance, promoting predator detection and evasion, but in doing so, lose time f.om f.raging. That loss can be minimized if.alarm call recipients discriminate among signalers, and weight their response accordingly. f.r juvenile ground squirrels, we predicted that the trade-of. between f.raging and vigilance could be optimized via selective response to alarm calls emitted by their own dam, and/or neighboring colony members over calls broad- cast by less f.miliar conspecif.cs. Alarm calls of.adult f.male Richardson＇s ground squirrels were elicited in the f.eld using a predator model and recorded on digital audio tape. f.ee-living f.cal juveniles were subjected to playbacks of.a call of.their mother, and on a separate occasion a call f.om either another adult f.male f.om their own colony, or an adult f.male f.om another colony. Neither immediate postural responses and escape behavior, nor the duration of.vigilance manif.sted by juveniles dif.ered with exposure to alarm calls of.the three adult f.male signaler types. Thus, juveniles did not respond pref.rentially to alarm calls emitted by their mothers or colony members, likely ref.ecting the high cost of.ignoring alarm signals where receivers have had limited opportunity to establish past signaler reliability [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 773-780, 2012].

关键词： Alarm Signal Communication Maternal Call Recognition Signal Reliability Ground Squirrel Social Discrimination

The integrated use of.chemical insecticides and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinemema carpocapsae （Nematoda： Steinernematidae）, f.r the control of.sweetpotato whitef.y, Bemisia tabaci （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae）

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Insect Science 2008年第5期15卷 447-453页

作者： Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson james J. Mathers Phil Northing Anthony J. Prickett Keith f. A. Waiters Central Science Laboratory Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ UK

The integration of.chemical insecticides and inf.ctive juveniles of.the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae （Wesier）（Nematoda： Steinernematidae）, to control second instars of.the sweetpotato whitef.y, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） was investigated. Using a sand bioassay, the ef.ects of.direct exposure of.S. carpocapsae f.r 24 h to f.eld rate dilutions of.f.ur insecticides （spiromesif.n, thiacloprid, imidacloprid and pymetrozine） on inf.ctivity to Galleria mellonella larvae were tested. Although all chemicals tested, except spiromesif.n, produced acceptable nematode inf.ctivity rates, they were all signif.cantly less than the water control. The ef.ect of.insecticide treatment （dry residues of.spiromesif.n, thiacloprid and pymetrozine and soil drench of.imidacloprid） on the ef.icacy of.the nematode against B. tabaci was also investigated. Nematodes in combination with thiacloprid and spiromesif.n gave higher B. tabaci mortality （86.5% and 94.3% respectively） compared to using nematodes alone （75.2%） on tomato plants. There was no signif.cant dif.erence in B. tabaci mortality when using the chemicals imidacloprid, pymetrozine and spiromesif.n in conjunction with nematodes compared to using the chemicals alone. However, using thiacloprid in combination with the nematodes produced signif.cantly higher B. tabaci mortality than using the chemical alone. The integration of.S. carpocapsae and these chemical agents into current integrated pest management programmes f.r the control of.B. tabaci is discussed.

关键词： entomopathogenic nematode inf.ctivity insecticide residue pest management

Modeling the Newtonian dynamics f.r rotation curve analysis of.thin-disk galaxies

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2011年第12期11卷 1429-1448页

作者： james Q.f.ng C.f.Gallo Superconix Inc 2440 Lisbon AvenueLake ElmoMN 55042USA

We present an ef.icient, robust computational method f.r modeling the Newtonian dynamics f.r rotation curve analysis of.thin-disk galaxies. With appropriate mathematical treatments, the apparent numerical dif.iculties associated with singularities in computing elliptic integrals are completely removed. Using a boundary element discretization procedure, the governing equations are transf.rmed into a linear algebra matrix equation that can be solved by straightf.rward Gauss elimination in one step without f.rther iterations. The numerical code implemented according to our algorithm can accurately determine the surf.ce mass density distribution in a disk galaxy f.om a measured rotation curve （or vice versa）. f.r a disk galaxy with a typical f.at rotation curve, our modeling results show that the surf.ce mass density monotonically decreases f.om the galactic center toward the periphery, according to Newtonian dynamics. In a large portion of.the galaxy, the surf.ce mass density f.llows an approximately exponential law of.decay with respect to the galactic radial coordinate. Yet the radial scale length f.r the surf.ce mass density seems to be generally larger than that of.the measured brightness distribution, suggesting an increasing mass-tolight ratio with the radial distance in a disk galaxy. In a nondimensionalized f.rm, our mathematical system contains a dimensionless parameter which we call the ＂galactic rotation number＂ that represents the gross ratio of.centrif.gal f.rce and gravitational f.rce. The value of.this galactic rotation number is determined as part of.the numerial solution. Through a systematic computational analysis, we have illustrated that the galactic rotation number remains within 4-10% of.1.70 f.r a wide variety of.rotation curves. This implies that the total mass in a disk galaxy is proportional to V02 Rg, with V0 denoting the characteristic rotation velocity （such as the ＂f.at＂ value in a typical ro- tation curve） and Rg the radius of.the galacti

关键词： galaxy: disk -- galaxies: general -- galaxies: kinematics and dynamics -- galaxies: structure -- methods: numerical and analytical

Multi-scale magnetic resonance measurements and validation of.Discrete Element Model simulations

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Particuology 2011年第4期9卷 330-341页

作者： Christoph R. Müller Daniel J. Holland james R. Third Andrew J. Sederman John S. Dennis Lynn f. Gladden Institute of.Energy Technology Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Department of.Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge

This short review describes the capabilities of.magnetic resonance （MR） to image opaque single- and two-phase granular systems, such as rotating cylinders and gas-f.uidized beds operated in dif.erent f.uidization regimes. The unique capability of.MR to not only image the solids＇ distribution （voidage） but also the velocity of.the particulate phase is clearly shown. It is demonstrated that MR can provide measurements over dif.erent length and time scales. With the MR equipment used f.r the studies summarized here, temporal and spatial scales range f.om sub-millisecond to hours and f.om a f.w hundred micrometres to a f.w centimetres, respectively. Besides providing crucial data required f.r an improved understanding of.the underlying physics of.granular f.ows, multi-scale MR measurements were also used to validate numerical simulations of.granular systems. It is shown that predictions of.time-averaged properties, such as voidage and velocity of.the particulate phase, made using the Discrete Element Model agree very well with MR measurements.

关键词： Discrete Element Modelling Magnetic resonance imaging MultiscaleGas-f.uidized beds Rotating cylinders