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Methods for improving thermal tolerance in military personnel prior to deployment

Military Medical Research 2021年第3期8卷 405-423页

作者： Edward Tom Ashworth james david cotter Andrew Edward Kilding Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand(SPRINZ) Auckland University of Technology17 Antares PlaceRosedaleAuckland 0632New Zealand School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtago 9016New Zealand

Acute exposure to heat, such as that experienced by people arriving into a hotter or more humid environment, can compromise physical and cognitive performance as well as health. In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing, carried loads, and unique activity profiles, making them susceptible to heat illnesses. As the operational environment is dynamic and unpredictable, strategies to minimize the effects of heat should be planned and conducted prior to deployment. This review explores how heat acclimation(HA) prior to deployment may attenuate the effects of heat by initiating physiological and behavioural adaptations to more efficiently and effectively protect thermal homeostasis, thereby improving performance and reducing heat illness risk. HA usually requires access to heat chamber facilities and takes weeks to conduct, which can often make it impractical and infeasible, especially if there are other training requirements and expectations. Recent research in athletic populations has produced protocols that are more feasible and accessible by reducing the time taken to induce adaptations, as well as exploring new methods such as passive HA. These protocols use shorter HA periods or minimise additional training requirements respectively, while still invoking key physiological adaptations, such as lowered core temperature, reduced heart rate and increased sweat rate at a given intensity. For deployments of special units at short notice(< 1 day) it might be optimal to use heat re-acclimation to maintain an elevated baseline of heat tolerance for long periods in anticipation of such an event. Methods practical for military groups are yet to be fully understood, therefore further investigation into the effectiveness of HA methods is required to establish the most effective and feasible approach to implement them within military groups.

关键词： Heat acclimation Thermoregulation Heat illness Physiology Human Conditioning Military

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Silk-based nerve guidance conduits with macroscopic holes modulate the vascularization of regenerating rat sciatic nerve

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1789-1800页

作者： Carina Hromada Patrick Heimel Markus Kerbl LászlóGál Sylvia Nürnberger Barbara Schaedl james Ferguson Nicole Swiadek Xavier Monforte Johannes C.Heinzel Antal Nógrádi Andreas H.Teuschl-Woller david Hercher Department Life Science Engineering University of Applied Sciences Technikum WienViennaAustria Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration ViennaAustria Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVAViennaAustria University Clinic of Dentistry Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryLandesklinikum Wiener Neustadt2700 Wiener NeustadtAustria Department of Anatomy Histology and EmbryologyAlbert Szent-Györgyi Medical SchoolUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary Medical University of Vienna Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryDevision of Trauma SurgeryViennaAustria Department of Hand- PlasticReconstructive and Burn SurgeryBG Unfallklinik TuebingenUniversity of TuebingenTuebingenGermany

Peripheral nerve injuries induce a severe motor and sensory deficit. Since the availability of autologous nerve transplants for nerve repair is very limited, alternative treatment strategies are sought, including the use of tubular nerve guidance conduits(tNGCs). However, the use of tNGCs results in poor functional recovery and central necrosis of the regenerating tissue, which limits their application to short nerve lesion defects(typically shorter than 3 cm). Given the importance of vascularization in nerve regeneration, we hypothesized that enabling the growth of blood vessels from the surrounding tissue into the regenerating nerve within the tNGC would help eliminate necrotic processes and lead to improved regeneration. In this study, we reported the application of macroscopic holes into the tubular walls of silk-based tNGCs and compared the various features of these improved silk^(+) tNGCs with the tubes without holes(silk^(–) tNGCs) and autologous nerve transplants in an 8-mm sciatic nerve defect in rats. Using a combination of micro-computed tomography and histological analyses, we were able to prove that the use of silk^(+) tNGCs induced the growth of blood vessels from the adjacent tissue to the intraluminal neovascular formation. A significantly higher number of blood vessels in the silk^(+) group was found compared with autologous nerve transplants and silk^(–), accompanied by improved axon regeneration at the distal coaptation point compared with the silk^(–) tNGCs at 7 weeks postoperatively. In the 15-mm(critical size) sciatic nerve defect model, we again observed a distinct ingrowth of blood vessels through the tubular walls of silk^(+) tNGCs, but without improved functional recovery at 12 weeks postoperatively. Our data proves that macroporous tNGCs increase the vascular supply of regenerating nerves and facilitate improved axonal regeneration in a short-defect model but not in a critical-size defect model. This study suggests that further optimizatio

关键词： axon regeneration blood vessel functional recovery macroporous nerve lesion peripheral nerve repair sciatic nerve silk-based nerve guidance conduit vascularization

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Numerical simulations for MHD coronal seismology

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2014年第7期14卷 805-830页

作者： david james Pascoe Centre for Fusion Space and AstrophysicsPhysics DepartmentUniversity of WarwickUK

Magnetohydrodynamic（MHD） processes are important for the transfer of energy over large scales in plasmas and so are essential to understanding most forms of dynamical activity in the solar atmosphere. The introduction of transverse structuring into models for the corona modifies the behavior of MHD waves through processes such as dispersion and mode coupling. Exploiting our understanding of MHD waves with the diagnostic tool of coronal seismology relies upon the development of sufficiently detailed models to account for all the features in observations. The development of realistic models appropriate for highly structured and dynamical plasmas is often beyond the domain of simple mathematical analysis and so numerical methods are employed. This paper reviews recent numerical results for seismology of the solar corona using MHD.

关键词： MHD -- methods: numerical -- Sun: corona -- Sun: magnetic fields --Sun: oscillations -- waves

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Targeting muscle to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1653-1654页

作者： david Villarroel-Campos james N.Sleigh Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK UK Dementia Research Institute University College LondonLondonUK

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(CMT)is a hereditary peripheral neuropathy causing muscle weakness/wasting and sensory dysfunction predominantly in limb *** patients display gait abnormalities,foot deformities,loss of sens... 详细信息

关键词： Marie sensation neuropathy

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Evaluating Land Use and Emergency Management Plans for Natural Hazards as a Function of Good Governance:A Case Study from New Zealand

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第1期6卷 62-74页

作者： Wendy Saunders Emily Grace james Beban david Johnston GNS Science School of Psychology Massey University Joint Centre of Disaster ResearchMassey University

Plan evaluation is of utmost importance as a function of good governance. It provides a means to improve the institutional basis for implementing land use controls, provides an important opportunity to improve future plans to reduce risk, and improves the vision for sustainable development and management. This article provides an overview of the methods and findings of a plan evaluation project undertaken in New Zealand. The project analyzed 99 operative plans, provided in-depth analysis of ten plans, and included a capability and capacity study of councils. This is the first time all operative plans in New Zealand have had their natural hazard provisions assessed in this manner. The information provides an important baseline for future policy improvements, and a basis for future research and policy directions. The project found that, while New Zealand land use plans appear to be improving over time, there are still opportunities for improvement. These include improving linkages between objectives, policies, and rules within land use plans; and strengthening the linkages between land use and emergency management plans. The largest challenge is the accessibility, understanding of, and updating of hazard information.

关键词： Emergency management plans Land use plans Natural hazards New Zealand Plan evaluation

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Soil Organic Carbon in a Changing World

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Pedosphere 2017年第5期27卷 789-791页

作者： JIA Zhongjun Yakov KUZYAKOV david MYROLD james TIEDJE State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008(China) Agro-Technology Institute RUDN UniversityMoscow 115419(Russia) Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RASPushchino 142290(Russia) Department of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallis OR 97881(USA) Center for Microbial Ecology Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing MI 48824-1325(USA)

Soil contains more than three times as much carbon (C) as either the atmosphere or terrestrial *** organic C (SOC) is essentially derived from inputs of plant and animal residues,which are processed by the microbiota (bacteria,archaea,protists,fungi and viruses) that dominates SOC transformation and turnover in complex terrestrial environments.A

关键词：土壤有机碳世界陆地植被生物处理古细菌碳含量 SOC 微生物

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Accelerating phase-field-based microstructure evolution predictions via surrogate models trained by machine learning methods

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npj Computational Materials 2021年第1期7卷 9-19页

作者： david Montes de Oca Zapiain james A.Stewart Rémi Dingreville Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM 87185USA Energetic Materials Dynamic and Reactive Science Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM 87185USA

The phase-field method is a powerful and versatile computational approach for modeling the evolution of microstructures and associated properties for a wide variety of physical,chemical,and biological ***,existing high-fidelity phase-field models are inherently computa fonally expensive,requiring high-performance computing resources and sophisticated numefical integration schemes to achieve a useful degree of *** this paper,we present a computationally inexpensive,accurate,data-driven surmogate model that directly learns the microstructural evolution of targeted systems by combining phase-field and history-dependent machine-learning *** integrate a statisti cally representative,low-dimensianal description of the micrastructure,obtained direcdy from phase-field simulations,with either a time-series multivariate adaptive regression splines autoregressive al garithm or a lang short-term memory neural *** neural-network-trained surrogate model shows the bestperformance and accurately predicts the nanlinear microstructure evolutian of a two-phase mixture during spinodal decomposition in seconds,without the need for"on-the-fly"solutions of the phase-field equations of *** also show that the predictions from our machine learned surrogate model can be fed directly as an input into a classical high-fideli ty phase-field model in order to accelerate the high-fidelity phase field simulations by leaping in *** machine-learned phase-field framework opens a promising path forward to use accelerated phase field simulations for discovering,understanding,and predicting processing-microstructure-performance relationships.

关键词： phase versatile statist

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Identifying coastal towns and small cities in Denmark using global population data to support climate change adaptation

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2020年第9期13卷 1040-1054页

作者： james M.Fitton Martin Lehmann david C.Major Department of Planning Aalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark The Earth Institute Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA

Coastal settlements face many hazards from climate ***,there has been extensive focus on developing and implementing ***,these efforts have prodominantly centred on larger *** towns and small cities(urban areas between 1000 and 100,000 people)have received little attention,despite experiencing a number of barriers to *** absence of information on the global scale of the adaptation challenge within coastal towns and small cities may have contributed to these settlements being *** paper develops a method that can be used to estimate the numbers,sizes,and locations of coastal towns and small cities worldwide from global population data(Global Human Settlement data).Denmark is used as a pilot for this method with settlements over 1000 people classified with relatively high *** method developed here represents a potentially fruitful approach to supporting coastal adaptation,as coastal towns and small cities are identifiable globally,they can be classified into *** will support an assessment of their risk to coastal hazards,and could facilitate knowledge and practice sharing between similar coastal towns and small cities.

关键词： Climate change adaptation global data coastal hazards Denmark small urban areas

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A new portable in situ flume for measuring critical shear stress on river beds

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第2期36卷 235-242页

作者： Cheng He james Nodwell Taylor Quintin Rochfort david Nguyen National Water Research Institute Environment and Climate Change Canada Department of Environmental Engineering University of Guelph

A new portable in situ flume(PISF) for measuring critical bed shear stress(CBSS) was developed in this study. The PISF consists of an open bottom sediment erosion chamber and an electrically-driven *** most existing in situ flumes with similar designs, the new PISF does not rely on monitoring the flow conditions or particle density in the sediment erosion chamber; instead, it is a pre-calibrated *** calibration was performed by first determining CBSS of various selected sediment samples of known particle size and density(using the law of the wall), based on flow velocity-depth profiles measured in a6 m straight open-channel flume using a Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) system. These same particles of known CBSS were then used in the new in-situ flume under controlled lab conditions to obtain a series of calibration curves of CBSS vs. pump electrical power. A wide variety of particle types and sizes(simulated sediments) were used in this two-step calibration procedure to widen CBSS measurement range and simulate cohesive force effects. The size of the PISF is much smaller and more practical than other similar devices as lamellar flow conditions are not required and it can be applied to a wide range of sediment types including cohesive sediments.

关键词： Sediment erosion In situ flume Critical bed shear stress Particle image velocimetry Law of the wall

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Semi-transparent,flexible,and electrically conductive silicon mesh by capillarity-driven welding of vapor-liquid-solid-grown nanowires over large areas

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Nano Research 2020年第5期13卷 1465-1471页

作者： Thomas A.Celano Seokhyoung Kim david J.Hill james F.Cahoon Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599-3290USA

Bottom-up synthesis of semiconductor nanowires(NWs)by the vapor-liquid-solid(VLS)mechanism has enabled diverse technological applications for these *** metallic NWs,however,it has been challenging to form large-area interconnected NW ***,we generate centimeter-scale meshes of mechanically and electrically interconnected Si NWs by sequentially growing,collapsing,and joining the NWs using a capillarity-driven welding *** fabricate meshes from VLS-grown NWs ranging in diameter from 20 to 100 nm and find that the meshes are three-dimensional with a thickness ranging from^1 to^10 microns depending on the NW *** extinction measurements reveal that the networks are semi-transparent with a color that depends on the absorption and scattering characteristics of individual ***,active voltage contrast imaging of both centimeter-and micron-scale meshes reveals widespread electrical *** a sacrificial layer,we demonstrate that the mesh can be liberated from the growth substrate,yielding a highly flexible and transparent *** transport measurements both on the growth substrate and on liberated,flexible films reveal electrical conduction across a centimeter scale with a sheet resistance of^160-180 kΩ/square that does not change significantly upon *** the ability to encode complex functionality in semiconductor NWs through the VLS process,we believe these meshes of networked NWs could find application as neuromorphic memory,electrode scaffolds,and bioelectronic interfaces.

关键词： semiconductor nanowire conductive network flexible electronics welding thermal annealing active-voltage contrast

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