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Va.ia.le Responses to CO₂ of the Dura.ion of Vegeta.ive Growth a.d Yield within a.Ma.urity Group in Soybea.s

a.erica. Journa. of Pla.t Sciences 2016年第13期7卷 1759-1764页

作者： james a. bunce Crop Systems a.d Globa. Cha.ge La.ora.ory USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville USA

Prior experiments in indoor cha.bers a.d in the field using free-a.r ca.bon dioxide enrichment (Fa.E) systems indica.ed va.ia.ion a.ong soybea. cultiva.s in whether a.d how much eleva.ed CO2 prolonged vegeta.ive development. However, the cultiva.s tested differed in ma.urity group, a.d it is not known whether va.ia.ion exists in CO2 effects on the dura.ion of vegeta.ive growth within a.ma.urity group. In these experiments, a.tota. of five soybea. cultiva.s of ma.urity group IV were grown a. a.bient a.d eleva.ed CO2 in the field in Ma.yla.d, USa.using Fa.E systems, over three yea.s. The time of first flowering, the time of the first open flowers a. the a.ex of the ma.n stem, the tota. number of ma.n stem nodes a. ma.urity, a.d seed yield were recorded. In ea.h yea. of the study, there were cultiva.s in which eleva.ed CO2 did not a.fect the dura.ion of vegeta.ive growth or the ma.n stem node number, a.d other cultiva.s in which eleva.ed CO2 prolonged vegeta.ive growth a.d increa.ed the number of ma.n stem nodes a.d seed yield a. ma.urity. The stimula.ion in yield by eleva.ed CO2 wa. highly correla.ed with the increa.e in the number of ma.n stem nodes, indica.ing tha. CO2 effects on the dura.ion of vegeta.ive growth ma. be importa.t in a.a.ting soybea. to higher a.mospheric CO2.

关键词： Soybea. Eleva.ed CO2 Yield Flowering

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Eleva.ed Ca.bon Dioxide a.ters the Rela.ive Fitness of <i>Ta.a.a.um officina.e</i>Genotypes

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a.erica. Journa. of Pla.t Sciences 2012年第2期3卷 202-208页

作者： james a. bunce Crop Systems a.d Globa. Cha.ge La.ora.ory USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville Maryland USA.

I tested whether eleva.ed [CO2] a.fected which genotypes of Ta.a.a.um officina.e ha. highest fitness in two field experiments. In one experiment, T. officina.e pla.ts which persisted a. weeds in a.fa.fa.plots in open top cha.bers a. a.bient a.d eleva.ed [CO2] were compa.ed. In a.second experiment, T. officina.e seeds collected from loca. ha.ita.s were mixed a.d sca.tered in open top cha.bers a. a.bient a.d eleva.ed [CO2], a.d pla.ts producing seeds a.ter one a.d two yea.s in monocultures were compa.ed. In both experiments seeds produced in ea.h cha.ber were collected, a.d ma.y pla.ts from the seed lot from ea.h cha.ber were grown in controlled environment cha.bers to test whether the [CO2] of the cha.ber of origin a.fected the mea. va.ue of va.ious pla.t pa.a.eters. In both experiments, the results indica.ed tha. field exposure to eleva.ed [CO2] a.tered the rela.ive fitness of genotypes. Eleva.ed [CO2] fa.ored genotypes which produced bioma.s more ra.idly a. eleva.ed [CO2] in both experiments, prima.ily beca.se of fa.ter ra.es of lea. initia.ion. The results suggest tha. genotypes of this species va.y widely in fitness a. eleva.ed [CO2] whether grown in monocultures or in mixed communities, a.d tha. this species could a.a.t ra.idly to rising a.mospheric [CO2].

关键词： Da.delion Ta.a.a.um officina.e Eleva.ed Ca.bon Dioxide Fitness Growth Photosynthesis Lea. Initia.ion a.a.ta.ion

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Corn Growth Response to Eleva.ed CO<sub>2</sub>Va.ies with the a.ount of Nitrogen a.plied

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a.erica. Journa. of Pla.t Sciences 2014年第3期5卷 306-312页

作者： james a. bunce Crop Systems a.d Globa. Cha.ge La.ora.ory United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service (USDA- ARS) Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville USA

Corn, with C4 photosynthetic meta.olism, often ha. no photosynthetic or yield response to eleva.ed ca.bon dioxide concentra.ions. In C3 species, the yield stimula.ion a. eleva.ed ca.bon dioxide concentra.ions often decrea.es with nitrogen limita.ion. I tested whether such a.nitrogen intera.tion occurred in corn, by growing sweet corn in field plots in open top cha.bers a. a.bient a.d eleva.ed (a.bient + 180 mmol·mol-1) ca.bon dioxide concentra.ions for four sea.ons, with six nitrogen a.plica.ion ra.es, ra.ging from ha.f to twice the loca.ly recommended ra.e. a. the recommended ra.e of nitrogen a.plica.ion, no ca.bon dioxide effect on production occurred. However, both ea. a.d lea. plus stem bioma.s were lower for the eleva.ed ca.bon dioxide trea.ment tha. for the a.bient trea.ment a. less tha. the recommended ra.e of nitrogen a.plica.ion, a.d higher a. the highest ra.es of nitrogen a.plica.ion. There were no significa.t responses of mid-da. lea. ga. excha.ge ra.es to nitrogen a.plica.ion ra.e for either ca.bon dioxide trea.ment, a.d eleva.ed ca.bon dioxide did not significa.tly increa.e lea. ca.bon dioxide a.simila.ion ra.es a. a.y nitrogen level. Lea. a.ea.index during vegeta.ive growth increa.ed more with nitrogen a.plica.ion ra.e a. eleva.ed tha. a. a.bient ca.bon dioxide. It is concluded tha. eleva.ed ca.bon dioxide increa.ed the responsiveness of corn growth to nitrogen a.plica.ion by increa.ing the response of lea. a.ea.to nitrogen a.plica.ion ra.e, a.d tha. eleva.ed ca.bon dioxide increa.ed the a.ount of nitrogen required to a.hieve ma.imum yields.

关键词： Corn Yield Nitrogen Eleva.ed CO2 Photosynthesis Stoma.a. Conducta.ce Lea. a.ea Index

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Responses of Flowering Time to Eleva.ed Ca.bon Dioxide a.ong Soybea. Photoperiod Isolines

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a.erica. Journa. of Pla.t Sciences 2016年第6期7卷 773-779页

作者： james a. bunce Wilbert Cruz Hila.ondo USDa.a.S Crop Systems a.d Globa. Cha.ge La.ora.ory Beltsville MD USA Instituto Na.iona.e de Innova.ion a.ra.ia La Molina Peru

Cha.ges in the phenology of flowering in soybea.s ca.sed by long-term growth a. eleva.ed CO2 ma. be importa.t to the responses of seed yield to eleva.ed CO2. Here we utilized nea.-isogenic lines of soybea.s differing in three genes influencing photoperiod sensitivity to determine whether these genes a.fected the response of flowering time to eleva.ed CO2. Six isolines of Ha.osoy 63 were grown a. a.bient (380 μmol?mol-1) a.d eleva.ed (560 μmol?mol-1) CO2 concentra.ions in the field using free-a.r CO2 enrichment systems, in a.r-conditioned gla.shouses with na.ura. summer photoperiods, a.d in indoor cha.bers with da. lengths of 11, 13, 15, a.d 17 hours. The effect of CO2 concentra.ion on flowering time va.ied with genotype, a.d there wa. a.so a. intera.tion between CO2 a.d photoperiod in a.l genotypes, a. indica.ed by a.OVa. Eleva.ed CO2 a.celera.ed flowering in some ca.es, a.d dela.ed it in other ca.es. For a.l three of the isolines with single domina.t genes, eleva.ed CO2 decrea.ed the da.s to first open flower a. the longest photoperiod. a. the shortest photoperiod, eleva.ed CO2 dela.ed flowering in a.l but one isoline. The a.l-recessive isoline ha. slower flowering a. eleva.ed CO2 a. both the shortest a.d the longest photoperiods, a.d a.so in the field a.d in the gla.shouse. Dela.ed flowering a. eleva.ed CO2 in the field a.d gla.shouse wa. a.socia.ed with a. increa.ed fina. number of ma.n stem nodes. It is concluded tha. the E1, E3, a.d E4 genes ea.h influenced how the time to first flowering wa. a.fected by CO2 concentra.ion a. long photoperiods.

关键词： Ca.bon Dioxide Concentra.ion Flowering Soybea. Photoperiod Isolines

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