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Externally-induced meditative states： an exploratory fMRI study of architects＇ responses to contemplative architecture

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2017年第2期6卷 123-136页

作者： Julio Bermudez David Krizaj David L. Lipschitz Charles Eiliott Bueler jadwiga rogowska Deborah Yurgelun-Todd Yoshio Nakamura School of Architecture and Planning The Catholic University of America 620 Michigan Ave. NE Washington DC 20064 USA Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy School of Medicine University of Utah 65 Maria Capecchi Dr. Salt Lake City UT 84132 USA Utah Center for Exploring Mind-Body Interactions Pain Research Center Department of Anesthesiology University of Utah 615 Arapeen Drive Suite 200 Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory Department of Psychiatry University of Utah 383 Colorow Drive Room 323 Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA

Built environments can induce contemplative states, but direct evidence for their impact on the brain is lacking. This exploratory work investigated brain correlates of internal states elicited by architecture designed for contemplative experience. Functional MRI and self-reports of 12 architects were assessed to study their responses to photographs of ordinary and contemplative architectures. Images of contemplative buildings：（1） induced attentive, receptive, and absorbing experiences and diminished internal dialogue; （2） involved decreased engagement of prefrontal cortex; and （3） activated the occipital lobe, precentra[ gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule. They suggest that viewing buildings designed for contemplation may evoke experiential and brain signatures that consistently differ from those induced by buildings that serve everyday functions. The depth of such externally induced states was inversely correlated with the engagement of the Default Mode Network. Our study points toward a novel avenue for investigating how contemplation can be cultivated in the human brain/mind.

关键词： ContempLation Meditation Architecture Embodiment Phenomenotogy Neuroscience

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Toxicity studies of elemental sulfur in marine sediments

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2018年第2期33卷 191-197页

作者： Monika Cieszynska-Semenowicz Justyna rogowska Wojciech Ratajczyk Joanna Ratajczyk Lidia Wolska Department of Environmental Toxicology Faculty of Health Sciences Medical University of Gdansk

Elemental sulfur(ES) is a component essential for proper development of animals, but it can be toxic for aquatic organisms. The objectives of the study reported here included determination of ES concentrations in sediment collected in the area of the Gulf of Gdansk(Baltic Sea) and search for the possible correlations with the ecotoxicity results. Sediment samples were collected from four locations: the Vistula River mouth, in the Port Basin, in the area of discharge of the treated wastewater from the Wastewater Treatment Plant(WWTP) and in the area of the sunken World War Ⅱ s/s 'Stuttgart' shipwreck. The levels of elemental sulfur were determined using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer(GC-MS). Toxicity of marine sediment samples was estimated for three biotest organisms-bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, crustacean Heterocypris incongruens, and Synapis alba plant. The highest toxicity of sediments for all indicator organisms was observed in samples taken at the place of the shipwreck(2-100%). The same samples had a high sulfur content(16.7-143.2 μg/g dry weight(d.w.))therefore, it was decided to investigate whether the presence of ES in the sediment in the studied area can have an impact on the results of the ecotoxicity determination in real samples. However, the removal of sulfur from the samples resulted in no significant changes in the level of toxicity of the samples. In this research it could not be confirmed that the presence of elemental sulfur is the only factor responsible for the observed sediment toxicity. It seems that other compounds or their mixtures present in the sediment may have a significant influence on the results obtained.

关键词： Elemental sulfur(ES) Ecotoxicity Sediment Aquatic environment

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