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Shifting dynamics of nature, society and agriculture in the Hindu Kush Himalayas: Perspectives for future mountain development

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第5期16卷 1133-1149页

作者： BHATTA Laxmi Dutt SHRESTHA Anil NEUPANE Nilhari jodha narpat singh WU Ning International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Department of Viticulture and Enology California State UniversityFresno Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)

Current approaches for sustainable mountain development have several persisting warning signals. Economic globalization, profitoriented market development, and infrastructure development have significantly altered traditional nature-society interactions, increased environmental pressures, and challenged agricultural sustainability in the mountains. Some of the effects of globalization could also be beneficial. Social differentiation and disintegration of mountain communities' have weakened their collective stakes on natural resources resulting in decline in initiatives such as community forestry, collective water management, domestication of rapidly disappearing herbal species, and balancing of economic and ecological concerns. Population growth, food insecurity, unemployment, and increasing economic gaps between rich and poor have led to out-migration of youth. Sustained action promoting ownership of new initiatives for rehabilitating degraded mountain landscapes through macro-level global/national initiatives, mountain specific planning and development efforts is severely lacking in many areas on the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for widening the scope of efforts directed to help mountain areas and communities, and a future thinking approach to enhance the sustainability of mountain areas as they are a valuable natural resource for humankind. This paper discusses the issues, opportunities, and provides suggestions for the future of mountain development.

关键词： Environment Migration Mountain agriculture Mountain development Sustainability

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Mountain Commons: Changing Space and Status at Community Levels in the Himalayas

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Journal of Mountain Science 2007年第2期4卷 124-135页

作者： narpat S. jodha International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) G.P.O. Box 3226 Kathmandu Nepal Sr. Research Associate (Policy Analyst)

This paper deals with the imperatives of nature-society interaction in the Himalayas as seen through CPR (Common Property Resources). It specifically looks at the process and factors that characterize the dynamics of the above interactions, with particular reference to the changing status and governance of CPRs at community levels. The paper puts together the synthesis of observations and inferences of different studies by ICIMOD and others in mountain regions, particularly in different parts of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan. Rural CPRs (providing sustenance supplies and services) as an important component of a community’s natural resource base, manifest the institutional arrangements evolved by the communities to facilitate their adaptations to nature. The above process can be more clearly illustrated with reference to specific characteristics of mountain areas, called mountain specificities. However, over time, the situation of CPRs in terms of their extent and status, governance and management as well as contributions to community sustenance, has changed. The paper attempts toindicate potential lead lines for searching options for rehabilitation of CPRs, based on a closer under- standing of the factors contributing to their decline.

关键词：自然-社会关系普通自然资源山脉喜马拉雅山

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