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Temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the Makarov Basin during the ice camp observation in summer 2010

Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第11期34卷 118-125页

作者： GUO Guijun SHI Jiuxin jiao yutian College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education

Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer （rWML）. The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer （ML） to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support （0.7＋0.3） cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the rWML. Heat flux from ML into rWML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water （AW） across the base of rWML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer （CHL）, reaches 0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the rWML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of rWML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of rWML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.

关键词： sea ice heat flux remnant of winter mixed layer heat content Makarov Basin

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Turbulent mixing in the upper ocean of the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2016年第3期35卷 1-9页

作者： GUO Guijun SHI Jiuxin jiao yutian Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ocean University of China College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of China

Turbulent mixing in the upper ocean（30-200 m） of the northwestern Weddell Sea is investigated based on profiles of temperature,salinity and microstructure data obtained during February *** thermohaline structures are distinct due to geographic features and sea ice distribution,resulting in that turbulent dissipation rates（ε） and turbulent diffusivity（K） are vertically and spatially *** the shelf north of Antarctic Peninsula and Philip Ridge,with a relatively homogeneous vertical structure of temperature and salinity through the entire water column in the upper 200 m,both ε and K show significantly enhanced values in the order of O（10^（-7））-O（10^（-6）） W/kg and O（10^（-3））-O（10^（-2）） m^2/s respectively,about two or three orders of magnitude higher than those in the open *** intensities tend to be mild due to strong stratification in the Powell Basin and South Orkney Plateau,where s decreases with depth from O（10^（-8）） to O（10^（-9）） W/kg,while K changes vertically in an inverse direction relative to s from O（10^（-6）） to O（10^（-5）） m^2/*** the marginal ice zone,K is vertically stable with the order of10^（-4） m^2/s although both intense dissipation and strong stratification occur at depth of 50-100 m below a cold freshened mixed *** previous studies indentify wind work and tides as the primary energy sources for turbulent mixing in coastal regions,our results indicate weak relationship between K and wind stress or tidal kinetic ***,intensified mixing occurs with large bottom roughness,demonstrating that only when internal waves generated by wind and tide impinge on steep topography can the energy dissipate to support *** addition,geostrophic current flowing out of the Weddell Sea through the gap west of Philip Passage is another energy source contributing to the local intense mixing.

关键词： mixing dissipation rate turbulent diffusivity upper ocean Weddell Sea

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Surface Heat Budget and Solar Radiation Allocation at a Melt Pond During Summer in the Central Arctic Ocean

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2014年第1期13卷 45-50页

作者： ZHANG Shugang ZHAO Jinping SHI Jiuxin jiao yutian College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China

The heat budget of a melt pond surface and the solar radiation allocation at the melt pond are studied using the 2010 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition data collected in the central Arctic. Temperature at a melt pond surface is proportional to the air temperature above it. However, the linear relationship between the two varies, depending on whether the air temperature is higher or lower than 0℃. The melt pond surface temperature is strongly influenced by the air temperature when the latter is lower than 0℃. Both net longwave radiation and turbulent heat flux can cause energy loss in a melt pond, but the loss by the latter is larger than that by the former. The turbulent heat flux is more than twice the net longwave radiation when the air temperature is lower than 0℃. More than 50% of the radiation energy entering the pond surface is absorbed by pond water. Very thin ice sheet on the pond surface(black ice) appears when the air temperature is lower than 0℃; on the other hand, only a small percentage(5.5%) of net longwave in the solar radiation is absorbed by such a thin ice sheet.

关键词： heat budget melt pond solar radiation Arctic

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Deep waters warming in the Nordic seas from 1972 to 2013

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第3期34卷 18-24页

作者： WANG Xiaoyu ZHAO Jinping LI Tao ZHONG Wenli jiao yutian Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ocean University of China

The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin （GB） and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2000 and 3500 m. The ob-servations at a depth of 3000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from ？1.30°C in the early 1970s to ？0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C （the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C） in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin （LB） has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin （NB）, only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2000 m since the early 1980s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water （GSDW） is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.

关键词： Nordic seas Greenland Basin deep waters temperature variation

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Water mass of the northward throughflow in the Bering Strait in the summer of 2003

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2006年第2期25卷 25-32页

作者： ZHAO Jinping SHI Jiuxin GAO Guoping jiao yutian ZHANG Hongxin Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography of Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China North China Sea Branch of the State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266000 China

The temperature and salinity data obtained by the Chinese national arctic research expedition （CHINARE2003） are used to study the water structure in the Bering Strait and ambient regions. Four water masses appeared in the research region： the intermediate Bering Sea water mass （IBWM）, the Alaska coastal water （ACW）, the Anadyr water （AW） and the Bering shelf water （BSW）. The AW originates from the IBWM, but the upper layer water has been greatly altered. In the cruise on 28/29 July 2003, there were only the BSW and ACW in a section across the Bering Strait （BS section）, but in the September 12/13 cruise, the AW, BSW and ACW flowed parallelly into the Bering Strait. The upper waters of these water masses were all altered due to ice melting, runoff, solar radiation, and wind mixing. The waters in the central and northern parts of Bering Strait stratified by two uniform layers,were expressed as the typical feature of the water masses originating from the pacific. A two-layer structure also dominated the vertical stratification in most part of the Chukchi Sea. An obvious subseasonal variation was observed in the BS section, which caused varying transportation of fresh water, heat, and substance, and produced a long-term and extensive impact on the Arctic Ocean.

关键词： Bering Strait water mass Pacific water Arctic Ocean CHINARE2003

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Regional characteristics of sea ice thickness in Canadian shelf and Arctic Archipelago measured by Ground Penetrating Radar

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第5期34卷 110-116页

作者： LI Tao ZHAO Jinping jiao yutian HOU Jiaqiang MU Longjiang Ocean University of China Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China

Ground Penetrating Radar （GPR） measurements of sea ice thickness including undeformed ice and ridged ice were carried out in the central north Canadian Archipelago in spring 2010. Results have shown a significant spatial heterogeneity of sea ice thickness across the shelf. The undeformed multi-year fast ice of （2.05±0.09） m thick was investigated southern inshore zone of Borden island located at middle of the observational section, which was the observed maximum thickness in the field work. The less thick sea ice was sampled across a flaw lead with the thicknesses of （1.05±0.11） m for the pack ice and （1.24±0.13） m for the fast ice. At the northernmost spot of the section, the undeformed multi-year pack ice was （1.54±0.22） m thick with a ridged ice of 2.5 to 3 m, comparing to the multi-year fast ice with the thickness of （1.67±0.16） m at the southernmost station in the Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea.

关键词： Arctic sea ice thickness Canadian Archipelago Ground Penetrating Radar

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Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2005年第6期24卷 12-24页

作者： SHI Jiuxin CAO Yong ZHAO Jinping GAO Guoping jiao yutian LI Shujiang First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266061 China College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China

The upper ocean thermohaline structures in the region of the Chukchi Plateauare analyzed with the hydrographic data collected by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditionin the summer of 2003. Three types of the Pacific-origin water were found in the upper ocean,Alaska Coastal Water (ACW), summer Bering Sea Water (sBSW) and winter Bering Sea Water (wBSW) areindicated by two maximums temperature and one minimum temperature, piling up from the upper to thelower respectively. The extreme warm ACW with a maximum temperature of 1.62℃ was found in thesouthwestern Canada Basin at a depth of about 50 m. A pathway of the ACW into the basin from itsadjacent area did not existed in the expedition period. So it is speculated that the extreme warmfeature of the ACW was formed locally in 2003. The relative weak ACW occurred to the east of theChukchi Cap and in the southern Chukchi Abyssal Plain. The latter one might originate from a warmdownwelling that existed in a small canyon at the shelf break of the Chukchi Sea. The sBSW withoutthe ACW was found only at the southwestern flank of the Chukchi Cap. The ACW and the sBSW were notfound in the northernmost station at 81°N,which indicates the north boundary of the upperPacific-origin water in the Canada Basin. The wBSW, which existed in all deep stations, was exactlyuniform at temperature. The difference of the core potential temperature of the wBSW in the deepregions is only 0.08℃.

关键词： alaska coastal water bering sea water water mass arctic ocean

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Thermodynamic model of melt pond and its application during summer of 2010 in the central Arctic Ocean

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2017年第8期36卷 84-93页

作者： ZHANG Shugang BIAN Lingen ZHAO Jinping LI Min CHEN Shizhe jiao yutian CHEN Ping Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Environmental Monitoring Technology Institute of Oceanographic InstrumentationShandong Academy of SciencesQingdao 266100China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography of Ministry of Education Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China

A one-dimensional thermodynamic model of melt pond is established in this paper. The observation data measured in the summer of 2010 by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE-2010） are used to partially parameterize equations and to validate results of the model. About 85% of the incident solar radiation passed through the melt pond surface, and some of it was released in the form of sensible and latent heat. However, the released energy was very little （about 15%）, compared to the incident solar radiation. More than 58.6% of the incident energy was absorbed by melt pond water, which caused pond-covered ice melting and variation of pond water temperature. The simulated temperature of melt pond had a diurnal variation and its value ranged between 0.0~C and 0.3~C. The melting rate of upper pond-covered ice is estimated to be around two times faster than snow-covered ice. At same time, the change of melting rate was relatively quick for pond depth less than 0.4 m, while the melting rate kept relatively constant （about 1.0 cm/d） for pond depth greater than 0.4 m.

关键词： Arctic Ocean melt pond thermodynamic process melting rate

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Formation and Transportation of High-Salinity Water Produced in Polynyas South of the *** Island

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2010年第4期9卷 317-326页

作者： FU Hongli ZHAO Jinping SHI Jiuxin jiao yutian Key Laboratory of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 P. R. China

The authors studied variations of temperature and salinity in seawater under sea ice using hydrologic data collected from polynyas south of the *** Island during March of 2008 and *** results indicate that the high-salinity water found during the cruises of 2008 and 2009 was due to the formation of *** salinity observed in 2008 was higher than that in 2009 as a result of higher salt production in *** spatial distributions of high-salinity cores differed between the two *** March 2008, a southeastward flow was formed under the persistent northerly wind in the observation region, which transported the high-salinity water produced by the polynyas to the *** similar flow, however, did not exist in March 2009 because the northerly wind over the study area was interrupted by a southerly ***, the polynyas and the high-salinity water pro-duced by them existed for a short *** a result, the high-salinity water in 2009 did not spread very far, and stayed within the *** addition, during the 2009 cruise, two stages of observations in the polynyas showed the core of high-salinity water was shifted to the southwest of the *** *** result suggested that a southwestward flow might have existed in the area at the onset of the northerly wind, which was consistent with the alongshore and/or offshore flows caused by the northerly wind.

关键词： polynya high-salinity water ice production salt production

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Warming in Arctic intermediate and deep waters around Chukchi Plateau and its adjacent regions in 1999

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1312-1320页

作者： ZHAO Jinping1, GAO Guoping2 & jiao yutian1 1. First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China 2. Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China 1. First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration 266061 Qingdao China 2. Ocean University of China 266003 Qingdao China

Based on the data measured during Arctic scientific expedition of China in 1999, the characteristics of temperature and salinity distributions around the Chukchi Plateau and its ad-jacent regions have been studied. It was found that the intermediate water with temperature higher than 0.5℃ existed in all parts of a 640 km section with a maximum temperature of 0.85℃ indicating a strong signal of the warming in Arctic Intermediate Water in 1999. Two important phenomena are described in this paper. First, the temperature of warm water was horizontally nonuniform. In the area of Chukchi Plateau, the temperature was higher, the layer of warm water was thicker and the depth of the warm water core was shallower than those in the area of con-tinental slope. The horizontal nonuniformity of the temperature distribution of warming water im-plies that the upward heat flux should also be nonuniform, thus exerting different effects on sea ice thickness, ice extent, and air-sea heat exchange. The mechanism to generate higher tem-perature in the plateau region was the bypassing of current around the plateau area caused by the special local topography, which restricted water exchange across the plateau and conserved heat in the water body. Second, the deep water down to 1400 m was also warming with a tem-perature increase of 0.2℃. The warming in deep water reflects the occurrence of complicated heat redistribution processes in the intermediate water, which altered the thermal structure in the upper 1400 m. The warming data embody the obvious impact of global climate change on the Arctic Ocean and further studies are wanted.

关键词： Chukchi Plateau, Arctic Ocean, warming in intermediate water, warming in deep water.

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