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systems for Hazards Identification in High Mountain Areas: An Example from the Kullu District, Western Himalaya

Journal of Mountain science 2004年第2期1卷 115-127页

作者： james.s. Gardner Eric saczuk Department of Environment and Geography and Natural Resources Institute University of Manitoba Winnipeg ManitobaCanada .R3T 2N2Department of Environment and Geography and Natural Resources Institute University of Manitoba Winnipeg ManitobaCanada .R3T 2N2

Methods and techniques for the identification, monitoring and management of natural hazards in high mountain areas are enumerated and described. A case study from the western Himalayan Kullu District in Himachal Pradesh, India is used to illustrate some of the methods. Research on the general topic has been conducted over three decades and that in the Kullu District has been carried out since 1994. Early methods of hazards identification in high mountain areas involved intensive and lengthy fieldwork and mapping with primary reliance on interpretation of landforms, sediments and vegetation thought to be indicative of slope failures, rock falls, debris flows, floods and accelerated soil surface erosion. Augmented by the use of airphotos and ad hoc observations of specific events over time, these methods resulted in the gradual accumulation of information on hazardous sites and the beginnings of a chronology of occurrences in an area. The use of historical methods applied to written and photographic material, often held in archives and libraries, further improved the resolution of hazards information. In the past two decades, both the need for, and the ability to, accurately identify potential hazards have increased. The need for accurate information and monitoring comes about as a result of rapid growth in population, settlements, transportation infrastructure and intensified land uses and, therefore, risk and vulnerability in mountain areas. Ability has improved as the traditional methods of gathering and manipulating data have been supplemented by the use of remote sensing, automated terrain modeling, global positioning systems and geographical information systems. This paper focuses on the development and application of the latter methods and techniques to characterize and monitor hazards in high mountain areas.

关键词： Hazards mapping GIs Himalaya

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Molecular data resolve a new order of Arthoniomycetes sister to the primarily lichenized Arthoniales and composed of black yeasts, lichenicolous and rock-inhabiting species

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第3期66卷 113-137页

作者： Damien Ertz james D.Lawrey Ralph s.Common Paul Diederich Jardin botanique national de Belgique Domaine de BouchoutB-1860 MeiseBelgium Department of Environmental science and Policy George Mason University4400 University DriveFairfaxVA 22030-4444USA 534 Fenton st LansingMI 48910USA P.Diederich Musée national d’histoire naturelle 25 rue MunsterL-2160 LuxembourgLuxembourg

Lichenicolous fungi belonging to the anamorphtypified genus Phaeosporobolus and to the teleomorph-typified genus Lichenostigma were isolated in pure culture or sequenced directly,with nuLsU and mtssU sequences *** analyses place the species of Phaeosporobolusin a strongly supported clade with the generic type of Lichenostigma(***),the genus Phaeococcomyces and several melanized rock-inhabiting *** strongly supported nonlichenized lineage is sister to the primarily lichenized Arthoniales in the Arthoniomycetes and is here described as the *** new order is characterized by cells multiplying by budding,either representing black yeasts,or species in which conidiomata and ascomata are entirely made of an organised agglomeration of spherical yeast-like *** way of life is not only very different from all other Arthoniomycetes that exist only in the mycelial stage,but ascomata and conidiomata representing a dense and organised agglomeration of yeast cells might be unique amongst fungi.A further difference with the Arthoniales is the absence of *** results suggest that Phaeosporobolus usneae is the asexual stage of Lichenostigma *** species of Phaeosporobolus are transferred to the genus Lichenostigma except ***,for which the new genus Etayoa is *** genus Diederimyces is reduced into synonymy with *** other members of Lichenostigma are placed in the Dothideomycetes and are intermixed with Lichenothelia species.

关键词： Anamorphic fungi Arthoniomycetes Dothideomycetes Lichenostigmatales Phaeococcomycetaceae Yeasts

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Emulsion‑based evolution of Escherichia coli for higher growth yield on D‑xylose identifies central role of cyclic AMP

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systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing 2023年第4期3卷 730-738页

作者： james.s.Orr Edwin Zen Xiaoyi Wang Christopher V.Rao DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation UrbanaILUSA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign600 S.Mathews Ave.UrbanaIL 61801USA Core Facility Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina

D-xylose is an abundant sugar found in plant biomass and can be used as a renewable feedstock for the microbial production of diverse biofuels and ***,D-xylose metabolism is slow in many industrial microorganisms,at least as compared to glucose *** surprisingly,a number of approaches have been developed for improving D-xylose metabolism in diverse *** this work,we applied a previously developed evolution strategy based on media-in-oil emulsions for improving the growth yield of Escherichia coli NCM3722 on *** 30 rounds of evolutions,we isolated multiple mutants with increased growth yield on *** addition,we also observed similar increases in the growth *** mutants were selected for whole-genome *** mutants had an amber stop mutation in adenylate cyclase,which truncates nearly 60%of the ***,the ability of this mutant to grow on xylose indicated that truncated enzyme,lacking the C-terminal regulatory domain,is still *** other mutant had a point mutation in the cyclic AMP receptor protein(CRP),near the high affinity binding site for cyclic *** mutations,when intro-duced into wild type ***,were able to increase the growth yields at levels similar to the isolated *** addition to D-xylose,these mutant strains and their genetic mimics also exhibited higher growth rates and yields on glucose,lactose,and *** results suggest that the improved growth rates and yields are due to changes in the production and sensing of intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations and also suggest native concentrations are suboptimal with respect to the growth rate and yield under the growth conditions ***,these results may prove useful for engineering strains of *** for high-density fermentations or protein production.

关键词： Escherichia coli Xylose cAMP Adaptive laboratory evolution

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Ranking environmental and edaphic attributes driving soil microbial community structure and activity with special attention to spatial and temporal scales

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mLife 2024年第1期3卷 21-41页

作者： Vadakattu V.s.R.Gupta james M.Tiedje CsIRO Agriculture&Food UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia Centre for Microbial Ecology Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA

The incredibly complex soil microbial communities at small scales make their analysis and identification of reasons for the observed structures *** community structure is mainly a result of the inoculum(dispersal),the selective advantages of those organisms under the habitat-based environmental attributes,and the ability of those colonizers to sustain themselves over *** soil is protective,and its microbial inhabitants have long adapted to varied soil conditions,significant portions of the soil microbial community structure are likely ***,a substantial portion of the community will not correlate to often measured soil *** suggest that the drivers be ranked on the basis of their importance to the fundamental needs of the microbes:(i)those that supply energy,i.e.,organic carbon and electron acceptors;(i)environmental effectors or stressors,i.e.,pH,salt,drought,and toxic chemicals;(ii)macro-organism associations,i.e.,plants and their seasonality,animals and their fecal matter,and soil fauna;and(iv)nutrients,in order,N,P,and probably of lesser importance,other micronutrients,and *** relevance of drivers also varies with spatial and time scales,for example,aggregate to field to regional,and persistent to dynamic populations to transcripts,and with the extent of phylogenetic difference,hence phenotypic differences in organismal *** present a summary matrix to provide guidance on which drivers are important for particular studies,with special emphasis on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales,and illustrate this with genomic and population(rRNA gene)data from selected studies.

关键词： abundance community structure diversity functional microbiome microorganisms

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromobiphenyl in sediments of the Diep and Kuils Rivers in south Africa

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International Journal of sediment Research 2016年第01期31卷 61-70页

作者： Adegbenro P.Daso Olalekan s.Fatoki james P.Odendaal Department of Environmental and Occupational studies Faculty of Applied SciencesCape Peninsula University of Technology Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Department of Chemistry Faculty of Applied SciencesCape Peninsula University of Technology

This study reports the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromobiphenyl in bottom sediment of two rivers within the city of Cape *** the isolation of the target compounds by mechanical shaking technique,the routine analyses and structural elucidation of the target analytes were performed with high capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection(GC-nECD)and gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry(GC-TOF-Ms)techniques,*** mean concentrations of the total PBDE varied in the range of 0.06-2.47 ng/g in the Diep *** values were relatively higher in the Kuils *** mean concentrations of BB 153ranged from not detected(ND)-0.39 ng/***,the mean concentrations of BB 153 in the Kuils River were in the range of ND-1.21 ng/*** statistical analyses performed on these data showed that majority of the PBDE congeners,except BDE 209 had strong positive correlation with the total organic carbon(TOC).Although effluent discharges from nearby wastewater treatment plants were identified as important source of PBDEs,other notable sources,including grey water intrusion could contribute to the contamination of the upstream of both rivers.

关键词： PBDEs Bottom sediment Total organic carbon Cape Town

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sURVIVAL TRENDs IN CHILDHOOD HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIEs

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2012年第6期5卷 95-103页

作者： sTEPHANIE RICH sHIHAB ALI GEOFFREY W. CALKINs james.s. MICHAELsON Laboratory of Quantitative Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital 65 Landsdowne street Suite 200Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Laboratory of Quantitative Medicine and Departments of surgery and Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital 65 Landsdowne street Suite 200Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA

survival of patients with childhood hematological malignancies has increased markedly in the past decades. To examine the finescale details of how this progress has occurred, we carried out KaplanMeier causespecific survival analysis using the surveillance Epi demiology and End Results （sEER） dataset for patients with childhood hematologi cal malignancies Hodgkin＇s Lymphoma, NonHodgkin＇s Lymphoma, Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Myeloid Leukemia diagnosed in five eras： 1983-1987; 1988-1992; 1993-1997; 1998-2002 and 2003-2007. We generated KaplanMeier estimates of survival for each of the first 24 years after diagnosis. These figures agree with previously reported five and tenyear values and attest to the remarkable increase in survival that has occurred over the past three decades of medical progress. The trend towards progres sively increasing survival shows no sign of slowing, suggesting that we may expect further increases in survival in the years ahead. Most of the increase in survival for childhood hematological malignancies has occurred by reducing the risk of death in the first two years after diagnosis. This may be largely explained by the fact that this is the time period when patients are at highest risk of death.

关键词： Childhood hematological malignancies survival trends.

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Endophytic and pathogenic fungi of developing cranberry ovaries from flower to mature fruit:diversity and succession

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Fungal Diversity 2012年第3期54卷 101-116页

作者： Mariusz Tadych Marshall s.Bergen Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese james J.Polashock Nicholi Vorsa james F.White Jr Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers University59 Dudley RoadNew BrunswickNJ 08901USA Philip E.Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension Rutgers University125A Lake Oswego RoadChatsworthNJ 08019USA Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory USDA-ARS125A Lake Oswego RoadChatsworthNJ 08019USA

Culturable fungal population diversity and succession was investigated in developing cranberry ovaries of fruit rot-resistant and rot-susceptible cranberry selections,from flower through mature *** were recovered in culture from 1185 of 1338 ovary tissues collected from June to september,yielding 2255 isolates that represented 42 *** the season,species richness varied from 2 to 17 and 2 to 18 in rot-resistant and rotsusceptible selections,respectively,increasing from wk1 to wk10 and then gradually declining to ***-Wiener diversity index varied from 0.27 to 2.32 in rotresistant and 0.18 to 2.38 in rot-susceptible,and Pielou’s evenness index varied from 0.11 to 0.63 and 0.06 to 0.64 in rot-resistant and rot-susceptible selections,respectively,confirming that diversity of fungi in developing ovaries was similar among rot-resistant and rot-susceptible selections,but varied among sampling time *** component analysis grouped samples collected at the same sampling time point together regardless of rot susceptibility of the selections,and detected the predominant fungal species associated with each stage of *** changes were observed in populations of endophytic,pathogenic and saprophytic fungi throughout the season as ovaries matured.

关键词： Aetiology Cranberry fruit rot Pathogens Phenology Resistance Vaccinium macrocarpon

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ON INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION IN COMPLEX sERVICE sYsTEMs

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Journal of systems science and systems Engineering 2008年第4期17卷 385-415页

作者： james M.TIEN College of Engineering University of Miami Coral GablesFloridaUSA

The services sector employs a large and growing proportion of workers in the industrialized nations, and it is increasingly dependent on information and communication technologies. While the interdependences, similarities and complementarities of manufacturing and services are significant, there are considerable differences between goods and services, including the shift in focus from mass production to mass customization （whereby a service is produced and delivered in response to a customer＇s stated or imputed needs）. In general, services can be considered to be knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Like manufacturing systems, an efficient service system must be an integrated system of systems, leading to greater connectivity and interdependence. Integration must occur over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, and must include methods concerned with the component, the management, and the system. Moreover, an effective service system must also be an adaptable system, leading to greater value and responsiveness. Adaptation must occur over the dimensions of monitoring, feedback, cybernetics and learning, and must include methods concerned with space, time, and system. In sum, service systems are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of such systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation. The paper concludes with several insights, including a plea to shift the current misplaced focus on developing a science or discipline for services to further developing a systems engineering approach to services, an approach based on the integration and adaptation of a host of sciences or disciplines （e.g., physics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, sociology, etc.）. In fact, what is required is a services-related transdisciplinary - beyond a s

关键词： services service system system components system integration system adaptation system of systems decision informatics real-time decision making

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BIG DATA:UNLEAsHING INFORMATION

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Journal of systems science and systems Engineering 2013年第2期22卷 127-151页

作者： james M.TIEN College of Engineering University of Miami

At present, it is projected that about 4 zettabytes （or 10^＊＊21 bytes） of digital data are being generated per year by everything from underground physics experiments to retail transactions to security cameras to global positioning systems. In the U. s., major research programs are being funded to deal with big data in all five sectors （i.e., services, manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining） of the economy. Big Data is a term applied to data sets whose size is beyond the ability of available tools to undertake their acquisition, access, analytics and/or application in a reasonable amount of time. Whereas Tien （2003） forewarned about the data rich, information poor （DRIP） problems that have been pervasive since the advent of large-scale data collections or warehouses, the DRIP conundrum has been somewhat mitigated by the Big Data approach which has unleashed information in a manner that can support informed - yet, not necessarily defensible or valid - decisions or choices. Thus, by somewhat overcoming data quality issues with data quantity, data access restrictions with on-demand cloud computing, causative analysis with correlative data analytics, and model-driven with evidence-driven applications, appropriate actions can be undertaken with the obtained information. New acquisition, access, analytics and application technologies are being developed to further Big Data as it is being employed to help resolve the 14 grand challenges （identified by the National Academy of Engineering in 2008）, underpin the 10 breakthrough technologies （compiled by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2013） and support the Third Industrial Revolution of mass customization.

关键词： Big data data acquisition data access data analytics data application decision informatics products processes adaptive services digital manufacturing mass customization third industrial revolution

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Astaxanthin Accumulation in the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis： Effects of Cultivation Parameters

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第4期49卷 447-451页

作者： Ping He james Duncan james Barber Institute of Botany the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Division of Molecular Biosciences Imperial College London London SW7 2AY UK Graduate school of Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

The green alga, Haematococcus pluvlalis Flotow is used as a source of the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin for application in fish aquaculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Ceils of the green alga were induced by the application of different light and starvation conditions to evaluate the effect in astaxanthin accumulate. The conditions used for the Induction were high light intensity （170 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）, iron starvation, sulfur starvation and phosphate starvation. The results show that stresses applied in culture, which interfere with cell division, trigger the accumulation of astaxanthin. Notably, sulfur starvation results in a massive accumulation of this commercially important carotenoid.

关键词： astaxanthin Haematococcus pluvialis iron light phosphate stress sulfur.

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