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DeepRice: A deep learning and deep feature based classification of Rice leaf disease subtypes

Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 2024年第1期11卷 34-49页

作者： p.Isaac Ritharson Kumudha Raimond X.Anitha Mary jennifer Eunice Robert Andrew j Department of CSE Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences CoimbatoreTamilnaduIndia Department of Robotics Engineering Karunya Institute of Technology and SciencesCoimbatoreIndia Department of Mechatronics Engineering Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka 576104India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnataka 576104India

Rice stands as a crucial staple food globally,with its enduring sustainability hinging on the prompt detection of rice leaf ***,efficiently detecting diseases when they have already occurred holds paramount importance for solving the cost of manual visual identification and chemical *** the recent past,the identification of leaf pathologies in crops predominantly relies on manual methods using specialized equipment,which proves to be time-consuming and *** study offers a remedy by harnessing Deep Learning(DL)and transfer learning techniques to accurately identify and classify rice leaf diseases.A comprehensive dataset comprising 5932 self-generated images of rice leaves was assembled along with the benchmark datasets,categorized into 9 classes irrespective of the extent of disease spread across the *** classes encompass diverse states including healthy leaves,mild and severe blight,mild and severe tungro,mild and severe blast,as well as mild and severe brown *** meticulous manual labelling and dataset segmentation,which was validated by horticulture experts,data augmentation strategies were implemented to amplify the number of *** datasets were subjected to evaluation using the proposed tailored Convolutional Neural Networks *** performance are scrutinized in conjunction with alternative transfer learning approaches like VGG16,Xception,ResNet50,DenseNet121,Inception ResnetV2,and Inception *** effectiveness of the proposed custom VGG16 model was gauged by its capacity to generalize to unseen images,yielding an exceptional accuracy of 99.94%,surpassing the benchmarks set by existing state-of-the-art ***,the layer wise feature extraction is also visualized as the interpretable AI.

关键词： Rice leaf disease Deep learning CNN Crop yield Agriculture Food security

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Numerical analysis of high‑speed railway slab tracks using calibrated and validated 3D time‑domain modelling

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Railway Engineering Science 2024年第1期32卷 36-58页

作者： A.F.Esen O.Laghrouche p.K.Woodward D.Medina‑pineda Q.Corbisez j.Y.Shih D.p.Connolly Institute for High‑Speed Rail and System Integration University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK Institute for Infrastructure and Environment Heriot-Watt UniversityEdinburgh EH144ASUK Alstom Transport Saint‑OuenFrance Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUK

Concrete slabs are widely used in modern railways to increase the inherent resilient quality of the tracks,provide safe and smooth rides,and reduce the maintenance *** this paper,the elastic performance of a novel slab trackform for high-speed railways is investigated using three-dimensional finite element modelling in *** is then compared to the performance of a ballasted ***,slab and ballasted track models are developed to replicate the full-scale testing of track *** the models are calibrated with the experimental results,the novel slab model is developed and compared against the calibrated slab track *** slab and ballasted track models are then extended to create linear dynamic models,considering the track geodynamics,and simulating train passages at various speeds,for which the Ledsgard documented case was used to validate the *** travelling at low and high speeds are analysed to investigate the track deflections and the wave propagation in the soil,considering the issues associated with critical *** train loading methods are discussed,and the most practical approach is retained and ***,correlations are made between the geotechnical parameters of modern high-speed rail and conventional *** is found that considering the same ground condition,the slab track deflections are considerably smaller than those of the ballasted track at high speeds,while they show similar behaviour at low speeds.

关键词： High-speed railways Slab track New ballastless track Ballasted track Critical speeds Finite element modelling Calibration of numerical models

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Hydromechanical characterization of gas transport amidst uncertainty for underground nuclear explosion detection

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journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第6期16卷 2019-2032页

作者： Wenfeng Li Chelsea W.Neil j William Carey Meng Meng Luke p.Frash philip H.Stauffer Earth and Environmental Sciences Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87544USA Department of Mineral Engineering New Mexico TechSocorroNM87801USA

Given the challenge of definitively discriminating between chemical and nuclear explosions using seismic methods alone,surface detection of signature noble gas radioisotopes is considered a positive identification of underground nuclear explosions(UNEs).However,the migration of signature radionuclide gases between the nuclear cavity and surface is not well understood because complex processes are involved,including the generation of complex fracture networks,reactivation of natural fractures and faults,and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)coupling of radionuclide gas transport in the *** this study,we provide an experimental investigation of hydro-mechanical(HM)coupling among gas flow,stress states,rock deformation,and rock damage using a unique multi-physics triaxial direct shear rock testing *** testing system also features redundant gas pressure and flow rate measurements,well suited for parameter uncertainty *** porous tuff and tight granite samples that are relevant to historic UNE tests,we measured the Biot effective stress coefficient,rock matrix gas permeability,and fracture gas permeability at a range of pore pressure and stress *** Biot effective stress coefficient varies from 0.69 to 1 for the tuff,whose porosity averages 35.3%±0.7%,while this coefficient varies from 0.51 to 0.78 for the tight granite(porosityperhaps an underestimate).Matrix gas permeability is strongly correlated to effective stress for the granite,but not for the porous *** experiments reveal the following key engineering implications on transport of radionuclide gases post a UNE event:(1)The porous tuff shows apparent fracture dilation or compression upon stress changes,which does not necessarily change the gas permeability;(2)The granite fracture permeability shows strong stress sensitivity and is positively related to shear displacement;and(3)Hydromechanical coupling among stress states,rock damage,and gas flow appears to be

关键词： Underground nuclear explosion uncertainty quantification Radionuclide transport Biot effective stress coefficient Fracture permeability Matrix permeability

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HDpairFinder:A data processing platform for hydrogen/deuterium isotopic labeling-based nontargeted analysis of trace-level amino-containing chemicals in environmental water

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journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第2期136卷 583-593页

作者： Tingting Zhao Kristin Carroll Caley B.Craven Nicholas j.p.Wawryk Shipei Xing jian Guo Xing-Fang Li Tao Huan Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver Campus2036 Main MallVancouverBritish ColumbiaV6T 1Z1Canada Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlberta T6G 2G3Canada

The combination of hydrogen/deuterium(H/D)formaldehyde-based isotopic methyl labeling with solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry(HpLC-HRMS)is a powerful analytical solution for nontargeted analysis of trace-level amino-containing chemicals in water *** the huge amount of chemical information generated in HpLC-HRMS analysis,identifying all possible H/Dlabeled amino chemicals presents a significant challenge in data *** address this,we designed a streamlined data processing pipeline that can automatically extract H/D-labeled amino chemicals from the raw HpLC-HRMS data with high accuracy and ***,we developed a cross-correlation algorithm to correct the retention time shift resulting from deuterium isotopic effects,which enables reliable pairing of H-and D-labeled ***,we implemented several bioinformatic solutions to remove false chemical features generated by in-source fragmentation,salt adduction,and natural13C ***,we used a data mining strategy to construct the AMINES library that consists of over 38,000 structure-disjointed primary and secondary amines to facilitate putative compound ***,we integrated these modules into a freely available R program,*** rationale of each module was justified and its performance tested using experimental H/D-labeled chemical standards and authentic water *** further demonstrated the application of HDpairFinder to effectively extract N-containing contaminants,thus enabling the monitoring of changes of primary and secondary N-compounds in authentic water *** is a reliable bioinformatic tool for rapid processing of H/D isotopic methyl labeling-based nontargeted analysis of water samples,and will facilitate a better understanding of N-containing chemical compounds in water.

关键词： Isotope labeling Nontargeted analysis Reactive N-compounds HpLC-HRMS Source water

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Construction of 2D/2D Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene/CdS heterojunction with photothermal effect for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

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journal of Materials Science & Technology 2024年第4期171卷 1-9页

作者： T.Y.Huang Z.Yang S.Y.Yang Z.H.Dai Y.j.Liu j.H.Liao G.Y.Zhong Z.j.Xie Y.p.Fang S.S.Zhang Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510643China School of physics and Optoelectronics South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy SystemsDongguan University of TechnologyDongguan 523808China

The insensitivity of semiconductors to visible and infrared light is a key constraint on the utilization of light energy in photocatalytic *** photocatalysts with full-spectrum absorption through surface engineering is an effective approach to fully harnessing light energy in semiconductor ***,a novel stable Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene/CdS heterojunction catalyst is obtained by in-situ epitaxial growth of two-dimensional(2D)CdS nanosheets on 2D MXene interface via a solvothermal *** exceptional light absorption properties of MXene confer outstanding full-spectrum driven photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution capability upon the heterogeneous *** unique 2D/2D structure effectively mitigated the recombination of photogenerated carriers,enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the ***,the composite catalyst exhibits a significantly higher surface temperature of 80.4℃under visible light irradiation at an intensity of 0.1 W/cm^(2),which is 1.84 times higher than that of *** irradiation of visible and near infrared light,the composite catalyst with photothermal ef-fect demonstrates a remarkable hydrogen evolution rate of 65.4 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which is 7.2 times higher than that of CdS *** study introduces a novel approach for constructing full-spectrum absorption catalysts and expands the application of the photothermal effect in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution research.

关键词： Two-dimensional structure Heterostructure photothermal effect photocatalyst Hydrogen evolution

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Comparative analysis of microstructure,mechanical,and corrosion properties of biodegradable Mg-3Y alloy prepared by selective laser melting and spark plasma sintering

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journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第4期12卷 1496-1510页

作者： p.Minárik M.Zemková S.Šašek j.Dittrich M.Knapek F.Lukáˇc D.Koutný j.jaroš R.Král Faculty of Mathematics and physics Charles UniversityKe Karlovu 5Praha 12116Czech Republic Research Centre University ofŽilinaUniverzitná8215/1Žilina 01026Slovakia Institute of plasma physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Za Slovankou 1782/318200 Praha 8Czech Republic Institute of Machine and Industrial Design Brno University of TechnologyTechnická2896/2Brno 61669Czech Republic

This work explored possibilities of biodegradable magnesium alloy Mg-3Y preparation by two modern powder metallurgy techniques–spark plasma sintering(SpS)and selective laser melting(SLM).The powder material was consolidated by both methods utilising optimised parameters,which led to very low porosity(∼0.3%)in the SLM material and unmeasurably low porosity in the SpS *** main aim of the study was the thorough microstructure characterisation and interrelation between the microstructure and the functional properties,such as mechanical strength,deformability,and corrosion *** materials showed comparable strength of∼110 Mpa in tension and compression and relatively good deformability of∼9%and∼21%for the SLM and SpS materials,*** corrosion resistance of the SpS material in 0.1 M NaCl solution was superior to the SLM one and comparable to the conventional extruded *** digital image correlation during loading and the cross-section analysis of the corrosion layers revealed that the residual porosity and large strained grains have the dominant negative effect on the functional properties of the SLM *** the other hand,one of the primary outcomes of this study is that the SpS consolidation method is very effective in the preparation of the W3 biodegradable alloy,resulting in material with convenient mechanical and degradation properties that might find practical applications.

关键词： Magnesium Yttrium powder metallurgy Microstructure Mechanical strength Corrosion resistance

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Machine learning-guided accelerated discovery of structure-property correlations in lean magnesium alloys for biomedical applications

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journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第6期12卷 2267-2283页

作者： Sreenivas Raguraman Maitreyee Sharma priyadarshini Tram Nguyen Ryan McGovern Andrew Kim Adam j.Griebel paulette Clancy Timothy p.Weihs Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University3400 N Charles StBaltimore21218MDU.S.A Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute Johns Hopkins University3400 N Charles StBaltimore21218MDU.S.A Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University3400 N Charles StBaltimore21218MDU.S.A Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine400 N BroadwayBaltimore21231MDU.S.A Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University3400 N Charles StBaltimore21218MDU.S.A Research and Development Fort Wayne Metals Research ProductsLLC9609 Ardmore AveFort Wayne46809INU.S.A Department of Mechanical Engineering Johns Hopkins University3400 N Charles StBaltimore21218MDU.S.A

Magnesium alloys are emerging as promising alternatives to traditional orthopedic implant materials thanks to their biodegradability,biocompatibility,and impressive mechanical ***,their rapid in-vivo degradation presents challenges,notably in upholding mechanical integrity over *** study investigates the impact of high-temperature thermal processing on the mechanical and degradation attributes of a lean Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn alloy,*** rapid,cost-efficient characterization methods like X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy,we swiftly examine microstructural changes post-thermal *** pearson correlation coefficient analysis,we unveil the relationship between microstructural properties and critical targets(properties):hardness and corrosion ***,leveraging the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO),we pinpoint the dominant microstructural factors among closely correlated *** findings underscore the significant role of grain size refinement in strengthening and the predominance of the ternary Ca_(2)Mg_(6)Zn_(3)phase in corrosion *** suggests that achieving an optimal blend of strength and corrosion resistance is attainable through fine grains and reduced concentration of ternary *** thorough investigation furnishes valuable insights into the intricate interplay of processing,structure,and properties in magnesium alloys,thereby advancing the development of superior biodegradable implant materials.

关键词： Magnesium alloys Machine learning Corrosion Mechanical properties Rapid characterization

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Modelling dynamic pantograph loads with combined numerical analysis

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Railway Engineering Science 2024年第1期32卷 81-94页

作者： F.F.jackson R.Mishra j.M.Rebelo j.Santos p.Antunes j.p.mbo H.Magalhaes L.Wills M.Askill School of Computing and Engineering University of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK School of Computing and Engineering Institute of Railway ResearchUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK IDMEC Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal ISEL Instituto Politecnico de LisboaLisbonPortugal Hitachi Rail Newton AycliffeUK Wabtec/Brecknell Willis ChardUK

Appropriate interaction between pantograph and catenary is imperative for smooth operation of electric *** heights of overhead lines to accommodate level crossings,overbridges,and tunnels pose significant challenges in maintaining consistent current collection performance as the pantograph aerodynamic profile,and thus aerodynamic load changes significantly with operational *** research aims to analyse the global flow characteristics and aerodynamic forces acting on individual components of an HSX pantograph operating in different configurations and orientations,such that the results can be combined with multibody simulations to obtain accurate dynamic insight into contact ***,computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to investigate the pantograph component loads in a representative setting,such as that of the recessed cavity on a Class 800 *** an aerodynamic perspective,this study indicates that the total drag force acting on non-fixed components of the pantograph is larger for the knuckle-leading orientation rather than the knuckle-trailing,although the difference between the two is found to reduce with increasing pantograph *** the aerodynamic loads acting on individual components with multibody tools allows for realistic dynamic insight into the pantograph *** results obtained show how considering aerodynamic forces enhance the realism of the models,leading to behaviour of the pantograph-catenary contact forces closely matching that seen in experimental tests.

关键词： pantograph-catenary interaction pantograph aerodynamics Computational fluid dynamics pantograph loads Current collection performance

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Half a century after their discovery:Structural insights into exonuclease and annealase proteins catalyzing recombineering

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Engineering Microbiology 2024年第1期4卷 39-54页

作者： Lucy j.Fitschen Timothy p.Newing Nikolas p.johnston Charles E.Bell Gökhan Tolun School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular HorizonsUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia The ARC Training Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane proteins University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia Faculty of Science University of Technology SydneyUltimoNSW 2007Australia Department of Biological Chemistry and pharmacology The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOH 43210

Recombineering is an essential tool for molecular biologists,allowing for the facile and efficient manipulation of bacterial genomes directly in cells without the need for costly and laborious in vitro manipulations involving restriction *** main workhorses behind recombineering are bacteriophage proteins that promote the single-strand annealing(SSA)homologous recombination pathway to repair double-stranded DNA *** there have been several reviews examining recombineering methods and applications,comparatively few have focused on the mechanisms of the proteins that are the key players in the SSA pathway:a 5′→3′exonuclease and a single-strand annealing protein(SSAp or“annealase”).This review dives into the structures and functions of the two SSA recombination systems that were the first to be developed for recombineering in ***:the RecET system from *** Rac prophage and the𝜆Red system from bacteriophageλ.By comparing the structures of the RecT and Red𝛽annealases,and the RecE and𝜆Exo exonucleases,we provide new insights into how the structures of these proteins dictate their *** the sequence conservation of the𝜆λExo and RecE exonucleases gives more profound insights into their critical functional ***,as recombineering accelerates and evolves in the laboratory,a better understanding of the mechanisms of the proteins behind this powerful technique will drive the development of improved and expanded capabilities in the future.

关键词： Recombineering Redβ λExo RecE RecT protein structure Annealase Exonuclease

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Impact of device resistances in the performance of graphene‑based terahertz photodetectors

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2024年第2期17卷 87-97页

作者： O.Castelló Sofía M.López Baptista K.Watanabe T.Taniguchi E.Diez j.E.Velázquez-pérez Y.M.Meziani j.M.Caridad j.A.Delgado-Notario Department of Applied physics University of Salamanca37008 SalamancaSpain Unidad de Excelencia en Luz y Materia Estructurada(LUMES) University of Salamanca37008 SalamancaSpain Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials National Institute for Materials Science1-1 NamikiTsukuba 305-0044Japan Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science1-1 NamikiTsukuba 305-0044Japan Nanotechnology Group USAL-NanolabUniversity of Salamanca37008 SalamancaSpain

In recent years,graphene field-effect-transistors(GFETs)have demonstrated an outstanding potential for terahertz(THz)photodetection due to their fast response and *** features are essential to enable emerging THz applications,including 6G wireless communications,quantum information,bioimaging and ***,the overall performance of these photodetectors may be utterly compromised by the impact of internal resistances presented in the device,so-called access or parasitic *** this work,we provide a detailed study of the influence of internal device resistances in the photoresponse of high-mobility dual-gate GFET *** dual-gate architectures allow us to fine tune(decrease)the internal resistance of the device by an order of magnitude and consequently demonstrate an improved responsivity and noise-equivalent-power values of the photodetector,*** results can be well understood by a series resistance model,as shown by the excellent agreement found between the experimental data and theoretical *** findings are therefore relevant to understand and improve the overall performance of existing high-mobility graphene photodetectors.

关键词： Graphene THz photodetector Field-effect transistor plasmonic

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