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妊娠母猪和初生仔猪的能量代谢

国外畜牧学（饲料） 1999年第2期 18-21页

作者：陈远华 j.noblet

对母猪在不同条件下的产热量(HP,直接测热器测定)进行了测定,并将其剖分为维持、机体活动、体温调节以及饲料或能量增加的热效应,条件为:初产或经产,妊娠或非妊娠,适宜或寒冷环境,不同饲喂水平和不同体重。在适宜温度和适度活动量下,维... 详细信息

对母猪在不同条件下的产热量(HP,直接测热器测定)进行了测定,并将其剖分为维持、机体活动、体温调节以及饲料或能量增加的热效应,条件为:初产或经产,妊娠或非妊娠,适宜或寒冷环境,不同饲喂水平和不同体重。在适宜温度和适度活动量下,维持代谢能需要平均为420Kj/kgBW^(0.75)。该值不受胎次、妊娠和妊娠阶段的严重影响。身体活动量是造成母猪间能量平衡差异的主要影响因素,因为母猪活动变化不定,其能量消耗(27Kj·kgBW^(-0.75)·100min^(-1)站立)为其他动物的4-5倍。单饲妊娠母猪的低限临界温度(LCT)约为20℃,环境温度低于LCT时,每下降1℃每日HP增加约15Kj/kgBW^(0.75)。ME用于满足维持母体增重和子宫增重所需能量的利用率分别为77,75和50％。预测子官和乳腺能量沉积的方程已被提出。除活动量和体温调节外,妊娠母猪的能量需要依赖于身体能量贮备。对初生仔猪的研究表明,仔猪对环境温度十分敏感(每下降1℃T+25j·kgBW^(-0.75)·min^(-1)),其LCT为32-34℃。刚出生的仔猪调节体温所需能量主要由糖元贮备的碳水化合物或初乳提供。初生仔猪的成活高度依赖于初乳的供应。

关键词：母猪妊娠母猪初生仔猪能量代谢

以遗传潜力推算最佳生长及经济效益的生猪饲料配方及自动化饲喂计划

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中国饲料 2018年第7期 87-91页

作者： j.van Milgen j.noblet j.Y.Dourmad E.Labussiere F.Garcia-Launay L.Brossard INRA UMR1348 PEGASE法国圣吉尔F-35590 Agrocampus Ouest UMR1348 PEGASE法国雷恩F-35000

饲养策略是针对整个猪群,这必然会导致自然资源的低效利用,甚至可能会扩大猪在屠宰时的个体差异。通过管理猪群均匀度做到精准饲喂有助于提高动物生产系统的效率。这个解决办法依赖于对营养供给与动物生产性能之间的精准预测、生产性能... 详细信息

饲养策略是针对整个猪群,这必然会导致自然资源的低效利用,甚至可能会扩大猪在屠宰时的个体差异。通过管理猪群均匀度做到精准饲喂有助于提高动物生产系统的效率。这个解决办法依赖于对营养供给与动物生产性能之间的精准预测、生产性能的持续监测和调节营养供给的饲喂系统。

关键词：家畜精准饲养遗传潜力配方自动化饲喂

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繁殖母猪的能量和蛋白质营养

国外畜牧学（猪与禽） 2001年第5期21卷 15-18页

作者： j.noblet j.Y.Dourmad M.Etienne 法国国家农业科学院

前言研究报道表明,母猪的利用年限与其生产率在逻辑上呈正相关,其利用年限及其有关的问题(返情率,受胎率)一方面取决于母猪的整个繁殖周期中躯体组成变化的特点,更重要的是取决于泌乳期间母猪瘦肉和(或)脂肪组织的减少量(King,1987;Whit... 详细信息

前言研究报道表明,母猪的利用年限与其生产率在逻辑上呈正相关,其利用年限及其有关的问题(返情率,受胎率)一方面取决于母猪的整个繁殖周期中躯体组成变化的特点,更重要的是取决于泌乳期间母猪瘦肉和(或)脂肪组织的减少量(King,1987;Whittemore和Morgan,1990).为达到最高繁殖性能的最佳饲养方案,是使母猪躯体成分在繁殖周期任何阶段的变化减少到最低限度(Dourmad等,1994).这样的方案要求有充足的饲料供应以满足整个繁殖周期母猪营养需要.本文目的在于对妊娠及泌乳母猪的能量与蛋白质营养方面作一综述,同时提供一些在实际条件下预测营养需要量的原则,本文将讨论使用析因法进行预测.本文还将探讨气候环境(如环境温度)对泌乳母猪的能量需要量,尤其是对采食量的影响.

关键词：生长猪能量需要量日粮纤维成年母猪经产母猪能量消化率妊娠母猪怀孕母猪代谢能生物能非必需氨基酸理想蛋白质兆焦赖氨酸水平可消化赖氨酸消化能增重子宫组织营养

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繁殖母猪的能量和蛋白质营养(续完)

国外畜牧学（猪与禽） 2001年第6期21卷 18-21页

作者： j.noblet j.Y.Dourmad M.Etienne 法国国家农业科学院

泌乳母猪的营养能量需要量和妊娠母猪一样,用于估计泌乳母猪能量需要量的基本数据见表1.显而易见,最重要的变异因子是母猪的产奶量水平.母猪的产奶量很难测定,通常是通过窝增重来进行估计(noblet和Etienne,1989;表1).引起泌乳母猪奶产... 详细信息

泌乳母猪的营养能量需要量和妊娠母猪一样,用于估计泌乳母猪能量需要量的基本数据见表1.显而易见,最重要的变异因子是母猪的产奶量水平.母猪的产奶量很难测定,通常是通过窝增重来进行估计(noblet和Etienne,1989;表1).引起泌乳母猪奶产量及进而引起泌乳母猪的能量需要量发生变化的因素可见Etienne等(1999)及noblet(1999)的综述.图2所示为能量需要量随窝重增长而发生的变化.窝增重从每天2000克增加到每天3000克,母猪代谢能需要量将从每天80兆焦增至每天105兆焦,或者说相当于常规日粮从每天6.5千克增加到每天8.5千克.

关键词：繁殖母猪能量蛋白质营养

Prediction of net energy of feeds for broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 241-250页

作者： Aye-Cho Tay-Zar Manoosak Wongphatcharachai Pairat Srichana Pierre-André Geraert jean noblet Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited (CPF) Adisseo France S.A.S. INRAE

Net energy(NE) enables the prediction of more accurate feed energy values by taking into account the heat increment which is approximately 25% of apparent metabolizable energy(AME) in ***, application of NE in poultry industry has not been practiced widely. To predict the NE values of broiler diets, 23 diets were prepared by using 13 major ingredients(wheat, corn, paddy rice,broken rice, cassava pellets, full-fat soybean, soybean meal, canola meal, animal protein, rice bran, wheat bran, palm kernel meal and palm kernel oil). The diets were formulated in order to meet the birds' requirements and get a wide range of chemical compositions(on DM basis; 33.6% to 55.3% for starch;20.8% to 28.4% for CP, 2.7% to 10.6% for ether extract [EE] and 7.0% to 17.2% for NDF), with low correlations between these nutrients and low correlations between the inclusion levels of ingredients allowing for the calculation of robust prediction equations of energy values of diets or ingredients. These diets were fed to Ross 308 broilers raised in 12 open-circuit respiratory chambers from 18 to 23 d of age(4 birds per cage) and growth performance, diet AME content and heat production were measured, and dietary NE values were calculated. The trial was conducted on a weekly basis with 12 diets measured each week(1per chamber), 1 of the 23 diets(reference diet) being measured each week. Each diet was tested at least 8times. In total, 235 energy balance data values were available for the final calculations. Growth performance, AME(15.3 Mj/kg DM on average) and AME/GE(79.4% on average) values were as expected. The NE/AME value averaged 76.6% and was negatively influenced by CP and NDF and positively by EE in connection with efficiencies of AME provided by CP, EE and starch for NE of 73%, 87% and 81%,respectively. The best prediction equation was: NE =(0.815 × AME)—(0.026 × CP) +(0.020 × EE)—(0.024 × NDF) with NE and AME as Mj/kg DM, and CP, EE and NDF as % of DM. The NE prediction

关键词： Net energy Broiler Poultry Feed evaluation Energy system

Re-evaluation of recent research on metabolic utilization of energy in poultry: Recommendations for a net energy system for broilers

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 62-72页

作者： jean noblet Aye-Cho Tay-Zar Shu-Biao Wu Pairat Srichana Pierre Cozannet Pierre-Andre Geraert Mingan Choct INRAE Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited (CPF) School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Adisseo France S.A.S.

Different energy systems have been proposed for energy evaluation of feeds for domestic animals. The oldest and most commonly used systems take into account the fecal energy loss to obtain digestible energy(DE), and fecal, urinary and fermentation gases energy losses to calculate metabolizable energy(ME). In the case of ruminants and pigs, the net energy(NE) system, which takes into account the heat increment associated with the metabolic utilization of ME, has progressively replaced the DE and ME systems over the last 50 years. For poultry, apparent ME(AME) is used exclusively and NE is not yet used widely. The present paper considers some important methodological points for measuring NE in poultry feeds and summarizes the available knowledge on NE systems for poultry. NE prediction equations based on a common analysis of three recent studies representing a total of 50 complete and balanced diets fed to broilers are proposed; these equations including the AME content and easily available chemical indicators have been validated on another set of 30 diets. The equations are applicable to both ingredients and complete diets. They rely primarily on an accurate and reliable AME value which then represents the first limiting predictor of NE value. Our analysis indicates that NE would be a better predictor of broiler performance than AME and that the hierarchy between feeds is dependent on the energy system with a higher energy value for fat and a lower energy value for protein in an NE system. Practical considerations for implementing such an NE system from the commonly used AME or AMEn(AME adjusted for zero nitrogen balance) systems are presented. In conclusion, there is sufficient information to allow the implementation of the NE concept in order to improve the accuracy of feed formulation in poultry.

关键词： Poultry Feed evaluation Net energy Energy system

Storing Freshwater Versus Storing Electricity in Power Systems with High Freshwater Electric Demand

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journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第2期12卷 323-333页

作者： Mubarak j.Al-Mubarak Antonio j.Conejo Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Department of Electrical Engineering Kuwait UniversityP.O.Box 5969Safat 13060Kuwait Department of Integrated Systems Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA IEEE

We consider a power system whose electric demand pertaining to freshwater production is high(high freshwater electric demand),as in the Middle East,and investigate the tradeoff of storing freshwater in tanks versus storing electricity in batteries at the day-ahead operation *** storing freshwater and storing electricity increase the actual electric demand at valley hours and decrease it at peak hours,which is generally beneficial in term of cost and ***,to what extent?We analyze this question considering three power systems with different generation-mix configurations,i.e.,a thermal-dominated mix,a renewable-dominated one,and a fully renewable *** generation-mix configurations are inspired by how power systems may evolve in different countries in the Middle *** production uncertainty is compactly modeled using chance *** draw conclusions on how both storage facilities(freshwater and electricity)complement each other to render an optimal operation of the power system.

关键词： Power system operation freshwater production and transportation coordination day-ahead scheduling

Analysis of ancient mass extinction recoveries in marine environments: generating strategies for managing outcomes of the current mass extinction

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 8-10页

作者： David j.Bottjer Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California

The defining feature of a mass extinction and its associated recovery is the global amount of extinction that occurred[1]. However, there is finer-scale detail to the story, as seen in the ongoing modern mass extinction(the sixth mass extinction), which exhibits variable effects among marine ecosystems and environments, and hence geographic areas [1].

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Global weirding at mass extinction horizons

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 10-12页

作者： Gregory j.Retallack Department of Earth Sciences University of Oregon

A strong motivation for studying mass extinctions is understanding how current climatic and biodiversity crises will affect creatures living on land such as ourselves. Perhaps the question is: how bad can it get? In that case, terrestrial Permian-Triassic mass extinctions are an irresistible worst-case scenario [1].

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