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The triphibious warfare against viruses

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2017年第12期60卷 1295-1298页

作者： William j.liu Di liu Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Computational Virology Group CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Despite the long journey undertaken by mankind to confront the diseases caused by viruses,people were unaware of the existence of viruses until the closing years of the 19th century,when the Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky demonstrated that tobacco plants could be infected by a toxin smaller than bacteria,followed by which the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck termed the toxin as a contagium vivum fluidum （soluble living germ） and re-introduced the word ＂virus＂（derived from the Latin word ＂virus＂ meaning poison; the modern meaning is an ＂agent that causes infectious disease＂ that was first recorded in 1728）.

关键词： The triphibious warfare viruses

It’s not just science: challenges for public health intervention in Ebola epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2020年第7期63卷 1079-1081页

作者： Pengyan Wang William j.liu School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035China NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is suffering from the world’s second largest and most prolonged Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic on record (Figure 1). The current prevalence of EVD in the DRC makes this the 10th (and largest) EVD epidemic in the DRC since the first discovery of the Zaire Ebola virus in 1976 (Ilunga Kalenga, 2019).Globally, it is the second worst outbreak in the history of Ebola epidemics.

关键词： It’s not just science challenges for public health intervention in Ebola epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Frictionally excited thermoelastic dynamic instability of functionally graded materials

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2019年第1期35卷 99-111,I0004页

作者： j.liu L.L.Ke Y.S.Wang College of Engineering Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China Institute of Engineering Mechanics Beijing JiaotongUniversity Beijing 100044China

The perturbation method is applied to investigate the frictionally excited thermoelastic dynamic instability (TEDI) of a functionally graded material (FGM) coating in half-plane sliding against a homogeneous half-plane. We assume that the thermoelastic properties of the FGM vary exponentially with thickness. We also examine the effects of the gradient index, sliding speed, and friction coefficient on the TEDI for various material combinations. The transverse normal stress for two different coating structures is calculated. Furthermore, the frictional sliding stability of two different coating structures is analyzed. The obtained results show that use of FGM coatings can improve the TEDI of this sliding system and reduce the possibility of interfacial failure by controlling the interfacial tensile stress.

关键词： Thermoelastic dynamic instability Frictional heat Functionally graded materials Stress analysis

Numerical　Solution　of　Flow　Field　Diagnosis　Problem　in　Multistage　Axial　Compressors

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journal of Thermal Science 1995年第2期4卷 96-99页

作者： Z.C.Zhang j.liu 等 DepartmentofThermalEngineering TsinghuaUniversityBeijing100084China DepartmentofThermalEngineering

A mathematical model is developed for the flow field diagnosis problem in multistage axial compressors. In view of the ill-posedness of the diagnostic problem, an effective measure is adopted to transfer the diagnostic problem into a variational problem which is solved by a regularization method. Two numerical results demonstrate the rationality of the flow field diagnosis Problem and the effectiveness of the computational method.

关键词： compressor flow field diagnosis posedness.

Human T-cell immunity against the emerging and re-emerging viruses

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2017年第12期60卷 1307-1316页

作者： Min Zhao Hangjie Zhang Kefang liu George F.Gao William j.liu Research Network of lmmunity and Health(RN1H) Beijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases Ministry of Health of People's Republic of ChinaNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Over the past decade, we have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of newly emerging and re-emerging *** outbreaks of avian influenza viruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, Zika virus and Ebola virus present great threats to global health. Considering the pivotal role of host T-cell immunity in the alleviation of symptoms and the clearance of viruses in patients, there are three issues to be primarily concerned about T-cell immunity when a new virus emerges: first, does the population possess pre-existing T-cells against the new virus through previous infections of genetically relevant viruses; second, does a proper immune response arise in the patients to provide protection through an immunopathogenic effect; lastly, how long can the virus-specific immune memory persist. Herein, we summarize the current updates on the characteristics of human T-cell immunological responses against recently emerged or re-emerged viruses, and emphasize the necessity for timely investigation on the T-cell features of these viral diseases, which may provide beneficial recommendations for clinical diagnosis and vaccine development.

关键词： emerging viruses avian influenza H7N9 MERS-CoV Zika Ebola human immunity T-cell cross-reactivity

EFFECT OF THE HEAT OF REACTION DURING THE ALUMINOTHERMIC PROCESS OF ILMENITE

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2005年第2期18卷 173-176页

作者： Y.Z.Lan j.liu R.W.Smith MaterialsDepartment YunnanUniversityKunming650091China MetallurgicalandMaterialsDepartment NevadaUniversityofRenoNV89503NevadaUSA

The influence of the heat of reaction during the aluminothermic process for the production of ferrotitanium was investigated. The effect of the variation of the heat of reaction on FeTi and Ti recovery and the topographical analysis of slag produced showed that FeTi and Ti recovery increased and Al content in the alloy decreased with the increase of the absolute value of ΔH when │ΔH│j/kg; however, when │ΔH│>2584.24K·j/kg, FeTi and Ti recovery decreased with an increase of the absolute value of ΔH. Therefore, the heat of reaction in the aluminothermic process of ilmenite should be strictly controlled to -2584.24K·j/kg.

关键词： ilmenite Al reduction the heat of reaction

On the Centenary of the Spanish Flu: Being Prepared for the Next Pandemic

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Virologica Sinica 2018年第6期33卷 463-466页

作者： William j.liu Yuhai Bi Dayan Wang George F.Gao Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC) National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)Beijing 102206China CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of MicrobiologyCenter for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE)Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Influenza is one of the oldest infectious diseases affecting humans. Every influenza pandemic in history has ended with disastrous outcomes regarding public health and the social economy. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Spanish flu (H1N1) outbreak of 1918, which is recognized as the most lethal natural event in recent history.

关键词： Being Prepared for the Next Pandemic On the Centenary of the Spanish Flu

China in action: national strategies to combat against emerging infectious diseases

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2017年第12期60卷 1383-1385页

作者： Min Han jinhui Gu George F.Gao William j.liu CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Division of Major Special Projects Department of Health Science Technology and Education at China's National Health and Family Planning Commission National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

During the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa,there was a special team as part of an international effort working in *** was the Chinese aid team deployed to West Africa as a multidisciplinary group composed of ... 详细信息

关键词： China in action national strategies combat against emerging infectious diseases

Let’s Get Vaccinated for Both Flu and COVID-19:On the World Flu Day 2021

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China CDC weekly 2021年第44期3卷 915-917页

作者： George F.Gao William j.liu Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention BeijingChina.

This year marks the fourth World Flu Day on November *** 2018,on the occasion of centenary of the 1918 flu pandemic,the first World Flu Day was formally initiated and developed by leading influenza specialists in China and all over the world at a symposium in Shenzhen,China,with the theme to“Commemorate the Centenary of the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic”(1).Scientists and representatives from different international associations and organizations.

关键词： formally initiated World