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Unified methodology for site-characterization and sampling of highway runoff

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2010年第1期4卷 47-58页

作者： jy S.WU Craig j.ALLAN Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA 2 Department of Geography and Earth SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA

Hydrology,roadway traffic conditions,and atmospheric deposition are three essential data categories for the planning and implementation of highway-runoff monitoring and characterization *** variables pertaining to each data category could be site specific but have been shown to correlate with runoff pollutant *** data categories were combined to derive statistical relationships for characterization and prioritization of the respective pollutant loads at highway runoff *** runoff data of total suspended solids(TSS),total dissolved solid(TDS),chemical oxygen demand(COD),total kjeldahl nitrogen(TkN)and total phosphorus(TP)collected from three highway sites in Charlotte,North Carolina,USA,were used to illustrate the development of site-specific highway-runoff pollutant loading *** unified methodology provides a basis for initial assessment of the pollutant-constituent loads from highway runoff using hydrologic component *** reliability is achievable when additional traffic and/or atmospheric component variables are incorporated into the basic hydrologic regression *** addition,operational guidance is suggested for implementing highway-runoff monitoring programs that are subject to sampling and resources constraints.

关键词： highway runoff pollutant loads regression models non-point source pollution storm water permit

Oxygation Enhances Growth,Gas Exchange and Salt Tolerance of Vegetable Soybean and Cotton in a Saline Vertisol

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2009年第7期51卷 675-688页

作者： Surya P. Bhattarai David j. Midmore Centre for Plant and Water Science Department of Molecular and Life SciencesCentral Queensland University

Impacts of salinity become severe when the soil is deficient in oxygen. OxygaUon （using aerated water for subsurface drip irrigation of crop） could minimize the impact of salinity on plants under oxygen-limiting soil environments. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of oxygation （12% air volume/volume of water） on vegetable soybean （moderately salt tolerant） and cotton （salt tolerant） in a salinized vertisol at 2, 8, 14, 20 dS/m ECe. In vegetable soybean, oxygation increased above ground biomass yield and water use efficiency （WUE） by 13% and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Higher yield with oxygation was accompanied by greater plant height and stem diameter and reduced specific leaf area and leaf Na^＋ and CI^- concentrations. In cotton, oxygation increased lint yield and WUE by 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control, and was accompanied by greater canopy light interception, plant height and stem diameter. Oxygation also led to a greater rate of photosynthesis, higher relative water content in the leaf, reduced crop water stress index and lower leaf water potential. It did not, however, affect leaf Na^＋ or CI^- concentration. Oxygation invariably increased, whereas salinity reduced the k^＋： Na^＋ ratio in the leaves of both species. Oxygation improved yield and WUE performance of salt tolerant and moderately tolerant crops under saline soil environments, and this may have a significant impact for irrigated agriculture where saline soils pose constraints to crop production.

关键词： cotton irrigation light interception oxygation saline soil salt exclusion stem diameter vegetable soybean

Humus horizon development during natural forest succession process in the Polish Carpathians

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journal of Mountain Science 2022年第3期19卷 647-661页

作者： justyna SOkOŁOWSkA Agnieszka jÓZEFOWSkA Tomasz ZALESkI Department of Soil Science and Agrophysics University of Agriculture in Krakowal.Mickiewicza 2131-120 KrakówPoland

As a result of socio-economic changes and land abandonment,the main ecological driver of the Carpathian landscape is the progression of the natural forest succession ***,aspects of this process have become worthy of attention,especially in the context of carbon sequestration and the management of protected *** processes,especially within the topsoil,are some of the most susceptible to change,due to the accumulation of organic matter during such land-use *** purposes of this study were to investigate the differences in topsoil development using the A Horizon Development Index(ADI)and to study the composition of humic substances and advanced organic matter humification in different land-use areas in selected Carpathian national parks,***,Magura and Pieniny National Parks in southern ***,a goal of this study was to compare the ADI and the spectroscopic coefficients of humic substances as indicators of the degree of humus horizon shaping as well as advanced organic matter *** total,ten transects were selected,each consisting of three different land-use areas:semi-natural meadow,successional forest and old-growth *** colour was determined in fresh and air-dried samples using the Munsell colour *** air-dried soil samples p H,soil texture,total organic carbon and total nitrogen were *** substances were extracted and further characterized by UV-VIS *** ADI confirmed the influence of natural forest succession on soil colour darkening and the development of the uppermost soil *** analyses of humic substances showed two different patterns depending on soil *** the 0–10 cm layer,natural forest succession reduced the rate of the humification process and decreased the degree of maturity of fulvic acids;in the 10–20 cm layer,it led to an increase in the rate of the humification process and a decrease in the content of humic and fulvic acids at the beginn

关键词： Land use changes Natural forest succession Polish Carpathians Landscape transformation Protected areas management Humic substances

kidney disease in non-kidney solid organ transplantation

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World journal of Transplantation 2022年第8期12卷 231-249页

作者： kurtis j Swanson Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55414United States

kidney disease after non-kidney solid organ transplantation(NkSOT)is a common post-transplant complication associated with deleterious *** disease,both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease(CkD)alike,emanates from multifactorial,summative pre-,peri-and post-transplant *** factors leading to kidney disease are shared amongst solid organ transplantation in addition to distinct mechanisms unique to individual transplant *** aim of this review is to summarize the current literature describing kidney disease in *** conducted a narrative review of pertinent studies on the subject,limiting our search to full text studies in the English *** disease after NkSOT is prevalent,particularly in intestinal and lung *** strategies in the peri-operative and post-transplant periods including proteinuria management,calcineurin-inhibitor minimization/sparing approaches,and nephrology referral can counteract CkD progression and/or aid in subsequent kidney after solid organ *** disease after NkSOT is an important consideration in organ allocation practices,ethics of *** disease after SOT is an incipient condition demanding further *** some truths have been revealed about this chronic disease,as we have aimed to describe in this review,continued multidisciplinary efforts are needed more than ever to combat this threat to patient and allograft survival.

关键词： Acute kidney injury Chronic kidney disease Solid organ transplant Native kidneys Calcineurin inhibitor toxicity Renal replacement therapy kidney after solid organ transplant

暗物质寻找实验中CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器实验研究(英文)

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高能物理与核物理 2006年第6期30卷 548-553页

作者：何道李玉兰岳骞李元景李金程建平 kWAk j W kIM S k 李昕王子敬清华大学工程物理系北京100084 汉城国立大学物理系中研院物理研究所台北11529

一个正在建设的位于韩国Y2L地下实验室的低能暗物质探测实验中,采用了CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器作为主动屏蔽体．本工作对CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器的实验性能进行了研究．通过FADC系统记录的脉冲波形数据,研究了探测器的能量分辨率和波... 详细信息

一个正在建设的位于韩国Y2L地下实验室的低能暗物质探测实验中,采用了CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器作为主动屏蔽体．本工作对CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器的实验性能进行了研究．通过FADC系统记录的脉冲波形数据,研究了探测器的能量分辨率和波形甄别的能力;研究相同能量γ射线入射到反符合探测器不同位置的相对光输出将有助于选择探测器的工作参数;为了解晶体自身放射性对暗物质测量的影响,利用低本底HPGe探测器对CsI(Tl)晶体内部的放射性进行了测量,得到晶体内部Cs同位素的放射性活度．探测器系统进行了约18d的试运行取数．实验数据表明,CsI(Tl)晶体探测器的反符合效率约为31％,HPGe探测器的本底计数率水平约为 133cpd．为了进行暗物质探测研究,需要采取有效的方法进一步降低探测器的本底水平．

关键词：暗物质 CsI(Tl)探测器脉冲形状甄别内部本底

Shock compression and spallation damage of high-entropy alloy Al_(0.1)CoCrFeNi

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journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第33期128卷 1-9页

作者： N.B.Zhang j.Xu Z.D.Feng Y.F.Sun j.Y.Huang X.j.Zhao X.H.Yao S.Chen L.Lu S.N.Luo key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of EducationSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610031China The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences Chengdu 610031China Department of Engineering Mechanics South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510641China

Shock compression and spallation damage of a face-center cubic phase high-entropy alloy(HEA)Al_(0.1)CoCrFeNi were investigated via plate impact experiments along with free surface velocity *** samples were characterized with transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter *** Hugoniot equation of state and spall strength at different impact strengths were *** exists a power-law relation between spall strength and strain *** spall strength of Al_(0.1)CoCrFeNi HEA is about 50%higher than those of previously studied HEAs and comparable to those widely applied structural stainless steels at the same shock *** glide and stacking faults are the important deformation mechanisms in the Al_(0.1)CoCrFeNi *** are only observed at high shock *** in the Al_(0.1)CoCrFeNi HEA is ductile in *** are nucleated preferentially in grain interiors,and the intragranular voids show a strong dependence on grain boundary misorientation and peak stress.

关键词： Al_(0.1)CoCrFeNi High-entropy alloy Hugoniot Spall damage Microstructure

Emerging role of roots in plant responses to aboveground insect herbivory

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Insect Science 2013年第3期20卷 286-296页

作者： Vamsi j. Nalam jyoti Shah Punya Nachappa Department of Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne Indiana Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Lipid Research University of North Texas Denton Texas United States

Plants have evolved complex biochemical mechanisms to counter threats from insect herbivory. Recent research has revealed an important role of roots in plant responses to above ground herbivory （AGH）. The involvement of roots is integral to plant resistance and tolerance mechanisms. Roots not only play an active role in plant defenses by acting as sites for biosynthesis of various toxins and but also contribute to tolerance by storing photoassimilates to enable future regrowth. The interaction of roots with beneficial soil- borne microorganisms also influences the outcome of the interaction between plant and insect herbivores. Shoot-to-root communication signals are critical for plant response to AGH. A better understanding of the role of roots in plant response to AGH is essential in order to develop a comprehensive picture of plant-insect interactions. Here, we summarize the current status of research on the role of roots in plant response to AGH and also discuss possible signals involved in shoot-to-root communication.

关键词： jasmonic acid secondary metabolites shoot-to-root communication soilborne microorganisms

Specifications of Targeting Heterochromatin Modifications in Plants

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Molecular Plant 2018年第3期11卷 381-387页

作者： jered M. Wendte Robert j. Schmitz Department of Genetics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

Plants encode a diverse repertoire of DNA methyltransferases that have specialized to target cytosines for methylation in specific sequence contexts. These include the de novo methyltransferase, DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 （DRM2）, which methylates cytosines in all sequence contexts through an RNA-guided process, the CHROMOMETHYLASES （CMTs）, which methylate CHH and CHG cytosines （where H is A, T, or C）, and METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 （MET1）, which maintains methylation of symmetrical CG contexts. In this review, we discuss the sequence specificities and targeting of each of these pathways. In particular, we highlight recent studies that indicate CMTs preferentially target CWG or CWA/CAW motifs （where W is A or T）, and discuss how self-reinforcing feedback loops between DNA methyltransferases and histone modifications characteristic of heterochromatin specify targeting. Finally, the initiating events that lead to gene body methylation are discussed as a model illustrating how interde- pendent targeting of different silencing pathways can potentiate the establishment of off-target epialleles.

关键词： heterochromatin DNA methylation gene body methylation epiallele DNA methyltransferase,chromomethylase

Some micromechanical models of elastoplastic behaviors of porous geomaterials

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journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2017年第1期9卷 1-17页

作者： W.Q. Shen j.F. Shao Laboratory of Mechanics of Lille University of Lille I Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655 France

Some micromechanics-based constitutive models are presented in this study for porous *** micro-macro mechanical models focus on the effect of porosity and the inclusions on the macroscopic elastoplastic behaviors of porous materials. In order to consider the effect of pores and the compressibility of the matrix, some macroscopic criteria are presented firstly for ductile porous medium having one population of pores with different types of matrix(von Mises, Green type, Misese Schleicher and Druckere Prager). Based on different homogenization techniques, these models are extended to the double porous materials with two populations of pores at different scales and a Druckere Prager solid phase at the microscale. Based on these macroscopic criteria, complete constitutive models are formulated and implemented to describe the overall responses of typical porous geomaterials(sandstone,porous chalk and argillite). Comparisons between the numerical predictions and experimental data with different confining pressures or different mineralogical composites show the capabilities of these micromechanics-based models, which take into account the effects of microstructure on the macroscopic behavior and significantly improve the phenomenological ones.

关键词： Homogenization Porous geomaterials Ductile behavior Double porosity Macroscopic strength Plastic compressibility Druckere Prager solids