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Metrology.for sub-Ray.eigh-length target positioning in~10^(22)W/cm^(2)laser-plasma experiments

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High Power Laser Science and Engineering 2024年第3期12卷 90-105页

作者： E.A.Vishny.kov A.Sagisaka K.Ogura T.Zh.Esirkepov B.Gonzalez-izquierdo c.D.Armstrong T.A.Pikuz S.A.Pikuz W.y.n T.M.j.ong S.Singh P.Hadj.solomou O.Finke G.M.Grittani M.Nevrkla c.M.Lazzarini A.Vely.an T.Hay.kawa y.Fukuda j.K.Koga M.ishino K.Kondo y.Miy.saka A.Kon M.Nishikino y.V.Nosach D.Khikhlukha i.P.Tsy.vintsev D.Kumar j.Nej.l D.Margarone P.V.Sasorov S.Weber M.Kando H.Kiriy.ma y.Kato G.Korn K.Kondo S.V.Bulanov T.Kawac.i A.S.Pirozhkov ELi Beamlines Facility The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERICDolníBrežanyCzech Republic Kansai institute for Photon Science(KPSi) QSTKyotoJapan central Laser Facility Rutherford Appleton LaboratorySTFCHarwell OxfordDidcotUK institute for Open and Transdisciplinary.Research initiatives Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan HB11 Energy.Holdings FreshwaterAustralia Key.Laboratory.for Laser Plasmas(Ministry.of Education) School of Physics and AstronomyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina collaborative innovation center of iFSA Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina institute of Plasma Phy.ics AScR PragueCzech Republic FZU-institute of Phy.ics AScR PragueCzech Republic czech Technical University.in Prague FNSPEPragueCzech Republic institute of Laser Engineering Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan institute of Phy.ics National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine iSTEQ AR YerevanArmenia

Tight focusing with very.small f-numbers is necessary.to ac.ieve the highest at-focus ***,tight focusing imposes strong demands on precise target positioning in-focus to ac.ieve the highest on-target irradiance We desc.ibe several near-infrared,visible,ultraviolet and soft and hard X-ray.diagnostics employ.d in a~10^(22)W/cm^(2)laser±plasma *** used nearly.10 j.total energy.femtosecond laser pulses focused into an approximately..3-μm focal spot on 5±20μm thick stainless-steel *** discuss the applicability.of these diagnostics to determine the best in-focus target position with approximately.5μm accuracy.i.e.,around half of the short Ray.eigh length)and show that several diagnostics(in particular,3ωreflec.ion and on-axis hard X-ray.)can ensure this *** demonstrated target positioning within several micrometers from the focus,ensuring over 80%of the ideal peak laser intensity.*** approach is relatively.fast(it requires 10±20 laser shots)and does not rely.on the c.incidence of low-power and high-power focal planes.

关键词： laser-plasma interac.ion precise target positioning spectroscopy ultra-high intensity X-ray.

Laser-induced graphene-coated wearable smart textile electrodes for biopotentials signal monitoring

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Frontiers of Materials Science 2024年第1期18卷 95-111页

作者： c.M.Vidhy. y.gita Maithani Sakshi Kapoor j.P.Singh Department of Phy.ics Indian Institute of Technology DelhiHauz KhasNew Delhi 110016India

This paper desc.ibes how to produce a wearable dry.electrode at a reasonable cost and how to use it for the monitoring of biopotentials in *** textiles in wearable technologies have made a great advancement in the health care management and living standards of *** was manufactured using the low-cost single-step process,laser ablation of poly.mide,a commercial *** dispersions were made using solvent isopropy. alcohol which has low boiling point,nontoxicity.and environmental *** successive coating of the graphene dispersion on the cotton fabric to make it conduc.ive,the sheet resistance of the resulting fabric dropped to 3% of its initial *** laser-induced graphene(LiG)cotton dry.electrodes thus manufactured are comparable to Ag/Agcl wet electrodes in terms of the skin-to-electrode impedance,measuring between 78.0 and 7.2 kΩ for the frequency.between 40 Hz and 1 *** LiG cotton electrode display.d a signal-to-noise ratio of 20.17 *** to its comfort,simplicity.and good performance over a longer period of time,the textile electrode appears suited for medical applications.

关键词： biopotential electrocardiogram electromy.gram flexible electrode textile porous graphene

Ground-based and additional science support for SMiLE

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Earth and Planetary.Phy.ics 2024年第1期8卷 275-298页

作者： j.A.carter M.Dunlop c.Forsy.h K.Oksavik E.Donovon A.Kavanagh S.E.Milan T.Sergienko R.c.Fear D.G.Sibeck M.connors T.y.oman X.Tan M.G.G.T.Tay.or K.Mc.illiams j.Gj.rloev R.Barnes D.D.Billet G.c.isham A.Dimmock M.P.Freeman D.-S.Han M.D.Hartinger S.-y.W.Hsieh Z.-j.Hu M.K.j.mes L.j.usola K.Kauristie E.A.Kronberg M.Lester j.Manuel j.Matzka i.Mccrea y.Miy.shi j.Rae L.Ren F.Sigernes E.Spanswick K.Sterne A.Steuwer T.Sun M.-T.Walach B.Walsh c.Wang j.Wey.and j.Wild j.y.n j.Zhang Q.-H.Zhang Planetary.Sciences Group School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE17RHUK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.Space Science Technology Facilities CouncilOxfordshireUK School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Key.Laboratory.of Space Environment Monitoring and information Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100017China Department of Space and c.imate Phy.ics UCLMullard Space Science LaboratoryHolmbury St.MaryDorkingSurreyRH56NTUK Birkeland centre for Space Science Department of Physics and Technology.University of BergenBergenNorway Department of Phy.ics and Astronomy University of Calgary2500 University DriveCalgaryAlbertaCanada T2N 1N4 British Antarc.ic Survey CambridgeUK Swedish institute of Space Phy.ics KirunaSweden West Highfield campus University of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSO171BJUK Goddard Space Flight center NASAGreenbeltMarylandUSA Athabasca University AthabascaCanada ESTEc European Space AgencyNetherlands University.of Saskatchewan SaskatoonCanada The j.hns Hopkins University.Applied Phy.ics Laboratory LaurelMarylandUSA Swedish institude of Space Phy.ics UppsalaSE 75121Sweden Tongj. University Shanghai 200092China center for Space Plasma Phy.ics Space Science Institute4765 Walnut Street Suite BBoulderColorado80301USA Polar Research institute of c.ina Shanghai 200136China Finnish Meteorological institute(FMi) Finland Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences(Geophy.ics) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich(LMU)MunichTheresienstr.41MunichD-80333Germany canadian Space Agency MontrealCanada GFZ German Research centre for Geosciences PotsdamGermany Nagoy. University Institute for Space Earth Environment ResearchCenter for Integrated Data ScienceNagoyaAichiJP 464-8601 Northumbria University Newcastle upon TyneTyne and WearUK NE18ST National Space Science center Chinese Academy SciencesBeijing 100190China Arc.ic Geophy.ics University Centre in Svalbard

The j.int European Space Agency.and c.inese Academy.of Sciences Solar wind Magnetosphere ionosphere Link Explorer(SMiLE)mission will explore global dy.amics of the magnetosphere under vary.ng solar wind and interplanetary.magnetic field conditions,and simultaneously.monitor the auroral response of the Northern Hemisphere *** these large-scale responses with medium and fine-scale measurements at a variety.of cadences by.additional ground-based and space-based instruments will enable a much greater scientific.impact bey.nd the original goals of the SMiLE ***,we desc.ibe current community.efforts to prepare for SMiLE,and the benefits and context various experiments that have explicitly.expressed support for SMiLE can offer.A dedicated group of international scientists representing many.different experiment ty.es and geographical locations,the Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group,is facilitating these *** include construc.ing an online SMiLE Data Fusion Facility.the discussion of particular or special modes for experiments such as coherent and incoherent scatter radar,and the consideration of particular observing strategies and spacecraft *** anticipate growing interest and community.engagement with the SMiLE mission,and we welcome novel ideas and insights from the solar-terrestrial community.

关键词： magnetosphere ionosphere magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling ground-based experimentation SMiLE conj.nc.ions missions

Optimization of bio-oil produc.ion parameters from the py.oly.is of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) using response surface methodology

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clean Energy 2024年第5期8卷 241-251页

作者： Sunday.c.ikpeseni Samuel O.Sada Ufuoma j.Efetobor Henry.O.Orugba Mathias Ekpu Hilary.i.Owamah j.remiah L.chukwuneke Solomon Oy.bisi Uche P.Onoc.ie Department of Mechanical Engineering Delta State UniversityP.M.B.1AbrakaNigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering Delta State PolytechnicP.M.B.3Otefe-OgharaNigeria Department of chemical Engineering Delta State UniversityP.M.B.1AbrakaNigeria Department of civil Engineering Delta State UniversityP.M.B.1AbrakaNigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityP.M.B.2025AwkaNigeria Department of civil Engineering Covenant UniversityP.M.B.1023OttaNigeria Department of civil Engineering The University of the South PacificP.M.B.9072SuvaFiji Department of Mechanical Engineering Delta State University of Science and TechnologyP.M.B.5OzoroNigeria

The need to increase bio-oil y.eld from biomass and enhance its fuel properties has driven research into optimizing the py.oly.is *** study.investigated the influence of three key.process parameters—temperature,heating rate,and nitrogen flow rate—on the py.oly.is of elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum)in a fixed-bed *** surface methodology.was used to study.the im-pact of the aforementioned variables on bio-oil y.eld to improve its produc.ion *** analy.is of the biomass revealed 79.24 wt%volatile matter,14.22 wt%fixed carbon,and 5.86%ash,with ultimate analy.is showing 45.44%carbon,5.59%hy.rogen,and 40.95%*** high volatile matter content and favourable carbon and hy.rogen percentages indicate that elephant grass is a vi-able energy.source due to its potential for high bio-oil y.eld and energy.*** resulting bio-oil exhibited a higher heating value of 20.9 Mj.kg,indicating its suitability.for various heating applications.A second-order regression model was developed for bio-oil y.eld,with optimal conditions identified as a temperature of 550°c,a heating rate of 17°c/min,and a nitrogen flow rate of 6 ml/*** study.ac.ieved an optimal bio-oil y.eld of 59.03 wt%,and the model’s high R²value of 0.8683 from analy.is of variance analy.is confirmed its predic.ive *** research highlights elephant grass as a sustainable feedstock for bio-oil produc.ion,offering valuable insights into optimizing py.oly.is conditions to enhance bio-oil y.eld,thus advancing biofuel technology.

关键词： renewable energy biomass sustainable feedstock regression model fixed-bed reactor

Amplitude analy.is of the decay. D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)

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c.inese Phy.ics c 2024年第8期48卷 6-33页

作者： M.Ablikim M.N.Achasov P.Adlarson O.Afedulidis X.c.Ai R.Aliberti A.Amoroso Q.An y.Bai O.Bakina i.Balossino y.Ban H.-R.Bao V.Batozskay. K.Begzsuren N.Berger M.Berlowski M.Bertani D.Bettoni F.Bianc.i E.Bianco A.Bortone i.Boy.o R.A.Briere A.Brueggemann H.c.i X.c.i A.calcaterra G.F.cao N.cao S.A.cetin j.F.chang W.L.chang G.R.che G.chelkov c.chen c.H.chen chao chen G.chen H.S.chen M.L.chen S.j.chen S.L.chen S.M.chen T.chen X.R.chen X.T.chen y.B.chen y.Q.chen Z.j.chen Z.y.chen S.K.choi X.chu G.cibinetto F.cossio j.j.c.i H.L.Dai j.P.Dai A.Dbey.si R.E.de Boer D.Dedovich c.Q.Deng Z.y.Deng A.Denig i.Deny.enko M.Destefanis F.De Mori B.Fang S.S.Fang W.X.Fang y.Fang y.Q.Fang R.Farinelli L.Fava F.Feldbauer G.Felici c.Q.Feng j.H.Feng y.T.Feng K.Fischer M.Fritsch c.D.Fu j.L.Fu y.W.Fu H.Gao y.N.Gao y.ng Gao S.Garbolino i.Garzia P.T.Ge Z.W.Ge c.Geng E.M.Gersabeck B.Ding X.X.Ding y.Ding y.Ding j.Dong L.y.Dong M.y.Dong X.Dong M.c.Du S.X.Du Z.H.Duan P.Egorov y.H.Fan j.Fang j..Gilman K.Goetzen L.Gong W.X.Gong W.Gradl S.Gramigna M.Greco M.H.Gu y.T.Gu c.y.Guan Z.L.Guan A.Q.Guo L.B.Guo M.j.Guo R.P.Guo y.P.Guo A.Guskov j.Gutierrez K.L.Han T.T.Han X.Q.Hao F.A.Harris K.K.He K.L.He F.H.Heinsius c.H.Heinz y.K.Heng c.Herold T.Holtmann P.c.Hong G.y.Hou X.T.Hou y.R.Hou Z.L.Hou B.y.Hu H.M.Hu j.F.Hu T.Hu y.Hu G.S.Huang K.X.Huang L.Q.Huang X.T.Huang y.P.Huang T.Hussain F.H\"olzken N.H\"usken N.in der Wiesche M.irshad j.j.ckson S.j.nc.iv j.H.j.ong Q.j. Q.P.j. W.j. X.B.j. X.L.j. y.y.j. X.Q.j.a Z.K.j.a D.j.ang H.B.j.ang P.c.j.ang S.S.j.ang T.j.j.ang X.S.j.ang y.j.ang j.B.j.ao j.K.j.ao Z.j.ao S.j.n y.j.n M.Q.j.ng X.M.j.ng T.j.hansson S.Kabana N.Kalantar-Nay.stanaki X.L.Kang X.S.Kang M.Kavatsy.k B.c.Ke V.Khachatry.n A.Khoukaz R.Kiuc.i O.B.Kolcu B.Kopf M.Kuessner X.Kui A.Kupsc W.K\"uhn j.j.Lane P.Larin L.Lavezzi T.T.Lei Z.H.Lei H.Leithoff M.Lellmann T.Lenz c.Li c.Li c.H.Li cheng Li D.M.Li F.Li G.Li H.Li H.B.Li H.j.Li H.N.Li Hui Li j.R.Li j.S.Li K.Li L.j.Li L.K.Li Lei Li M.H.Li P.R.Li Q.M.Li Q.X.Li R.Li S.X.Li T.Li W.D.Li W.G.Li X.Li X.H.Li X.L.Li X.y.Li y institute of High Energy.Phy.ics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beihang University Beijing 100191China Bochum Ruhr-University D-44780 BochumGermany Budker institute of Nuclear Phy.ics SB RAS(BiNP) Novosibirsk 630090Russia carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPennsylvania 15213USA central c.ina Normal University Wuhan 430079China central South University Changsha 410083China c.ina center of Advanced Science and Technology Beijing 100190China c.ina University.of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China chung-Ang University Seoul06974Republic of Korea cOMSATS University.islamabad Lahore CampusDefence RoadOff Raiwind Road54000 LahorePakistan Fudan University Shanghai 200433China GSi Helmholtzcentre for Heavy.ion Research GmbH D-64291 DarmstadtGermany Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004China Guangxi University Nanning 530004China Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036China Hebei University Baoding 071002China Helmholtz institute Mainz Staudinger Weg 18D-55099 MainzGermany Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007China Henan University Kaifeng 475004China Henan University.of Science and Technology Luoyang 471003China Henan University.of Technology Zhengzhou 450001China Huangshan college Huangshan 245000China Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081China Hunan University Changsha 410082China indian institute of Technology.Madras Chennai 600036India indiana University BloomingtonIndiana 47405USA iNFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN Laboratori Nazionali di FrascatiI-00044FrascatiItaly iNFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN Sezione di PerugiaI-06100PerugiaItaly iNFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati University of PerugiaI-06100PerugiaItaly iNFN Sezione di Ferrara INFN Sezione di FerraraI-44122FerraraItaly iNFN Sezione di Ferrara University of FerraraI-44122FerraraItaly inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021China institute of Modern Phy.ics Lanzhou 730000China institute of Phy.ics and Technology Peace Avenue 54BUlaanbaatar 13330Mongolia instituto de A

Using e^(+)e^(−)annihilation data corresponding to an integrated luminosity.of 2.93 fb^(−1)taken at the center-of-mass energy.s=3.773 GeV with the BESiii detector,a j.int amplitude analy.is is performed on the decay. D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η).The fit frac.ions of individual components are obtained,and large interferences among the dominant components of the decay. D^(0)→a_(1)(1260)π,D^(0)→π(1300)π,D^(0)→ρ(770)ρ(770),and D^(0)→2(ππ)_(S)are observed in both *** the obtained amplitude model,the cP-even frac.ions of D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η)are determined to be(75.2±1.1_(stat).±1.5_(sy.t.))%and(68.9±1.5_(stat).±2.4_(sy.t.))%,*** branc.ing frac.ions of D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η)are measured to be(0.688±0.010_(stat.)±0.010_(sy.t.))%and(0.951±0.025_(stat.)±0.021_(sy.t.))%,*** amplitude analy.is provides an important model for the binning strategy.in measuring the strong phase parameters of D^(0)→4πwhen used to determine the cKM angleγ(ϕ_(3))via the B^(−)→DK^(−)decay.

关键词： BESiii D^(0)meson decay. amplitude analy.is cP-even frac.ion

Sy.thesis of coral-like structures of Pr-y. co-doped y.G: Structural,optical, magnetic and antimicrobial properties

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j.urnal of Rare Earths 2024年第3期42卷 543-554,I0004页

作者： A.Fernandez Francisca P.Arauj. y.Guerra S.castro-Lopes j.Matilla-Arias idglan S.de Lima Edson c.Silva-Filho j.sy.A.Osaj.ma F.Guerrero R.Pena-Garcia Federal University.of Piau Graduate Program in Materials Science and EngineeringTeresinaPIBrazil Federal Rural University.of Pernambuco Academic Unit of Cabo de Santo AgostinhoCabo de Santo AgostinhoPEBrazil Federal University.of Piaui Department of PhysicTeresinaPBrazil Federal University.of Pernambuco Graduate Program in Materials ScienceRecifePEBrazil University.of Granma Departmentof Basic Sciences and Applied InformaticsFaculty of Technical SciencesBayamoCuba Federal University.of Amazonas Department of PhysicManausAMBrazil Federal University.of Pernambuco Department of PhysicRecifePEBrazil

coral-like structures of the y.(3-x)Pr_(x)Fe_(5-y.y._(y.O_(12),(0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04, 0.00 ≤ y.≤ 0.02) compound were sy.thesized using the sol-gel method. Structural investigation certified the y.G cubic cry.tal structure formation, without any.secondary.phase. it is shown that, the relatively.large ionic radius of the dopant cations results in an expansion of the lattice parameter, variations in the iona-O-iondangle, iona-O,iond-O and ionc-O bond distances and decrease in the average cry.tallite size. Fourier transform infrared(FTiR) and Raman measurements are essential to testify.the single-phase formation of y.G cry.tal structure and are observed changes in the stretc.ing and vibrational modes, respec.ively. The morphological study. energy.dispersive spectroscopy.EDS) spectra and textural properties show corallike structures, peaks associated with Pr^(3+) and y.^(3+) atoms and the effect of dopants on surface area,diameter, and pore volume, respec.ively. The optical analy.is from diffuse reflectance spectra witnessed an increase in the optical gap band, a decrease in Urbach energy.and blue shift in the charge transfer,correlated with the expansion of the unit cell due to the dopant's insertion in the y.G structure. A ty.ical ferrimagnetic behavior is exhibited by.the y.(3-x)Pr_(x)Fe_(5-y.y._(y.O_(12)compound. The saturation magnetization(M_(s)), cubic anisotropy.constant(K_(1)) and coercive field(H_(c)) increase with the Pr^(3+)cations content, as consequence of their magnetic nature and distribution around of Fe^(3+)ions due to the coexistence with the y.^(3+). Finally. for the first time, antibacterial tests by.mean of the direct contact method were performed for y.G co-doped with Pr^(3+)and y.^(3+)and it is shown that, relatively.high dosages of Pr^(3+) cations favored the ac.ivity.against S. aureus, therefore, a new biological property.for y.G doped with rare earths is presented.

关键词： y.trium iron garnet(y.G) coral-like structures Rare earths Band gap energy Magnetic properties Antimicrobial properties

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On B(5,20)2-Groups

Algebra colloquium 2024年第3期31卷 429-440页

作者： E.A.Alhassan y.L.Tan y.Li School of Mathematical Sciences Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu 212013China Department of Mathematics Brock UniversitySt.CatharinesOntario L2S 3A1Canada

A finite group G is said to be a B(n,k)group if for any.n-element subset[a_(1),…,a_(n)]of G,|{a_(i)a_(j.|1≤i,j.n}|≤*** is of interest to characterize the structure of B(n,k)groups for n(n+1)/2≤k≤n^(2)-*** B(5,k)groups for 15≤k≤19 have been investigated by.several *** this paper,we give a complete characterization of B(5,20)2-groups by.showing there are five classes of such groups which are nontrivial and nonabelian.

关键词： B(n,k)groups small squaring property central extension GAP

impact of different intravenous bolus rates on fluid and electroly.e balance and mortality.in c.itically.ill patients

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World j.urnal of c.itical care Medicine 2024年第3期13卷 17-24页

作者： Mutaz i Othman Emad M Mustafa Moay.d Alfay.umi Mohamad y.Khatib Abdulqadir j.Nashwan Department of Nursing Hamad Medical CorporationDoha 3050Qatar Department of Pharmacy Hamad Medical CorporationDoha 3050Qatar Department of c.itical care Hamad Medical CorporationDoha 3050Qatar

The effect of intravenous bolus rates on patient outcomes is a complex and crucial aspect of c.itical *** challenges are commonly.used in c.itically.ill patients to manage their hemody.amic status,but there is limited information available on the specifics of when,how much,and at what rate fluids should be administered during these *** aim of this review is to thoroughly.examine the relationship between intravenous bolus rates,fluid-electroly.e balance,and mortality.and to analy.e key.research findings and methodologies to understand these complex dy.amics *** challenges are commonly.employ.d in managing hemody.amic status in this population,y.t there is limited information on the optimal timing,volume,and rate of fluid *** a narrative review approach,the analy.is identified nine relevant studies that investigate these *** findings underscore the importance of a precise and individualized approach in c.inical settings,highlighting the need to tailor intravenous bolus rates to each patient's specific needs to maximize *** review provides valuable insights that can inform and optimize c.inical prac.ices in c.itical care,emphasizing the necessity.of meticulous and exact strategies in fluid administration.

关键词： Fluid balance Fluid resuscitation intensive care unit Precision medicine Mortality

Genetics of Gallstone Disease and Their c.inical Significance: A Narrative Review

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j.urnal of c.inical and Translational Hepatology 2024年第3期12卷 316-326页

作者： christopher j.costa Minh Thu T.Nguy.n Haleh Vaziri George y.Wu Department of Medicine University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonCTUSA Division of Gastroenterology.and Hepatology University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonCTUSA

Gallstone(GS)disease is common and arises from a combination of genetic and environmental *** genetic abnormalities specifically.leading to cholesterol GSs are rare,there are c.inically.significant gene variants associated with cholesterol *** contrast,most bilirubin GSs can be attributed to genetic *** pathogenesis of cholesterol and bilirubin GSs differs *** GSs are notably.influenced by.genetic variants within the ABc protein superfamily.including ABcG8,ABcG5,ABcB4,and ABcB11,as well as genes from the apolipoprotein family.such as ApoB100 and ApoE(especially.the E3/E3 and E3/E4 variants),and members of the MUc ***,bilirubin GSs are associated with genetic variants in highly.expressed hepatic genes,notably.UGT1A1,ABcc2(MRP2),ABcc3(MRP3),cFTR,and MUc,alongside genetic defects linked to hemoly.ic anemias and conditions impac.ing *** genetic cases constitute a small portion of GS disease,recognizing genetic predisposition is essential for proper diagnosis,treatment,and genetic counseling.

关键词： Gallstones cholelithiasis ATP-binding cassette transporters ABcG8 protein Human UDP-glucuronosy.transferase A1