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Defor.ation of plastically compr.ssible har.ening-softening-har.ening solids

Acta Mechanica Sinica 2012年第4期28卷 1115-1124页

作者： A. Needleman S. B. Hutchens N. Mohan j. r. greer Depar.ment of Mater.als Science and Engineer.ng University of North Texas Depar.ment of Polymer.Science and Engineer.ng University of Massachsetts Amherst Mater.als Science California Institute of Technology

Motivated by a model of the r.sponse of ver.ically aligned car.on nanotube （VACNT） pillar. in uniaxial compr.ssion, we consider.the defor.ation of a class of compr.ssible elastic-viscoplastic solids with a har.eningsoftening-har.ening var.ation of flow str.ngth with plastic str.in. In pr.vious wor. （Hutchens et al. 2011） a constitutive r.lation was pr.sented and used to model the r.sponse of VACNT pillar. in axisymmetr.c compr.ssion. Subsequently, it was found that due to a pr.gr.mming er.or.the constitutive r.lation pr.sented in the paper.（Hutchens et al. 2011） was not the one actually implemented. In par.icular. the plastic flow r.le actually used did not satisfy plastic nor.ality. Her., we pr.sent the constitutive for.ulation actually implemented in the pr.vious wor. （Hutchens et al. 2011）. Dynamic, finite defor.ation, finite element calculations ar. car.ied out for.uniaxial compr.ssion, uniaxial tension and for.indentation of a ＂half-space＂ by a conical indenter.tip. A sequential buckling-like defor.ation mode is found in compr.ssion when ther. is plastic non-nor.ality and har.ening- softening-har.ening. The same mater.al char.cter.zation gives r.se to a Lfider. band-like defor.ation mode in ten- sion. When ther. is a defor.ation mode with a shar. fr.nt along mesh boundar.es, the over.ll str.ss-str.in r.sponse contains high fr.quency oscillations that ar. a mesh ar.ifact. The r.sponses of non-softening solids ar. also analyzed and their.over.ll str.ss-str.in behavior.and defor.ation modes ar. compar.d with those of har.ening-softening- har.ening solids. We find that indentation with a shar. indenter.tip gives a qualitatively equivalent r.sponse for.har.ening and har.ening-softening-har.ening solids.

关键词： Plasticity Localization Indentation . Finite Element Analysis

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Healthcar. Over.se： A Liter.tur. r.view and Taxonomy Pr.posal

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j.ur.al of Health Science 2016年第2期4卷 83-92页

作者： Eva Koeller.Colleen Bar.lay Tina L. Velasquez r.ssell Har.is Melissa r. Par.in Elisheva r. Danan Nancy greer Timothy j. Wilt Center.for.Chr.nic Disease Outcomes r.sear.h and the Minneapolis Vii High Value Car. Initiative Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis MN 55417 USA Sheps Center.for.Health Ser.ices r.sear.h University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Depar.ment of Medicine Section of General Internal Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55417 USA

Healthcar. over.se is the pr.vision of car. in which the benefits do not j.stify the har.s and/or.costs. Over.se liter.tur. is poor.y categor.zed thus impeding r.sear.h, pr.ctice, and policy to r.duce over.se and impr.ve healthcar. quality. We developed an over.se taxonomy and sear.hed for.and r.viewed the healthcar. over.se liter.tur. in an attempt to better.under.tand and categor.ze r.sear.h on over.se pr.ctice and patter.s. We found that mor. than two-thir.s of ar.icles wer. obser.ational （70%）, the most pr.valent pur.ose of over.se was tr.atment/secondar. pr.vention （69%）, the most common type of over.se was over.r.atment （73 %）, dr.ver. of and methods to r.duce over.se wer. each discussed in about 40% of abstr.cts, and the most fr.quently mentioned clinical ar.a was phar.acy. A high volume of over.se liter.tur. exists. However. the maj.r.ty of over.se r.sear.h is obser.ational, descr.ptive, and focuses on over.r.atment and over.r.scr.bing r.ther.than methods to r.duce over.se. Some over.se is not labelled as such. Our.taxonomy adequately or.anized the existing liter.tur. and identified ar.as wher. additional r.sear.h effor.s ar. most needed. A common taxonomy, such as our., could help r.sear.her. categor.ze their.wor., assist clinicians and policymaker. in identifying and implementing findings, and guide futur. r.sear.h to impr.ve healthcar. quality.

关键词： Healthcar. over.se over.r.atment over.se healthcar. utilization.

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Exper.mental deter.ination of gr.in density function of AZ91/SiC composite with differ.nt mass fr.ctions of SiC and under.oolings using heter.geneous nucleation model

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China Foundr. 2011年第1期8卷 101-106页

作者： j.Lelito P.Zak j.S.Suchy W.Kr.j.wski A.L.greer P.Dar.ak Depar.ment of Foundr. Engineer.ng Pr.cesses AGH University of Science and Technology Depar.ment of Mater.als Science & Metallur.y University of Cambridge Foundr. Institute

The gr.in density,Nv,in the solid state after.solidification of AZ91/SiC composite is a function of maximum under.ooling,ΔT,of a liquid *** type of function depends on the char.cter.stics of heter.geneous nucleation sites and number.of SiC pr.sent in the *** aim of this paper.was selection of par.meter. for.the model descr.bing the r.lationship between the gr.in density of pr.mar. phase and *** model in connection with model of cr.stallisation,which is based on chemical elements diffusion and gr.in inter.ace kinetics,can be used to pr.dict casting quality and its *** models have par.meter.,which exact values ar. usually not known and sometimes even their.physical meaning is under.*** par.meter. can be obtained after.mathematical analysis of the exper.mental *** composites with 0,1,2,3 and 4wt.% of SiC par.icles wer. *** AZ91 alloy was a matr.x of the composite r.infor.ement SiC *** composite was cast to pr.par. four.differ.nt thickness *** wer. taken fr.m the r.gion near.to the ther.ocouple,to analyze the under.ooling for.differ.nt composites and thickness plates and its influence on the gr.in *** micr.str.ctur. and ther.al analysis gave set of values that connect mass fr.ction of SiC par.icles,and under.ooling with gr.in *** values wer. used to appr.ximate nucleation model adj.stment *** model can be ver. useful in modelling composites micr.str.ctur..

关键词： heter.geneous nucleation mass fr.ction of SiC par.icles AZ91/SiC composite gr.in density mathematical modelling

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Examining the effects of voluntar. avoidance behaviour.and policy-mediated behaviour.change on the dynamics of SAr.-CoV-2:A mathematical model

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第3期9卷 701-712页

作者： Gabr.elle Br.nkston David N.Fisman Zvonimir.Polj.k Ashleigh r.Tuite Amy L.greer Depar.ment of Population Medicine University of GuelphCanada Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of TorontoCanada Centr. for.Immunization r.adiness Public Health Agency of CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada

Backgr.und Thr.ughout the SAr.-CoV-2 pandemic,policymaker. have had to navigate between r.commending voluntar. behaviour.change and policy-dr.ven behaviour.change to mitigate the impact of the *** individuals will voluntar.ly engage in self-pr.tective behaviour.when ther. is an incr.asing infectious disease r.sk,the extent to which this occur. and its impact on an epidemic is not *** This paper.descr.bes a deter.inistic disease tr.nsmission model explor.ng the impact of individual avoidance behaviour.and policy-mediated avoidance behaviour.on epidemic outcomes dur.ng the second wave of SAr.-CoV-2 infections in Ontar.o,Canada(September.1,2020 to Febr.ar. 28,2021).The model incor.or.tes an infor.ation feedback function based on empir.cally der.ved behaviour.data descr.bing the degr.e to which avoidance behaviour.changed in r.sponse to the number.of new daily cases *** Voluntar. avoidance behaviour.alone was estimated to r.duce the final attack r.te by 23.1%,the total number.of hospitalizations by 26.2%,and cumulative deaths by 27.5%over.6 months compar.d to a counter.actual scenar.o in which ther. wer. no inter.entions or.avoidance behaviour.A pr.vincial shutdown or.er.issued on December.26,2020 was estimated to r.duce the final attack r.te by 66.7%,the total number.of hospitalizations by 66.8%,and the total number.of deaths by 67.2%compar.d to the counter.actual *** Given the dynamics of SAr.-CoV-2 in a pr.-vaccine er.,individual avoidance behaviour.in the absence of gover.ment action would have r.sulted in a moder.te r.duction in disease however.it would not have been sufficient to entir.ly mitigate tr.nsmission and the associated r.sk to the population in *** action dur.ng the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontar.o r.duced infections,pr.tected hospital capacity,and saved lives.

关键词： Mathematical modelling COVID-19 SAr.-CoV-2 Human behaviour

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Bidir.ctional impact of imper.ect mask use on r.pr.duction number.of COVID-19:A next gener.tion matr.x appr.ach

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2020年第1期5卷 405-408页

作者： David N.Fisman Amy L.greer Ashleigh r.Tuite Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of TorontoTorontoCanada Depar.ment of Population Medicine University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada

The use of masks as a means of r.ducing tr.nsmission of COVID-19 outside healthcar. settings has pr.ved *** ar. thought to have two modes of effect:they pr.vent infection with COVID-19 in wear.r.;and pr.vent tr.nsmission by individuals with subclinical *** used a simple next-gener.tion matr.x appr.ach to estimate the conditions under.which masks would r.duce the r.pr.duction number.of COVID-19 under.a thr.shold of *** model takes into account the possibility of assor.ative mixing,wher. mask user. inter.ct pr.fer.ntially with other.mask *** make 3 key obser.ations:***,even with suboptimal efficacy in both pr.vention of acquisition and tr.nsmission of infection,could substantially decr.ase the r.pr.duction number.for.COVID-19 if widely *** masking may be sufficient to suppr.ss epidemics wher. r.has been br.ught close to 1 via other.measur.s(e.g.,distancing).3.“Assor.ment”within populations(the tendency for.inter.ctions between masked individuals to be mor. likely than inter.ctions between masked and unmasked individuals)would r.pidly er.de the impact of *** such,mask uptake needs to be fair.y univer.al to have an *** simple model suggests that widespr.ad uptake of masking could be deter.inative in suppr.ssing COVID-19 epidemics in r.gions with r.t)at or.near.1.

关键词： Masks Epidemiology COVID-19 SAr.-CoV-2 Next gener.tion matr.x Mixing Assor.ative Epidemics

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Novel heating-and defor.ation-induced phase tr.nsitions and mechanical pr.per.ies for.multicomponent Zr.(50)M_(50),Zr.(50)(M,Ag)_(50)and Zr.(50)(M,Pd)_(50)(M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)amor.hous alloys

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j.ur.al of Mater.als Science & Technology 2022年第9期104卷 109-118页

作者： j.Ding A.Inoue F.L.Kong S.L.Zhu Y.L.Pu E.Shalaan A.A.Al-Ghamdi A.L.greer School of Mater.als Science and Engineer.ng Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Inter.ational Institute of Gr.en Mater.als Josai International UniversityTogane 283-8555Japan Institute of Massive Amor.hous Alloy Science China University of Mining TechnologyXuzhou 221116China Depar.ment of Physics King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 22254Saudi Arabia MISiS National University of Science and TechnologyMoscow 119049Russia School of Mater.als Science and Engineer.ng Lanzhou Jiaotong UniversityLanzhou 730070China Depar.ment of Mater.als Science and Metallur.y University of CambridgeCambridge CB30FSUK

Multicomponent alloys of Zr.(50)M_(50),Zr.(50)(M,Ag)_(50)and Zr.(50)(M,Pd)_(50)(M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)can be melt-spun to obtain amor.hous *** maximum thickness for.fully amor.hous r.bbons var.es with composition in the r.nge 34-53μ*** contr.st,fully amor.hous r.bbons ar. not obtainable for.binar. Zr.(50)Ni_(50)or.ter.ar. Zr.(50)(Ni,Cu)_(50)***-induced cr.stallization occur. thr.ugh:two stages of amor.hous[am]→[~(am')+B2]→[B2+B33]for.Zr.(50)M_(50);and[am]→[am'+B2]→[B2+AgZr.for.Zr.(50)(M,Ag)_(50);and a single stage of[am]→[B2]for.Zr.(50)(M,Pd)_(50),while no B2 phase is for.ed for.the binar. and ter.ar. Zr.(50)Q_(50)(Q=Ni or.and Cu)***-spun amor.hous r.bbons have good bending ***,Zr.(50)M_(50)r.bbons in tension show 0.22-0.28%plastic elongation and wor.-har.ening(the yield str.ss is~820 MPa,the fr.ctur. str.ss is~1200 MPa).When cold-r.lled at r.om temper.tur. to 30%r.duction in thickness,Zr.(50)M_(50)r.bbons show 10%incr.ase in har.ness,while r.taining good bending ***-r.lling induces pr.cipitation of spher.idal B2 and ir.egular.B33 par.icles,while defor.ation in tension induces B2,B33 and also plate-like monoclinic *** B2 and B33 par.icles for. by polymor.hic tr.nsfor.ation,and include a high density of inter.al *** novel defor.ationinduced pr.cipitation has not been r.cognized for.any Zr.(50)Q_(50)binar. or.ter.ar. *** new multicomponent systems ar. encour.ging for.futur. pr.gr.ss as str.ctur.l amor.hous alloys.

关键词： Multicomponent Micr.str.ctur. Mechanical pr.per.ies Phase tr.nsition Amor.hous alloy

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Nano-scale Plasticity in FCC and BCC Cr.stals as Deter.ined by Compr.ssion Exper.ments and Dislocation Dynamics Simulations of Sub-micr.n Pillar..

Nano-scale Plasticity in FCC and BCC Crystals as Determined ...

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US-China NSF Wor.shop and Summer.Institute of Bio-and Nano-Mechanics and Applications

作者： j.r.greer C.Weinber.er Depar.ment of Mater.als Science California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA 91125 USA Depar.ment of Mechanical Engineer.ng Stanford University

＜正＞The str.ngth of cr.stalline mater.als at r.duced dimensions is impor.ant for.the fabr.cation and r.liable functioning of devices at nanometer.scales such as micr.- and nano-electr.-mechanical systems（MEMS and NEMS）,bio-cell sensor.,and fuel *** plastic flow str.ss of cr.stals,a size-independent pr.per.y for.the bulk,is found to str.ngly depend on sample size as it is r.duced to micr.- and nano-scales[1-4].Many models have been pr.posed to account for.this size-dependence at small scales,including str.in-gr.dient plasticity theor.es,applicable to inhomogeneous defor.ation of the mater.al,*** nanoindentation[e.g.5-8].To investigate plasticity under.homogeneous defor.ation,we have developed a micr.-compr.ssion technique, wher. cylindr.cal sub-micr.n pillar. fabr.cated by the focused ion beam（FIB） method ar. uniaxially compr.ssed,and str.ss *** r.lationship is subsequently *** plastic flow str.ss incr.ases dr.matically as the diameter.of the pillar.decr.ases below one micr.n[1,2,9-11].This finding is inter.sting because it shows that the size effect can exist even without exter.ally imposed str.in gr.dients pr.sent in bending and indentation ***,sever.l mechanisms have been pr.posed to explain the size effects associated with the micr.-compr.ssion exper.ments[12,13].We expect that Dislocation Dynamics （DD） simulations,when quantitatively compar.d with the exper.ments,will r.veal the under.ying mechanisms of this size *** simulations wer. or.ginally developed to model the plastic defor.ation of bulk cr.stals,but they have also been applied to thin films,in which we need to account for.the effect of image str.ss on the dislocations due to the pr.sence of fr.e sur.aces[14,15].In the cour.e of this wor.,we have developed an efficient method to compute the image str.ss in an elastic cylinder.using a set of analytical solutions[16].This allows for.efficient DD simulations at the r.al length scale of the nanopillar..

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妊娠期慢性病的临床表现

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2006年第5期25卷 283-289页

作者： r.sto j. Kaaj. Ian A. greer 钟森（译）张以文（校） Depar.ment of Obstetr.cs and Gynecology Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland Depar.ment of Obstetr.cs and Gynecology Glasgow Royal Infirmary University of Glasgow Glasgow Scotland 不详

背景：妊娠期出现的生理变化包括胰岛素抵抗、血栓形成倾向、免疫抑制以及高血容量，这些改变均可提示孕妇今后容易患上某种疾病。目的：对妊娠期慢性病发病风险的证据进行总结。证据获取：在MEDLINE上检索1990年至2005年发表的有关妊... 详细信息

背景：妊娠期出现的生理变化包括胰岛素抵抗、血栓形成倾向、免疫抑制以及高血容量，这些改变均可提示孕妇今后容易患上某种疾病。目的：对妊娠期慢性病发病风险的证据进行总结。证据获取：在MEDLINE上检索1990年至2005年发表的有关妊娠期慢性病的文章，复习国际产科医学协会（Inter.ational Society of Obstetr.c Medicine）和国际妊娠高血压症研究协会（Inter.ational Society for.the Study of Hyper.ension in Pr.gnancy）的文献目录及网站内容。证据综合：妊娠可加重导致动脉粥样硬化的一系列变化，其中包括胰岛素抵抗和血脂异常，临床上表现为先兆子痫或妊娠期糖尿病。这些妊娠合并症预示着孕妇产后出现心血管疾病的风险有可能增加，其中冠心病和中风的患病风险可增加2倍。患有妊娠期糖尿病的妇女可进一步发展为2型糖尿病，其发病率为6％-92％不等，视诊断标准、种族及监测时间（6个月-28年）而定。妊娠可使静脉血栓的风险增加7—10倍。在西方人群中，至少有15％的人具有遗传性血栓形成倾向，而50％的妊娠期静脉血栓见于这些人。因此，妊娠期间出现高凝状态可提示机体具有遗传性血栓形成倾向。胎儿胎盘单位之所以能够出现免疫耐受，其中一个重要的转变是辅助性T细胞（helper.Tcell，TH）2占优，取代TH1的优势地位。患有TH1占优的免疫系统疾病（如类风湿性关节炎或多发性硬化症）的患者在妊娠期间病情会有所缓解。但是，产后出现类风湿性关节炎的可能性较其他时期高出5倍。妊娠期间，机体血容量将增加50％，这可能与肾小球肾病、围产期心肌病、动脉瘤或者动静脉畸形有关。妊娠期间若出现肝内胆汁淤积，则预示将来发生胆石症的可能性有所增加。结论：妊娠期间出现的生理变化可提示机体出现慢性病的可能性。代谢综合征的典型变化亦可见于先兆子痫和妊娠期糖尿病，这些变化预示着机体将来有可能会发生心血管疾病和代谢性疾病。为此，临床上应抓住妊娠这个重要契机，对心血管疾病和代谢性疾病的危险因素进行筛查，提供相应的早期干预。

关键词：妊娠期糖尿病临床表现慢性病类风湿性关节炎血栓形成倾向心血管疾病 MEDLINE 致动脉粥样硬化

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Defor.ation and failur. behavior.of nanowir.s and nanolattices

Deformation and failure behavior of nanowires and nanolattic...

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中国力学大会-2015

作者： j.far.-Zadeh Mehdi Wu Zhaoxuan Wong W.H. Zhang Yong-Wei Montemayor.Laur.n C. Gu X.Wendy Chen David Z. greer j.lia r. Lee Seok-Woo Sr.lovitz David j. Institute of High Per.or.ance Computing Division of Engineer.ng and Applied Science California Institute of Technology1200 E California Blvd Depar.ment of Mater.als Science and Engineer.ng Institute of Materials ScienceUniversity of Connecticut Depar.ments of Mater.als Science & Engineer.ng and Mechanical Engineer.ng & Applied Mechanics University of Pennsylvania

We will then r.por. our.r.cent wor. on the effect of temper.tur. and component size on the defor.ation and failur. of nanolattices under.compr.ssion using both nanomechanical testing and molecular.dynamics ***,we disc...

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试验确定AZ91/SiC复合材料异质形核模型中决定于SiC质量分数和过冷度的晶粒密度函数

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铸造 2011年第3期60卷 224-228页

作者： j.Lelito P.Zak j.S.Suchy W.Kr.j.wski A.L.greer P.Dar.ak 申泽骥(翻译) AGH科技大学铸造工程技术系波兰克拉科夫Mickiewicza3030-059 剑桥大学材料科学和冶金系英国Pembroke StreetCambridge CB2 3QZ 铸造研究所波兰克拉科夫Zakopianka7330-418 不详

镁合金及其复合材料作为重要的轻质材料在汽车和航空工业中的应用一直引人注目。由于镁不能形成任何稳定的碳化物,SiC颗粒被大量用于增强镁基复合材料。AZ91/SiC复合材料凝固后固态晶粒密度NV是合金液态最大过冷度ΔT的函数。这类函数... 详细信息

镁合金及其复合材料作为重要的轻质材料在汽车和航空工业中的应用一直引人注目。由于镁不能形成任何稳定的碳化物,SiC颗粒被大量用于增强镁基复合材料。AZ91/SiC复合材料凝固后固态晶粒密度NV是合金液态最大过冷度ΔT的函数。这类函数决定于异质形核位置特征与合金中存在的SiC数量。本文的目的是为描述初生相晶粒密度与过冷度关系的模型选择参数。这一模型与基于化学元素扩散和晶界动力学的结晶模式有关,能够用于预测铸件质量及其显微组织。形核模型通常有未知确切值的参数,甚至其物理意义都是待讨论的,对试验数据进行分析之后可以获得这些参数。制备了SiC强化的AZ91合金基复合材料,其中SiC颗粒含量分别为0、1%、2%、3%和4%(质量分数)。把这种复合材料铸造成具有4种厚度的试验板。从热电偶测温点附近获取数据,分析不同复合材料与不同厚度试板的过冷度及其对晶粒尺寸的影响。显微组织和热分析给出的一套数据建立了晶粒尺寸与SiC颗粒质量分数及过冷度联系,这些数据用于近似形核模型的参数调节。获得的模型在模拟复合材料显微组织方面是非常有用的。

关键词：异质形核 SiC颗粒质量分数 AZ91/SiC复合材料晶粒密度数学模拟

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