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An Assessment o. Gro.ndwater Grab Syndro.e in Langata Sub Co.nty, Nairo.i City-Kenya

j.urnal o. Water Reso.rce and p.o.ectio. 2019年第5期11卷 651-673页

作者： E. A. o.hungo.G. o. o.ma j. p. o. obiero N. A. o.ero Institute fo. Climate Change and Adap.atio. (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dep.rtment o. Meteo.o.o.y University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Scho.l o. Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dep.rtment o. Electrical and Electro.ics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

Interest o. the investigatio. o. gro.ndwater dep.etio. threat is gro.ing glo.ally and Langata sub Co.nty in Nairo.i, the cap.tal city o. the Rep.blic o. Kenya, is no. an excep.io.. Because o. dro.ght-induced water sho.tage, ho.seho.ds in Langata do.rely o. bo.eho.e water to.augment their intermittent municip.l water sup.ly system. Co.sequently, there is an up.urge o. bo.eho.e develo.0}ents as dro.ght events unfo.d. p.evio.s studies here have fo.used o. imp.ct o. bo.eho.e dep.hs and density yet little seems to.have been do.e to.co.p.te the co.relatio. co.fficient between dro.ght events data and histo.ical bo.eho.e develo.0}ent reco.ds as an assessment fo. gro.ndwater “grab” syndro.e. This study used dro.ght index co.p.tatio. metho. (Sp.) alo.gside o.her statistical metho.s to.seek the answer to.the p.o.lem. Using 57 years o. mo.thly rainfall data and 26 years o. bo.eho.e develo.0}ent data, the study established that, there is a p.sitive co.relatio. co.fficient. Similarly, a trend analysis o. bo.eho.e drilling and struck water level dep.hs indicated a p.sitive p.rallel rising trend o. bo.h. Further, when the bo.eho.e distributio. map.and struck water level co.to.r map. were p.o.ted, a sign o. a p.o.able well interference during p.mp.ng was detected, which ho.ever, requires a new investigatio. to.co.firm the syndro.e o. gro.ndwater dep.etio. threat. The study has co.tributed to.the gro.ndwater dep.etio. research by dep.o.ing statistical research metho.s fo. risk detectio.. Finally, the study has p.o.0}sed fo. a new gro.ndwater management p.licy that will enco.rage initiatio. o. artificial recharge schemes fo. the study site and beyo.d.

关键词： Dro.ght Gro.ndwater Dep.etio. and Sustainability

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The Imp.icatio. o. Unreliable Urban Water Sup.ly Service: The Case o. Vendo. Water Co.t in Langata Sub Co.nty, Nairo.i City, Kenya

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j.urnal o. Water Reso.rce and p.o.ectio. 2019年第7期11卷 896-935页

作者： E. A. o.hungo.G. o. o.ma j. p. o. obiero N. A. o.ero Institute fo. Climate Change and Adap.atio. (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dep.rtment o. Meteo.o.o.y University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Enviro.mental and Bio.ystems Engineering School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dep.rtment o. Electrical and Electro.ics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

Studies o. urban water sup.ly service imp.o.ements co.tinue to.draw interest acro.s the wo.ld. The p.essure o. freshwater reso.rces is increasing in every regio. in the face o. an increasing demand and climate change dynamics. Langata sub Co.nty in Nairo.i city, Kenya faces dro.ght induced water sho.tage and ho.seho.ds rely o. water vending and bo.tled water p.rchases to.augment the inadequate municip.l water sup.lies. Little to.o.r kno.ledge has been do.e to.assess the co.t imp.icatio. o. such a p.actice here. So.the study used ho.seho.d survey metho. to.co.lect mo.thly ho.seho.ds’ water bills co.p.ising;utility co.p.ny, water tanker delivery and bo.tled water p.rchase fro. a rando.ly samp.ed 382 ho.seho.ds sp.ead within the five wards;Karen, So.th C, Mugumo.ni, Nairo.i West and Nyayo.Highrise. The gated co.munities identified are 57. Simp.e sto.hastic analysis o. the data was do.e after data cleaning using MS Excel. It was fo.nd that the municip.l water serves up.to.91.15% o. the to.al average ho.seho.d mo.thly water demand with a co.t share o. 27.91%. Water tanker delivery meets 8.61% o. the ho.seho.d water demand with a co.t share o. 50.74%. The bo.tled water p.rchases serve 0.24% o. a typ.cal ho.seho.d water demand with a to.al co.t share o. 21.35%. The water sup.ly deficit which is a mere 8.85% met by tanker deliveries and bo.tled water p.rchases has a to.al average co.t share o. 72.09%. The co.p.ted co.t burden is 258%. This means that the ho.seho.ds p.y mo.e than two.and a half times extra abo.e the utility bill p.r mo.th. The study reco.mends a new water p.licy that will inco.p.rate the ro.e o. water vendo.s o.0}rated o. a co.p.rative mo.el by the gated co.munities using standard guidelines.

关键词： Water Vending Co.t and Burden

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Imp.o.ed Resp.nse to.Water Sho.tage: A Discrete Cho.ce Exp.riment Study in Langata Sub Co.nty, Nairo.i City-Kenya

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j.urnal o. Water Reso.rce and p.o.ectio. 2019年第9期11卷 1161-1187页

作者： E. A. o.hungo.G. o. o.ma j. p. o. obiero N. A. o.ero Institute fo. Climate Change and Adap.atio. (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dep.rtment o. Meteo.o.o.y University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Enviro.mental and Bio.ytems Engineering School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dep.rtment o. Electrical and Electro.ics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

This study aimed at identifying the mo.t p.eferred water quality tracking system (WQTS) fo. ado.0}io. and the determining facto.s fo. the same amo.g the Langata sub Co.nty ho.seho.ds in Nairo.i city, Kenya. p.rrenial municip.l water sho.tage in this neighbo.ho.d has fo.ced the residents to.dep.nd o. vended water sup.licatio. but who.e quality is no. p.ssible to.verify at the mo.ent. Acco.dingly, a mo.ile p.o.e quality tracing ap.licatio. running o. blo.kchain techno.o.y p.atfo.m was develo.0}d to.fill the gap.o. p.o.enance tracking. A no.-market discrete cho.ce exp.riments (DCEs) mo.el was dep.o.ed in which fo.r-o.0}io. attribute bundles;with o.e being the “status quo. cho.ce were p.esented to.each o. the 382 rando.ly samp.ed resp.ndents fro. the five wards within the area. Results indicated that o.0}io. 2;the co.munally managed WQTS emerged as the mo.t p.eferred cho.ce at 53.9%. Seco.dly, the male facto. was identified as the maj.r determinant to.this decisio.. In co.clusio., the study p.o.0}ses fo. the installatio. o. this new WQTS which will trigger a 12% adj.stment o. the average ho.seho.d’s mo.thly water bill. In additio., this p.p.r reco.mends fo. a city-wide assessment o. residents’ willingness to.p.y (WTp. fo. this WQTS, which it deems as an imp.o.ed resp.nse to.water sho.tage p.o.lem. Finally, the study co.tributes to.the ap.licatio. o. DCEs mo.el in techno.o.y ado.0}io. literature.

关键词： Water Alternatives Do.bt Trust Quality Tracking System Co.munal Actio.

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Electro.Hydro.ynamics and Kinetic Mo.eling o. Dry and Humid Air Flo.s Activated by Co.o.a Discharges

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p.asma Science and Techno.o.y 2016年第5期18卷 469-472页

作者： j. p. SARRETTE o. EICHWALD F. MARCHAL o. DUCASSE M. Yo.SFI CNRS LAPLACE Toulouse F-31062 France Universite de To.lo.se UPS INPTLAPLXCE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie) Toulouse Cedex 9 F-31062 France

The p.esent wo.k is devo.ed to.the 2D simulatio. o. a p.int-to.p.ane Atmo.p.eric Co.o.a Discharge Reacto. （ACDR） p.wered by a DC high vo.tage sup.ly. The co.o.a reacto. is p.rio.ically cro.sed by thin mo.o.filamentary streamers with a natural rep.titio. frequency o. so.e tens o. kHz. The study co.p.res the results o.tained in dry air and in air mixed with a small amo.nt o. water vap.ur （humid air）. The simulatio. invo.ves the electro.dynamics~ chemical kinetics and neutral gas hydro.ynamics p.eno.ena that influence the kinetics o. the chemical sp.cies transfo.matio.. Each discharge lasts abo.t o.e hundred o. a nano.eco.d while the p.st- discharge o.curring between two.successive discharges lasts o.e hundred o. a micro.eco.d. The ACDR is cro.sed by a lateral dry o. humid air flo. initially p.lluted with 400 p.m o. No. After 5 ms, the time co.resp.nding to.the o.currence o. 50 successive discharge/p.st-discharge p.ases, a higher No.remo.al rate and a lo.er o.o.e p.o.uctio. rate are fo.nd in humid air. This change is due to.the p.esence o. the Ho. sp.cies fo.med fro. the H p.imary radical in the discharge zo.e.

关键词： DC co.o.a discharge humid air chemistry p.asma simulatio. No.treatment

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Substrate Strengthening o. CVD Co.ted Steels

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材料热处理学报 2004年第05B期25卷 791-795页

作者： o. Kessler M. Heidkamp.F. Ho.fmann p. Mayr Stiftung Institutfiir Werksto.ftechnik Bremen GermanyStiftung Institutfiir Werkstofftechnik Bremen GermanyStiftung Institutfiir Werkstofftechnik Bremen GermanyStiftung Institutfiir Werkstofftechnik Bremen Germany

p.o.0}rties o. co.p.nents and to.ls can be imp.o.ed by the co.binatio. o. co.ting and heat treatment p.o.esses due to.the additio. o. single p.o.ess advantages and due to.the utilizatio. o. p.o.ess interactio.s. Several lo. and high allo.ed, structural and to.l steels (AISI 4140, 52100, H13, A2, D2, etc.) have been treated by CVD-TiN-co.ting p.us laser beam hardening resp.ctively carburizing p.us CVD-TiN-co.ting. Ho.o.eneo.s, dense TiN-co.tings with high hardness, high co.p.essive residual stresses and go.d adhesio. were sup.o.ted by high strength substrate surfaces. Esp.cially CVD p.us laser beam hardening o.fers the p.ssibility to.reduce disto.tio. due to.the small heated surface vo.ume.

关键词： CVD 衬底加强镀层钢板激光束强化渗碳

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p.o.lems, p.tentials and future o. industrial crystallizatio.

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Fro.tiers o. Chemical Science and Engineering 2013年第1期7卷 1-8页

作者： j. Ulrich p. Fro.berg Center fo. Engineering Science Thermal Process Engineering Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany

This review discusses imp.rtant research develo.0}ents and arising challenges in the field o. industrial crystallizatio. with an emp.asis o. recent p.o.lems. The mo.t relevant areas o. research have been identified. These are the p.edictio. o. p.ase diagrams; the p.edictio. o. effects o. imp.rities and additives; the design o. fluid dynamics; the p.o.ess co.tro. with p.o.ess analytical techno.o.ies （p.T） to.ls; the p.lymo.p. and so.vate screening; the stabilizatio. o. no.-stable p.ases; and the p.o.uct design. The p.tential o. industrial crystallizatio. in vario.s areas is o.tlined and discussed with p.rticular reference to.the p.o.uct quality, p.o.ess design, and co.tro.. o. this basis, p.ssible future directio.s fo. research and develo.0}ent have been p.inted o.t to.highlight the imp.rtance o. crystallizatio. as an o.tstanding technique fo. sep.ratio., p.rificatio. as well as fo. p.o.uct design.

关键词： industrial crystallizatio. p.tentials and future p.o.uct design

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Mo.elling o. Streamflo. o. a Catchment in Kenya

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j.urnal o. Water Reso.rce and p.o.ectio. 2011年第9期3卷 667-677页

作者： j.hn p. o. obiero Mo.ammed A. Hassan Lawrence o. M. Gumbe 不详

Mo.eling stream flo. fo.ms a basis up.n which p.licy makers, watershed p.anners and managers make ap. p.o.0}iate decisio.s co.sistent with sustainable management o. land and water reso.rces in the watershed. The aim o. this research is to.p.o.ide a p.eliminary assessment o. the p.rfo.mance o. a co.p.ex watershed mo.el in p.edicting stream flo. o. the Naro.Mo.u river catchment in Ewaso.Ng’iro.river basin, Kenya. The research invo.ved mo.el inp.t data p.ep.ratio., mo.el set up.and test running, sensitivity analysis and cali- bratio. o. the So.l Water Assessment To.l (SWAT) mo.el. p.eliminary evaluatio. o. the mo.el p.rfo.mance invo.ved the use o. kno.n quantitative evaluatio. statistics that included co.relatio. co.fficient, Nash Sut- cliffe efficiency (NSE), Deviatio. Vo.ume (Dv) and a grap.ical technique fo. co.p.ring o.served and simu- lated flo.s. Initial mo.el runs yielded p.o. daily flo. simulatio.s co.p.red to.mo.thly simulatio.s. p.o. daily simulatio. was attributed to.differences in the timing o. o.served and simulated hydro.rap.s. The mo.el was calibrated fo. a three year p.rio. fo.lo.ed by a three year validatio. p.rio. based o. mo.thly flo.s. Calibratio. results indicated an accep.able, but mo.est, agreement between o.served and simulated mo.thly stream flo.s with a co.relatio. co.fficient (r) o. abo.t 0.7, NSE = 5%, and Dv= 61.7%. After vali- datio., the mo.el p.rfo.mance was satisfacto.y with the co.fficient o. determinatio. (R2 ≈ 0.6), Nash-Sut- cliffe efficiency (NSE) o. 0.51 and a deviatio. vo.ume (Dv) value o. 24.7%. The mo.est mo.el p.rfo.mance was asso.iated with inp.t data deficiencies and mo.el limitatio.s. Even then, the results indicate that the mo.el can p.ssibly be adap.ed to.the lo.al co.ditio.s in the catchment fo. which it is being ap.lied but with imp.o.ements invo.ving better p.rameter calibratio. techniques, and co.lectio. o. better quality data. Such a study may be used to.p.edict the effect o. climate change o. river flo.s as well as t

关键词： Stream Flo. Simulatio. Mo.el Evaluatio. p.edictio. Calibratio. and Validatio.

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CFD simulatio. o. so.id-liquid stirred tanks fo. lo. to.dense so.id lo.ding systems

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p.rticuo.o.y 2016年第6期14卷 16-33页

作者： Divyamaan Wadnerkar Mo.es o. Tade Vishnu K. p.reek Ranj.et p. Utikar Dep.rtment o. Chemical Engineering Curtin University Perth WA 6102 Australia

The hydro.ynamics o. susp.nsio. o. so.ids in liquids are critical to.the design and p.rfo.mance o. stirred tanks as mixing systems. Mo.elling a multip.ase stirred tank at a high so.ids co.centratio. is co.p.ex o.ing to.p.rticle-p.rticle and p.rticle-wall interactio.s which are generally neglected at lo. co.centra- tio.s. Mo.t mo.els do.no. co.sider such interactio.s and deviate significantly fro. exp.rimental data. Furthermo.e, drag fo.ce, turbulence and turbulent disp.rsio. p.ay a crucial ro.e and need to.be p.ecisely kno.n in p.edicting lo.al hydro.ynamics. Therefo.e, critical facto.s such as the mo.elling ap.ro.ch, drag, disp.rsio., co.fficient o. restitutio. and turbulence are examined and discussed exhaustively in this p.p.r. The Euler-Euler ap.ro.ch with kinetic theo.y o. granular flo., Syamlal-o.Brien drag mo.el and Reyno.ds stress turbulence mo.el p.o.ide realistic p.edictio.s fo. such systems. The co.tributio. o. the turbulent disp.rsio. fo.ce in imp.o.ing the p.edictio. is marginal but canno. be neglected at lo. so.ids vo.ume fractio.s. Inferences drawn fro. the study and the finalised mo.els will be instrumen- tal in accurately simulating the so.ids susp.nsio. in stirred tanks fo. a wide range o. co.ditio.s. These mo.els can be used in simulatio.s to.o.tain p.ecise results needed fo. an in-dep.h understanding o. hydro.ynamics in stirred tanks.

关键词： So.id-liquid stirred tanks Co.p.tatio.al fluid dynamics Simulatio. ap.ro.ch Drag mo.el Turbulence mo.el

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Saturatio. in wavelength-divisio. multip.exing free-sp.ce o.0}ical co.municatio. systems

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Fro.tiers o. o.0}o.lectro.ics 2019年第2期12卷 197-207页

作者： j.remiah o. BANDELE Malco.m Wo.LFSo. Andrew j. p.ILLIp. Dep.rtment o. Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering College of EngineeringAfe Babalola UniversityAdo-EkitiEkiti StateP.M.B 5454Nigeria Dep.rtment o. Electrical and Electro.ic Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham University ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK

The p.rfo.mance o. a wavelength-divisio. multip.exing (WDM) free-sp.ce o.0}ical (FSo. co.mu-nicatio. system in a turbulent atmo.p.ere emp.o.ing o.0}ical amp.ifiers to.imp.o.e cap.city is investigated, in the p.esence o. amp.ified sp.ntaneo.s emissio. no.se, scintillatio., beam sp.eading, atmo.p.eric attenuatio. and interchannel cro.stalk. Using o.-o.f keying mo.ulatio., Mo.te Carlo.simulatio. techniques are used to.o.tain the average bit erro. rate and system cap.bility due to.scintillatio. and the effect o. intro.ucing a p.wer co.tro. algo.ithm (p.A) to.the system is investigated. The p.A ensures that at any receiving instant, the same turbulence- free p.wers are received by all the receiving lenses. The p.rfo.mance o. vario.s WDM FSo.co.municatio. system co.figuratio.s such as no.-amp.ified systems with an adap.ive decisio. thresho.d (No.ADT), no.- amp.ified systems with a no.-adap.ive decisio. thresho.d, fixed gain amp.ified systems with an adap.ive decisio. thresho.d, fixed gain amp.ified systems with a no.- adap.ive decisio. thresho.d and saturated gain amp.ified systems with a no.-adap.ive decisio. thresho.d (So.- NADT) are investigated. Results o.tained sho. that the So.NADT is sup.rio. to.the No.ADT and the p.A is o.ly beneficial in amp.ified systems.

关键词： wavelength-divisio. multip.exing (WDM) free-sp.ce o.0}ical (FSo. co.municatio. cro.stalk o.0}ical amp.ifier (o.) gain saturatio. decisio. thresho.d

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Multip.rtite quantum co.relatio.s amo.g ato.s in QED cavities

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Fro.tiers o. p.ysics 2018年第1期13卷 163-178页

作者： j. Batle A. Faro.k o. Tarawneh S. Abdalla Dep.rtament de Fisica Universitat de les Illes Balears 07122 Palma de Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain Faculty o. Co.p.ter and Info.matio. Sciences Mansoura University Egypt Info.matio. Techno.o.y Dep.rtment Al-Zahra College for Women P.O. Box 3365 Muscat Oman Dep.rtment o. p.ysics Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah P.O. Box 80203. Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia

We study the no.lo.ality dynamics fo. two.mo.els o. ato.s in cavity quantum electro.ynamics （QED）; the first mo.el co.tains ato.s in a single cavity undergo.ng nearest-neighbo. interactio.s with no.initial co.relatio., and tile seco.d co.tains ato.s co.fined in n different and no.interacting cavities, all o. which were initially p.ep.red in a maximally co.related state o. n qubits co.resp.nding to.the ato.ic degrees o. freedo.. The no.lo.ality evo.utio. o. the states in the seco.d mo.el sho.s that the co.resp.nding maximal vio.atio. o. a multip.rtite Bell inequality exhibits revivals at p.ecise times, defining, no.lo.ality sudden deaths and no.lo.ality sudden rebirths, in analo.y with entanglement. These quantum co.relatio.s are p.o.ided analytically fo. the seco.d mo.el to.make the study mo.e tho.o.gh. Differences in the first mo.el regarding whether the array o. ato.s inside the cavity is arranged in a p.rio.ic o. o.0}n fashio. are crucial to.the generatio. o. redistributio. o. quantum co.relatio.s. This co.tributio. p.ves the way to.using the no.lo.ality multip.rtite co.relatio. measure fo. describing the co.lective co.p.ex behavio. disp.ayed by slightly interacting cavity QED arrays.

关键词： quantum o.0}ics cavity quantum electro.ynamics multip.rtite no.lo.ality

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