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Scale. of snow de.th variability in high e.e.ation range.and sage.rush

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Frontie.s of e.rth Scie.ce 2017年第3期11卷 469-481页

作者： Molly e. Te.e.CHe.Ste.e. R. FASSNACHT Paul j. Me.MAN Wate.she. Scie.ce Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1476 USA Inte.ational Arctic Re.e.rch Ce.te. Water & Environmental Research Center Institute of Northern Engineering University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK 99775 USA Coope.ative.Institute.for Re.e.rch in the.Atmosphe.e Fort Collins CO 80523-1375 USA Natural Re.ource. e.ology Laboratory Fort Collins CO 80523-1499 USA Abt. Kartographie GIS & Femerkundung Geographisches Institut Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen 37077 Gottingen Germany Range.and e.osyste. Scie.ce Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA

In high e.e.ation se.i-arid range.ands, sage. brush and othe. shrubs can affe.t transport and de.osition of wind-blown snow, e.abling the.formation of snowdrifts. Datase.s from thre. fie.d e.pe.ime.ts we.e.use. to inve.tigate.the.scale. of spatial variability of snow de.th around big mountain sage.rush （Arte.isia tride.tata Nutt.） at a high e.e.ation plate.u range.and in North Park, Colorado, during the.winte.s of 2002, 2003, and 2008. Data we.e.colle.te. at multiple.re.olutions （0.05 to 25 m） and e.te.ts （2 to 1000 m）. Fine. scale.data we.e.colle.te. spe.ifically for this study to e.amine.the.corre.ation be.we.n snow de.th; sage.rush microtopogra- phy, the.ground surface. and the.snow surface. as we.l as the.te.poral consiste.cy of snow de.th patte.ns. Vario- grams we.e.use. to ide.tify the.spatial structure.and the.Moran＇s I statistic was use. to de.e.mine.the.spatial corre.ation. Re.ults show some.te.poral consiste.cy in snow de.th at se.e.al scale.. Plot scale.snow de.th variability is partly a function of the.nature.of individual shrubs, as the.e.is some.corre.ation be.we.n the.spatial structure.of snow de.th and sage.rush, as we.l as be.we.n the.ground and snow de.th. The.optimal sampling re.olution appe.rs to be.25-cm, but ove. a large.are., this would re.uire.a multitude.of sample., and thus a random stratifie. approach is re.omme.de. with a fine.me.sure.e.t re.olution of 5-cm.

关键词： snow hydrology high e.e.ation range.ands,spatial statistics variograms snow pack spatial variability,snow drifts

Le.de.-following conse.sus control for ne.worke. multi-te.e.pe.ator syste.s with inte.val time.varying communication de.ays

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Chine.e.Physics B 2013年第7期22卷 96-103页

作者： M. j. Park S. M. Le. j. W. Son O. M. Kwon e. j. Cha School of e.e.trical e.gine.ring Chungbuk National University School of e.e.tronic e.gine.ring Daegu University Division of IT-Conve.ge.ce Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology De.artme.t of Biome.ical e.gine.ring School of MedicineChungbuk National University

We.study the.le.de.-following conse.sus stability and stabilization of ne.worke. multi-te.e.pe.ator syste.s with inte.val time.varying communication de.ays. With the.construction of a suitable.Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and the.utilization of the.re.iprocally conve. approach, nove. de.ay-de.e.de.t conse.sus stability and stabilization conditions for the.syste.s are.e.tablishe. in te.ms of line.r matrix ine.ualitie., which can e.sily be.solve. by various e.fe.tive.optimization algorithms. One.illustrative.e.ample.is give. to illustrate.the.e.fe.tive.e.s of the.propose. me.hods.

关键词： multi-te.e.pe.ator syste.s inte.val time.varying de.ay le.de.–following conse.sus proble. Lyapunov me.hod

Conce.tual de.ign of an e.pe.ime.t to study dust de.truction by astrophysical shock wave.

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High Powe. Lase. Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring 2018年第3期6卷 9-14页

作者： M. j.-e. Manue. T. Te.im e. Dwe. A. M. Angulo e.X. Be.ancourt R. e.Drake.C. C. Kuranz M. j. MacDonald B. A. Re.ington Ge.e.al Atomics 3550 General Atomics Court San Diego CA 92121 USA Space.Te.e.cope.Scie.ce.Institute 3700 San Martin Drive Baltimore MD 21218 USA Obse.vational Cosmology Lab Code 665 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Climate.and Space.Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring University of Michigan Ann Arbor M148109 USA De.artme.t of Physics University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA Lawre.ce.Live.more.National Laboratory Livermore CA 94450 USA

A nove. laboratory e.pe.ime.tal de.ign is de.cribe. that will inve.tigate.the.proce.sing of dust grains in astrophysical shocks. Dust is a ubiquitous ingre.ie.t in the.inte.ste.lar me.ium(ISM) of galaxie.; howe.e., its e.olutionary cycle.is still poorly unde.stood. e.pe.ially shroude. in myste.y is the.e.ficie.cy of grain de.truction by astrophysical shocks ge.e.ate. by e.panding supe.nova re.nants. While.the.e.olution of the.e.re.nants is fairly we.l unde.stood, the.grain de.truction e.ficie.cy in the.e.shocks is large.y unknown. The.e.pe.ime.ts de.cribe. he.e.n will fill this knowle.ge.gap by studying the.dust de.truction e.ficie.cie. for shock ve.ocitie. in the.range.～10–30 km/s(μm/ns), at which most of the.grain de.truction and proce.sing in the.ISM take. place. The.e.pe.ime.ts focus on the.study of grain–grain collisions by acce.e.ating small(～1 μm) dust particle. into a large.～5–10 μm diame.e.) population; this simulate. the.astrophysical syste. we.l in that the.more.nume.ous, small grains impact and collide.with the.large.population. Facilitie. that combine.the.ve.satility of high-powe. optical lase.s with the.diagnostic capabilitie. of X-ray fre.-e.e.tron lase.s, e.g., the.Matte. in e.tre.e.Conditions instrume.t at the.SLAC National Acce.e.ator Laboratory, provide.an ide.l laboratory e.vironme.t to cre.te.and diagnose.dust de.truction by astrophysically re.e.ant shocks at the.micron scale.

关键词： laboratory astrophysics shock wave. dust de.truction

Optimal de.e.tralize. control of large.scale.syste.s

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Control The.ry and Te.hnology 2016年第4期14卷 287-313页

作者： Xiao Qi SHI Danie. e. DAVISON Raymond KWONG e.ward j. DAVISON Syste.s Control Group Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Ontario Canada MSS 3G4 De.artme.t of e.e.trical and Compute. e.gine.ring University of Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1

This pape. pre.e.ts a ne. optimize. de.e.tralize. controlle. de.ign me.hod for solving the.tracking and disturbance.re.0}ction proble.s for large.scale.line.r time.invariant syste.s, using only low-orde. de.e.tralize. controlle.s. To illustrate.the.type.of re.ults which can be.obtaine. using the.ne. optimize. de.e.tralize. control de.ign me.hod, the.control of a large.fle.ible.space.structure.is studie. and compare. with the.standard ce.tralize. LQR-obse.ve. controlle.. The.orde. of the.re.ultant de.e.tralize. controlle. is much smalle. than that of the.standard ce.tralize. LQR-obse.ve. controlle.. The.propose. controlle. also has ce.tain fail-safe.prope.tie. and, in addition, it can be.five.orde.s of magnitude.more.robust than the.standard LQR-obse.ve. controlle. base. on the.r re.l stability radii. The.ne. de.e.tralize. controlle. de.ign me.hod is applie. to a large.fle.ible.space.structure.syste. with 5 inputs and 5 outputs and of orde. 24.

关键词： De.e.tralize. control multivariable.control PID control robustne.s optimization large.scale.syste.s fle.ible.tructure.

Se.sitivitie. of Nume.ical Mode. Fore.asts of e.tre.e.Cyclone.e.e.ts

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Advance. in Atmosphe.ic Scie.ce. 1991年第1期8卷 51-66页

作者： A. C. Yih j. e. Walsh De.artme.t of Atmosphe.ic Scie.ce. University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801

A global fore.ast mode. is use. to e.amine.various se.sitivitie. of nume.ical pre.ictions of thre. e.tre.e.winte. storms that occurre. ne.r the.e.ste.n contine.tal margin of North Ame.ica: the.Ohio Valle. blizzard of j.nuary 1978, the.Ne. e.gland blizzard of Fe.ruary 1978, and the.Mid-Atlantic cyclone.of Fe.ruary 1979. While.me.ium-re.olution simulations capture.much of the.inte.sification, the.fore.asts of the.pre.ise.timing and inte.sity le.e.s suffe. from various de.re.s of e.ror. The.coastal cyclone. show a 5-10 hPa de.e.de.ce.on the.we.te.n North Atlantic se. surface.te.pe.ature. which is varie. within a range.(± 2.5℃) compatible.with inte.annual fluctuations. The.associate. ve.tical ve.ocitie. and pre.ipitation rate. show proportionate.y stronge. de.e.de.ce. on the.oce.n te.pe.ature.pe.turbations. The.Ohio Valle. blizzard, which inte.sifie. along a track 700-800 km from the.coast, shows little.se.sitivity to oce.n te.pe.ature. The.e.fe.t of a shift of - 10?latitude.in the.position of the.snow boundary is ne.ligible.in e.ch case. The.fore.asts de.e.d strongly on the.mode. re.olution, and the.coarse.re.olution fore.asts are.consiste.tly infe.ior to the.me.ium-re.olution fore.asts. Studie. of the.corre.ponding se.sitivitie. of e.tre.e.cyclonic e.e.ts ove. e.ste.n Asia are.e.courage. in orde. to ide.tify characte.istics that are.common to nume.ical fore.asts for the.two re.ions.

关键词： Se.sitivitie. of Nume.ical Mode. Fore.asts of e.tre.e.Cyclone.e.e.ts SST

Bounding spe.ie. distribution mode.s

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Curre.t Zoology 2011年第5期57卷 642-647页

作者： Thomas j. STOHLGRe. Cathe.ine.S. j.RNe.ICH Wayne.e. e.AIAS j.ffre. T. MORISe.Te Fort Collins Scie.ce.Ce.te. U.S. Geological Survey 2150 Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526USA Code.614.5. NASA/Goddard Space.Flight Ce.te.. Gre.nbe.t MD 20771 USA

Spe.ie. distribution mode.s are.incre.sing in popularity for mapping suitable.habitat for spe.ie. of manage.e.t con- ce.n. Many inve.tigators now re.ognize.that e.trapolations of the.e.mode.s with ge.graphic information syste.s （GIS） might be.se.sitive.to the.e.vironme.tal bounds of the.data use. in the.r de.e.opme.t, ye. the.e.is no re.omme.de. be.t practice.for ＂clamping＂ mode. e.trapolations. We.re.ie. on two commonly use. mode.ing approache.： classification and re.re.sion tre. （CART） and maximum e.tropy （Maxe.t） mode.s, and we.te.te. a simple.alte.ation of the.mode. e.trapolations, bounding e.- trapolations to the.maximum and minimum value. of primary e.vironme.tal pre.ictors, to provide.a more.re.listic map of suit-able.habitat of hybridize. Africanize. hone. be.s in the.southwe.te.n Unite. State.. Findings sugge.t that multiple.mode.s of bounding, and the.most conse.vative.bounding of spe.ie. distribution mode.s, like.those.pre.e.te. he.e. should probably re.lace.the.unbounde. or loose.y bounde. te.hnique. curre.tly use. [Curre.t Zoology 57 （5）： 642-647,2011].

关键词： Niche.mode.s Ge.graphic information syste.s e.trapolation Clamping

e.zymatic oxidation of aque.us pe.tachlorophe.ol

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j.urnal of e.vironme.tal Scie.ce. 2007年第9期19卷 1032-1036页

作者： e. Y. Kim H. j. Chae.K. H. Chu De.artme.t of Che.ical e.gine.ring The University of Seoul Seoul 130-743 Korea. De.artme.ts of Food and Biote.hnology and Innovative.Industrial Te.hnology Hoseo University Asan 336-795 Korea Hone.we.l Proce.s Solutions 17 Changi Business Park Central 1 Singapore 486073

The.influe.ce.of the.nonionic surfactant Twe.n 80 on pe.tachlorophe.ol （PCP） oxidation catalyze. by horse.adish pe.oxidase.was studie.. The.surfactant was te.te. at conce.trations be.ow and above.its critical mice.le.conce.tration （CMC）. e.hance.e.t of PCP re.oval was obse.ve. at sub-CMCs. The.pre.e.ce.of Twe.n 80 in the.re.ction mixture.re.uce. e.zyme.inactivation which occurre. through a combination of fre. radical attack and sorption by pre.ipitate. products. A simple.first-orde. mode. was able.to simulate.time.profile. for e.zyme.inactivation in the.pre.e.ce.or abse.ce.of Twe.n 80. At supra-CMCs, the.surfactant cause. notice.ble.re.uctions in PCP re.oval, pre.umably through mice.le.partitioning of PCP which pre.lude. the.hydrophobic PCP mole.ule.from inte.acting with the.e.zyme.

关键词： biocatalysis horse.adish pe.oxidase pe.tachlorophe.ol surfactant

De.ign　Issue.　for　Use.of　Solid　State.Transmitte.　Radars　in　the.Te.minal　Airspace

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j.urnal of Syste.s e.gine.ring and e.e.tronics 1995年第1期6卷 57-64页

作者： e. Le. Cole.& Lawre.ce.j. Friz(We.tinghouse.e.e.tric Corporation, Baltimore. MD, USA) We.tinghouse.e.e.tric Corporation Baltimore MD USA

Abstract

关键词： De.ign Use Issue. Airspace

Syste.ic RNAi in we.te.n corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgife.a virgife.a, doe. not involve.transitive.pathways

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Inse.t Scie.ce 2018年第1期25卷 45-56页

作者： Huarong Li Andre. j. Bowling Pre.chand Gandra Muruge.an Rangasamy He.the. e. Pe.ce.Robe.t e. Mce.an Chitvan Khaj.ria Blair D. Sie.frie. Ke.ne.h e. Narva Dow AgroScie.ce. LLC 9330 Zionsville Rd. Indianapolis Indiana USA De.artme.t of e.tomology University of Nebraska Lincoln Nebraska USA Monsanto Company Chesterfield Missouri USA e.tomology and Ne.atology De.artme.t University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

We.te.n corn rootworm （WCR, Diabrotica virgife.a virgife.a Le.onte. is highly se.sitive.to orally de.ive.e. double.strande. RNA （dsRNA）. RNAi in WCR is syste.ic and spre.ds throughout the.inse.t body. This raise. the.que.tion whe.he. transitive.RNAi is a me.hanism that functions in WCR to amplify the.RNAi re.ponse.via production of se.ondary siRNA. Se.ondary siRNA production is achie.e. through RNA-de.e.de.t RNA polyme.ase.（RdRP） activity in othe. e.karyotic organisms, but RdRP has not be.n ide.tifie. in WCR and any othe. inse.ts. This study visualize. the.spre.d of the.RNAi- me.iate. knockdown of Dr v-ATPase.C mRNA throughout the.WCR gut and othe. tissue. using high-se.sitivity branche. DNA in situ hybridization. Furthe.more. we.did not de.e.t e.the. se.ondary siRNA production or transitive.RNAi in WCR through siRNA se.ue.ce.profile.analysis. Nucle.tide.mismatche. se.ue.ce. introduce. into e.the. the.se.se.or antise.se.strand of v-ATPase.C dsRNAs we.e.maintaine. in siRNAs de.ive. from WCR fe. with the.mismatche. dsRNAs in a strand spe.ific manne.. The.distribution of all siRNAs was re.tricte. to within the.original targe. se.ue.ce.re.ions, which may indicate.the.lack of ne. dsRNA synthe.is le.ding to production of se.ondary siRNA. Thus, the.syste.ic spre.d of RNAi in WCR may be.de.ive. from the.original dsRNA mole.ule. take. up from the.gut lume.. The.e.re.ults indicate.that the.initial dsRNA dose.is important for a le.hal syste.ic RNAi re.ponse.in WCR and have.implications in de.e.oping e.fe.tive.dsRNA traits to control WCR and in re.istance.manage.e.t to prolong the.durability of RNAi trait te.hnology.

关键词： corn rootworm Diabrotica se.ondary siRNA production syste.ic RNAi transitive.RNAi