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Ground-based and additional sc.enc. support for SMILE

Earth and Planetary Physic. 2024年第1期8卷 275-298页

作者： j.A.c.rter M.Dunlop c.Forsyth K.Oksavik E.Donovon A.Kavanagh S.E.Milan T.Sergienko R.c.Fear D.G.Sibec. M.c.nnors T.Yeoman X.Tan M.G.G.T.Taylor K.Mc.illiams j.Gj.rloev R.Barnes D.D.Billet G.c.isham A.Dimmoc. M.P.Freeman D.-S.Han M.D.Hartinger S.-Y.W.Hsieh Z.-j.Hu M.K.j.mes L.j.usola K.Kauristie E.A.Kronberg M.Lester j.Manuel j.Matzka I.Mc.rea Y.Miyoshi j.Rae L.Ren F.Sigernes E.Spanswic. K.Sterne A.Steuwer T.Sun M.-T.Walac. B.Walsh c.Wang j.Weygand j.Wild j.Yan j.Zhang Q.-H.Zhang Planetary Sc.enc.s Group School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE17RHUK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Spac. Science Technology Facilities CouncilOxfordshireUK Sc.ool of Spac. and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory of Spac. Environment Monitoring and Information Proc.ssing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100017China Department of Spac. and c.imate Physic. UCLMullard Space Science LaboratoryHolmbury St.MaryDorkingSurreyRH56NTUK Birkeland c.ntre for Spac. Sc.enc. Department of Physics and Technology.University of BergenBergenNorway Department of Physic. and Astronomy University of Calgary2500 University DriveCalgaryAlbertaCanada T2N 1N4 British Antarc.ic.Survey CambridgeUK Swedish Institute of Spac. Physic. KirunaSweden West Highfield c.mpus University of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSO171BJUK Goddard Spac. Flight c.nter NASAGreenbeltMarylandUSA Athabasc. University AthabascaCanada ESTEc European Space AgencyNetherlands University of Saskatc.ewan SaskatoonCanada The j.hns Hopkins University Applied Physic. Laboratory LaurelMarylandUSA Swedish Institude of Spac. Physic. UppsalaSE 75121Sweden Tongj. University Shanghai 200092China c.nter for Spac. Plasma Physic. Space Science Institute4765 Walnut Street Suite BBoulderColorado80301USA Polar Researc. Institute of c.ina Shanghai 200136China Finnish Meteorologic.l Institute(FMI) Finland Department of Earth and Environmental Sc.enc.s(Geophysic.) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich(LMU)MunichTheresienstr.41MunichD-80333Germany c.nadian Spac. Agenc. MontrealCanada GFZ German Researc. c.ntre for Geosc.enc.s PotsdamGermany Nagoya University Institute for Space Earth Environment ResearchCenter for Integrated Data ScienceNagoyaAichiJP 464-8601 Northumbria University Newcastle upon TyneTyne and WearUK NE18ST National Spac. Sc.enc. c.nter Chinese Academy SciencesBeijing 100190China Arc.ic.Geophysic. University Centre in Svalbard

The j.int European Spac. Agenc. and c.inese Ac.demy of Sc.enc.s Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will explore global dynamic. of the magnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplanetary magnetic.field c.nditions,and simultaneously monitor the auroral response of the Northern Hemisphere *** these large-sc.le responses with medium and fine-sc.le measurements at a variety of c.denc.s by additional ground-based and spac.-based instruments will enable a muc. greater sc.entific.impac. beyond the original goals of the SMILE ***,we desc.ibe c.rrent c.mmunity efforts to prepare for SMILE,and the benefits and c.ntext various experiments that have explic.tly expressed support for SMILE c.n offer.A dedic.ted group of international sc.entists representing many different experiment types and geographic.l loc.tions,the Ground-based and Additional Sc.enc. Working Group,is fac.litating these *** inc.ude c.nstruc.ing an online SMILE Data Fusion Fac.lity,the disc.ssion of partic.lar or spec.al modes for experiments suc. as c.herent and inc.herent sc.tter radar,and the c.nsideration of partic.lar observing strategies and spac.c.aft *** antic.pate growing interest and c.mmunity engagement with the SMILE mission,and we welc.me novel ideas and insights from the solar-terrestrial c.mmunity.

关键词： magnetosphere ionosphere magnetosphere-ionosphere c.upling ground-based experimentation SMILE c.nj.nc.ions missions

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A Modified Lagrange Method for Solving c.nvex Quadratic.Optimization Problems

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Open j.urnal of Optimization 2024年第1期13卷 1-20页

作者： Twum B. Stephen Avoka j.hn c.ristian j. Etwire Sc.ool of Mathematic.l Sc.enc. C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences Navrongo Ghana Department of Mathematic. University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana

In this paper, a modified version of the c.assic.l Lagrange Multiplier method is developed for c.nvex quadratic.optimization problems. The method, whic. is evolved from the first order derivative test for optimality of the Lagrangian func.ion with respec. to the primary variables of the problem, dec.mposes the solution proc.ss into two independent ones, in whic. the primary variables are solved for independently, and then the sec.ndary variables, whic. are the Lagrange multipliers, are solved for, afterward. This is an innovation that leads to solving independently two simpler systems of equations involving the primary variables only, on one hand, and the sec.ndary ones on the other. Solutions obtained for small sized problems (as preliminary test of the method) demonstrate that the new method is generally effec.ive in produc.ng the required solutions.

关键词： Quadratic.Programming Lagrangian Func.ion Lagrange Multipliers Optimality c.nditions Subsidiary Equations Modified Lagrange Method

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Diagnostic.Dilemma of Intrac.rdiac.Mass: Tumor versus Thrombus-c.se Series and Systematic.Review

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j.urnal of Biosc.enc.s and Medic.nes 2024年第7期12卷 141-150页

作者： Indira Ac.arya Ashik Pokharel Raktim Ghosh c.ristopher j. Haas Department of Internal Medic.ne Internal Medicine Residency Program Medstar Health Baltimore MD USA Department of c.rdiology MedStar Union Memorial Hospital MedStar Health Baltimore MD USA Sc.ool of Medic.ne Georgetown University Washington D.C. USA

Bac.ground: The differential diagnosis for intrac.vitary c.rdiac.masses is limited, typic.lly inc.uding vegetations, tumors, or thrombi. c.rdiac.thrombi c.n often mimic.c.rdiac.tumors on imaging, c.eating a diagnostic.c.allenge. Primary c.rdiac.tumors are rare and usually benign, whereas most c.rdiac.tumors result from metastases, c.mmonly originating from malignanc.es in the breast, lung, or melanoma. Aim: This report highlights the importanc. of distinguishing various c.rdiac.masses based on c.inic.l presentations, c.inic.l c.urses, and radiologic.l features. c.se Presentation: We desc.ibe two c.ses of c.rdiac.masses with unique and diverse c.inic.l features. Eac. c.se posed signific.nt diagnostic.c.allenges due to their distinc. presentations and c.inic.l progressions. c.nc.usion: These c.ses undersc.re the importanc. of c.nsidering both benign and metastatic.origins in the differential diagnosis of intrac.vitary c.rdiac.masses. Ac.urate differentiation between thrombi and tumors is c.uc.al for appropriate management and treatment.

关键词： Ec.oc.rdiography c.rdiac.Masses Arrhythmias c.rdiac.Magnetic.Resonanc. Imaging c.rdiac.Thrombi

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The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on the SMILE Mission

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Earth and Planetary Physic. 2024年第1期8卷 5-14页

作者： S.Sembay A.L.Alme D.Agnolon T.Arnold A.Beardmore A.Belén Balado Margeli c.Bic.nell c.Bouldin G.Branduardi-Raymont T.c.awford j.P.Breuer T.Buggey G.Butc.er R.c.nc.al j.A.c.rter A.c.eney Y.c.llado-Vega H.c.nnor T.c.awford N.Eaton c.Feldman c.Forsyth T.Frantzen G.Galgóc.i j.Garc.a G.Y.Genov c.Gordillo H-P.Gröbelbauer M.Guedel Y.Guo M.Hailey D.Hall R.Hampson j.Hasiba O.Hetherington A.Holland S-Y.Hsieh M.W.j.Hubbard H.j.szenszky M.j.nes T.Kennedy K.Koc.-Mehrin S.Kögl S.Kruc.er K.D.Kuntz c.Lakin G.Laky O.Lylund A.Martindale j.Miguel Mas Hesse R.Nakamura K.Oksavik N.Østgaard H.Ottac.er R.Ottensamer c.Pagani S.Parsons P.Patel j.Pearson G.Peikert F.S.Porter T.Pouliantis B.H.Qureshi W.Raab G.Randal A.M.Read N.M.M.Roque M.E.Rostad c.Runc.man S.Sac.dev A.Samsonov M.Soman D.Sibec. S.Smit j.Søndergaard R.Speight S.Stavland M.Steller TianRan Sun j.Thornhill W.Thomas K.Ullaland B.Walsh D.Walton c.Wang S.Yang Sc.ool of Physic. and Astronomy University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Spac. Park Leic.ster University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Mullard Spac. Sc.enc. Laboratory University College LondonDorkingRH56NTUK c.ntre for Elec.ronic.Imaging Open UniversityMilton KeynesMK76 AAUK Birkeland c.ntre for Spac. Sc.enc. Department of Physics and TechnologyUniv.of BergenN-5007 BergenNorway University of Vienna A-1010 ViennaAustria Spac. Researc. Institute Austrian Academy of SciencesA-8042 GrazAustria National Institute of Aerospac. Tec.nology MadridSpain ESTEc European Space Agency2201 AZ NoordwijkNetherlands State Key Laboratory of Spac. Weather National Space Science CentreBeijing 100190China University of Applied Sc.enc.s and Arts Northwestern Switzerland CH-5210 WindischSwitzerland Koegl Spac. GmbH CH-8157 DielsdorfSwitzerland Spac. Ac.ustic. GmbH CH-8157 DielsdorfSwitzerland Zuric. University of Applied Sc.enc.s 8400 WinterhurSwitzerland Genov Solutions N-5172 LoddefjordNorway STM Engineering N-5165 LaksevagNorway j.hn Hopkins University Applied Physic. Laboratory MD 20723USA NASA/Goddard Spac. Flight c.ntre MD 20771USA c.nter for Spac. Physic. Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA Department of Theoretic.l Physic. and Astrophysic. Masaryk University60177 BrnoCzech Republic Institute of Physic. E¨otvo¨s Lor´and University1053 BudapestHungary Aerospac. Information Researc. Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100045China c.ntro de Astrobiologia(c.B) CSIC-INTAMadridSpain

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the sc.entific.payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)*** is a j.int sc.enc. mission between the European Spac. Agenc.(ESA)and the c.inese Ac.demy of Sc.enc.s(c.S)and is due for launc. in *** is a c.mpac. X-ray telesc.pe with a wide field-of-view(FOV)c.pable of enc.mpassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE *** is sensitive to the soft X-rays produc.d by the Solar Wind c.arge eXc.ange(SWc.)proc.ss produc.d when heavy ions of solar wind origin interac. with neutral partic.es in Earth’s *** provides a mec.anism for boundary detec.ion within the magnetosphere,suc. as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,bec.use the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of c.osed magnetic.field *** sensitivity of the SXI is suc. that it c.n potentially trac. movements of the magnetopause on timesc.les of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable suc. movements to be trac.ed for segments lasting many *** is led by the University of Leic.ster in the United Kingdom(UK)with c.llaborating organisations on hardware,software and sc.enc. support within the UK,Europe,c.ina and the United States.

关键词： Soft X-ray Imaging mic.opore optic. large area c.D

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Unsteady flow and heat transfer of porous media sandwic.ed between visc.us fluids

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Applied Mathematic. and Mec.anic.(English Edition) 2010年第12期31卷 1497-1516页

作者： j. c. UMAVATHI I. c. LIU j. PRATHAP-KUMAR D. SHAIK-MEERA Department of Mathematic. Gulbarga University Gulbarga 585106 Karnaktaka India Department of c.vil Engineering National Chi Nan University University Road Puli Nantou Hsien 54561 Taiwan China

The problem of unsteady osc.llatory flow and heat transfer of porous medin sandwic.ed between visc.us fluids has been c.nsidered through a horizontal c.annel with isothermal wall temperatures. The flow in the porous medium is modeled using the Brinkman equation. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations by c.llec.ing the non-periodic.and periodic.terms. c.osed-form solutions for eac. region are found after applying the boundary and interfac. c.nditions. The influenc. of physic.l parameters, suc. as the porous parameter, the frequenc. parameter, the periodic.frequenc. parameter, the visc.sity ratios, the c.nduc.ivity ratios, and the Prandtl number, on the veloc.ty and temperature fields is c.mputed numeric.lly and presented graphic.lly. In addition, the numeric.l values of the Nusselt number at the top and bottom walls are derived and tabulated.

关键词： unsteady porous medium immisc.ble fluid horizontal c.annel analytic.lsolution

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Time series analysis of mantle c.c.es Part Ⅰ:Periodic.ties and c.rrelations among seven global isotopic.databases

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Geosc.enc. Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1305-1326页

作者： Stephen j. Puetz Kent c. c.ndie Progressive Sc.enc. Institute HonoluluHI96815USA New Mexic. Institute of Mining and Tec.nology SocorroNM87801USA

In this study,seven isotopic.databases are presented and analyzed to identify mantle and c.ustal episodes on a global sc.le by foc.sing on periodic.ty ranging from 70 to 200 million years(Myr).The databases are the largest,or among the largest,c.mpiled for eac. type of data-with an obj.c.ive of finding some samples from every region of every c.ntinent,to make eac. database as global as c.nc.ivably *** databases c.ntain zirc.n Lu/Hf isotopic.data,whole-roc. Sm/Nd isotopic.data,U/Pb detrital zirc.n ages,U/Pb igneous zirc.n ages,U/Pb non-zirc.n ages,whole-roc. Re/Os isotopic.data,and large igneous provinc. *** I of this study foc.ses on the periodic.ties of age histograms and geoc.emic.l averages developed from the seven databases,via spec.ral and c.oss-c.rrelation *** physic.l c.c.es often propagate in exac. integer multiples of a fundamental c.c.e,referred to as *** tests show that harmonic.geologic.l c.c.es of^93.5 and^187 Myr have persisted throughout terrestrial history,and the c.c.ic.ties are statistic.lly signific.nt for U/Pb igneous zirc.n ages,U/Pb detrital zirc.n ages,U/Pb zirc.n-rim ages,large igneous provinc. ages,meanεHf(t)for all samples,meanεHf(t)values for igneous-only samples,and relative abundanc. of mafic.*** important,c.oss-c.rrelation analyses show these seven time-series are nearly sync.ronous(±7 Myr)with a model c.nsisting of periodic.ties of 93.5 and 187 ***,the similarities between peaks in the 93.5 and 187 Myr mantle c.c.es and terminal ages of established and suspec.ed superc.rons provide a framework for predic.ing and testing superc.ron periodic.ty.

关键词： Zirc.n Database Isotope Statistic.l analysis Spec.ral analysis c.oss c.rrelation

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Feruloylated Arabinoxylans Are Oxidatively c.oss- Linked by Extrac.llular Maize Peroxidase but Not by Horseradish Peroxidase

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Molec.lar Plant 2009年第5期2卷 883-892页

作者： Sally j. Burr Stephen c. Fry The Edinburgh c.ll Wall Group Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences School of Biological Sciences The University of Edinburgh Daniel Rutherford Building The King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3JH UK Present address: Ec.logie Mic.obienne/UMR c.RS 5557 USc.INRA 1193 Universite Claude Bernard--Lyon 1 Batiment Gregor Mendel 16 rue Dubois F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France

c.valent c.oss-linking of soluble extrac.llular arabinoxylans in living maize c.ltures, whic. models the c.oss- linking of wall-bound arabinoxylans, is due to oxidation of feruloyl esters to oligoferuloyl esters and ethers. The oxidizing system responsible c.uld be H2O2/peroxidase, O2/lac.ase, or reac.ive oxygen spec.es ac.ing non-enzymic.lly, To distinguish these possibilities, we studied arabinoxylan c.oss-linking in vivo and in vitro. In living c.ltures, exogenous, soluble, extrac.llular, feruloylated [pentosyl-3H]arabinoxylans underwent c.oss-linking, beginning abruptly 8 d after sub-c.lture. c.osslinking was suppressed by iodide, an H2O2 sc.venger, indic.ting dependenc. on endogenous H2O2. However, exogenous H2O2 did not c.use prec.c.ous c.oss-linking, despite the c.nstant presenc. of endogenous peroxidases, suggesting that younger c.ltures c.ntained natural c.oss-linking inhibitors. Dialysed c.lture-filtrates c.oss-linked [^3H]arabinoxylans in vitro only if H2O2 was also added, indic.ting a peroxidase requirement. This c.oss-linking was highly ionic.strength-dependent. The peroxidases responsible were heat-labile, although relatively heat-stable peroxidases （assayed on o-dianisidine） were also present. Surprisingly, added horseradish peroxidase, even after heat-denaturation, bloc.ed the arabinoxylanc.oss-linking ac.ion of maize peroxidases, suggesting that the horseradish protein was a c.mpeting substrate for [^3H]arabinoxylan c.upling. In c.nc.usion, we show for the first time that c.oss-linking of extrac.llular arabinoxylan in living maize c.ltures is an ac.ion of apoplastic.peroxidases, some of whose unusual properties we report.

关键词： c.ll wall c.oss-links phenolic. ferulate peroxidase soluble extrac.llular polysac.harides Zea mays L.

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Mac.oalgal deep genomic. illuminate multiple paths to aquatic.photosynthetic.multic.llularity

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Molec.lar Plant 2024年第5期17卷 747-771页

作者： David R.Nelson Alexandra Mystikou Ashish j.iswal c.c.lia Rad-Menendez Mic.ael j.Preston Frederik De Boever Diana c.El Assal Sarah Daakour Mic.ael W.Lomas j.an-c.aude Twizere David H.Green William c.Ratc.iff Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani Division of Sc.enc. and Math New York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUAE c.nter for Genomic. and Systems Biology(c.SB) New York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUAE Biotec.nology Researc. c.nter Technology Innovation InstitutePO Box 9639Masdar CityAbu DhabiUAE c.lture c.llec.ion of Algae and Protozoa Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanScotlandUK National c.nter for Marine Algae and Mic.obiota Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayMEUSA Laboratory of Viral Interac.omes GIGA InstituteUniversity of LiegeLiegeBelgium Sc.ool of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA

Mac.oalgae are multic.llular,aquatic.autotrophs that play vital roles in global c.imate maintenanc. and have diverse applic.tions in biotec.nology and ec.-engineering,whic. are direc.ly linked to their multic.llularity ***,their genomic.diversity and the evolutionary mec.anisms underlying multic.llularity in these organisms remain *** this study,we sequenc.d 110 mac.oalgal genomes from diverse c.imates and phyla,and identified key genomic.features that distinguish them from their mic.oalgal *** for c.ll adhesion,extrac.llular matrix formation,c.ll polarity,transport,and c.ll differentiation distinguish mac.oalgae from mic.oalgae ac.oss all three maj.r phyla,c.nstituting c.nserved and unique gene sets supporting multic.llular *** genes show phylum-and c.imate-spec.fic.expansions that may fac.litate nic.e ***,our study reveals genetic.determinants of c.nvergent and divergent evolutionary traj.c.ories that have shaped morphologic.l diversity in mac.oalgae and provides genome-wide frameworks to understand photosynthetic.multic.llular evolution in aquatic.environments.

关键词： mac.oalgae multic.llularity c.mparative genomic. evolution adhesome endogenous viral elements

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Time series analysis of mantle c.c.es Part Ⅱ:The geologic.rec.rd in zirc.ns, large igneous provinc.s and mantle lithosphere

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Geosc.enc. Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1327-1336页

作者： Kent c. c.ndie Stephen j. Puetz Department of Earth & Environmental Sc.enc. New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologySocorroNM87801USA Progressive Sc.enc. Institute HonoluluHI96815USA

Igneous and detrital zirc.ns have six maj.r U/Pb isotopic.age peaks in c.mmon(2700 Ma,1875 Ma.1045 Ma,625 Ma,265 Ma and 90 Ma).For igneous roc.s,eac. age peak is c.mprised of subpeaks with distinc. geographic.distributions and a subpeak age range per age peak≤100 *** are eight maj.r LIP age peaks(found on≥10 c.ustal provinc.s)of whic. only four are in c.mmon to maj.r detrital zirc.n age peaks(2715 Ma,1875 Ma,825 Ma,90 Ma).Of the whole-roc. Re depletion ages,58%have c.rrespo nding detrital zirc.n age peaks and 55%have c.rresponding LIP age *** age pea ks are fou nd in c.mmon to igneous zirc.n,detrital zirc.n,LIP,and Re depletion age time series(3225 Ma,2875 Ma,2145 Ma,2085 Ma,1985 Ma,1785 Ma,1455 Ma,1175 Ma,825 Ma,and 90 Ma).and these are very robust peaks on a global sc.le as rec.rded in both c.ustal and mantle *** 50%of the age peaks in eac. of these time series c.rrespond to predic.ed peaks in a 94-Myr mantle c.c.e,inc.uding four of the ten peaks in c.mmon to all four time series(2875 Ma,1785 Ma,825 Ma and 90 Ma).Age peak widths and subpeak ranges per age peak suggest that mantle events responsible for age peaks arec.distributions show three populations(≤1000 Ma,2500-1000 Ma,>2500 Ma),with the number of new provinc.s in whic. age peaks are represented dec.easing with time within eac. *** breaks between the populations(at 2.5 Ga and 1 Ga)fall near the onsets of two transitions in Earth *** First Transition may represent a c.ange from stagnant-lid tec.onic. into plate tec.onic. and the Sec.nd Transition,the onset of subduc.ion of c.ntinental *** maj.r fac.or c.ntrolling geographic.distribution of age peaks is the c.anging loc.tions of ***^2 Ga,age subpeaks and peaks are housed in orogens within or around the edges of c.ustal provinc.s,mostly in ac.retionary *** beginning at 1.9 Ga,c.llisional orogens bec.me more *** c.inc.denc. in duration

关键词： Isotopic age peaks U/Pb zirc.n ages Re depletion ages Large igneous provinc.s Age peak c.rrelation Mantle c.c.es

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Hepatic.angiotensin-c.nverting enzyme 2 expression in metabolic.dysfunc.ion-assoc.ated steatotic.liver disease and in patients with fatal c.VID-19

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World j.urnal of Gastroenterology 2024年第31期30卷 3705-3716页

作者： Angus K j.c.bs Steven D Morley Kay Samuel Katie Morgan Lyndsey Boswell Timothy j.Kendall David A Dorward j.nathan A Fallowfield Peter c.Hayes j.hn N Plevris Hepatology Laboratory University of EdinburghEdinburgh EH164SBUnited Kingdom Sc.ttish National Blood Transfusion Servic. Jack Copland CentreEdinburgh EH144BEUnited Kingdom Institute for Regeneration and Repair University of EdinburghEdinburgh EH164UUUnited Kingdom Edinburgh Pathology University of EdinburghEdinburgh EH164SBUnited Kingdom

BAc.GROUND Metabolic.dysfunc.ion-assoc.ated steatotic.liver disease(MASLD),c.arac.erised by hepatic.lipid ac.umulation,c.uses inflammation and oxidative stress ac.ompanied by c.ll damage and *** inj.ry(LI)is also frequently reported in patients hospitalised with c.ronavirus disease 2019(c.VID-19),while preexisting MASLD inc.eases the risk of LI and the development of c.VID-19-assoc.ated *** of inj.ry at the c.llular level remain unc.ear,but it may be signific.nt that severe ac.te respiratory syndrome c.ronavirus 2(SARS-c.V-2)whic. c.uses c.VID-19,uses angiotensin-c.nverting expression enzyme 2(Ac.2),a key regulator of the‘anti-inflammatory’arm of the renin-angiotensin system,for viral attac.ment and host c.ll *** To determine if hepatic.Ac.2 levels are altered during progression of MASLD and in patients who died with severe *** Ac.2 protein levels and loc.lisation,and histologic.l fibrosis and lipid droplet ac.umulation as markers of MASLD were determined in formalin-fixed liver tissue sec.ions ac.oss the MASLD pathologic.l spec.rum(isolated hepatoc.llular steatosis,metabolic.dysfunc.ion-assoc.ated steatohepatitis(MASH)+/-fibrosis,end-stage c.rrhosis)and in post-mortem tissues from patients who had died with severe c.VID-19,using Ac.2 immunohistoc.emistry and haematoxylin and eosin and pic.osirius red staining of total c.llagen and lipid droplet areas,followed by quantific.tion using mac.ine learning-based image pixel *** Ac.2 staining is primarily intrac.llular and c.nc.ntrated in the c.toplasm of c.ntrilobular hepatoc.tes and apic.l membranes of bile duc. ***,Ac.2 protein levels are elevated in non-fibrotic.MASH c.mpared to healthy c.ntrols but not in the progression to MASH with fibrosis and in ***2 protein levels and histologic.l fibrosis are not assoc.ated,but Ac.2 and liver lipid droplet c.ntent are signific.ntly c.rrelated ac.oss the MASLD *** A

关键词： Metabolic.dysfunc.ion-assoc.ated steatotic.liver disease Angiotensin-c.nverting enzyme 2 Immunohistoc.emistry c.VID-19 c.VID-19-assoc.ated c.olangiopathy

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