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Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroprevalence amongst Pregnant Women in Kenya

Open j.urnal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第5期8卷 456-467页

作者： Z. Gatheru F. Murila j. Mbuthia F. Okoth F. Kanyingi F. Mugo F. Esamai Z. Alavi j. otieno H. Kiambati N. Wanj.ki M. M. Obimbo Virus Research Center Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Department of Human Anatomy Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Kenya Pediatrics Association Nairobi Kenya Ministry of Health Nairobi Kenya

Background: Knowledge of factors associated with seroprevalence of Hepatitis B in pregnancy is important in informing policies towards prevention of vertical transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, since in-utero and perinatal infection lead to chronic carrier state with severe long-term sequela. In addition, adequate and timely immunization plays a maj.r role in the prevention of transmission. Obj.ctive: To determine the factors associated with HBs Ag seroprevalence in pregnant women from various geographical regions in Kenya. Methods and Subj.cts: This was a cross-sectional survey amongst all pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Kenyatta National Hospital and 8 other hospitals from different regions of Kenya in their third trimester of pregnancy among j.ne 2001 to j.ne 2002. For each pregnant woman, age, history of intravenous drug use, sexually transmitted disease (STD), liver diseases, alcohol intake, blood transfusion (BT) and presence of traditional scarification were documented. HBs Ag serology was assayed at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) laboratory. Results: A total of 2241 pregnant women were enrolled in the study, 2196 consented, of whom 205 (9.3%) tested positive for HBs Ag. A significant association was found between HBs Ag seroprevalence and traditional scarification (p = 0.029), history of blood transfusion (p = 0.0024) and alcohol intake (p = 0.05). There was no significant association between Hbs Ag seroprevalence and sexually transmitted disease (p = 0.64). It was not possible to evaluate the association of HBs Ag seroprevalence with history of hospitalization for any liver disease including Hepatitis A, B or C, history of intravenous drug use or contact with sex partners previously hospitalised for any liver disease including Hepatitis A, B or C as the numbers with these attributes were small. Conclusions: We found 9.3% of pregnant women were HBs Ag positive, significantly higher than previously observed. The high

关键词： Hepatitis B Seroprevalence Pregnancy Immunization Transmission

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Temporal Variability in Soil CO_2 Emission in an Orchard Forest Ecosystem

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Pedosphere 2008年第3期18卷 273-283页

作者： LI Yue-Lin D. otieno K. OWEN ZHANG Yun j. TENHUNEN RAO Xing-Quan LIN Yong-Biao South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 （China） Department of Plant Ecology University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth （Germany） School of Resources and Environmental Science Hubei University Wuhan 430062 （China）

Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 effiux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive measurements were conducted for a period of 12 months. Soil CO2 emissions were also modeled by multiple regression analysis from daily air temperature, dry-bulb saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Data was analyzed based on soil moisture levels and air temperature with annual data being grouped into either hot-humid season or relatively cool season based on the precipitation patterns. This was essential in order to acquire simplified exponential models for parameter estimation. Minimum and maximum daily mean soil CO2 effiux rates were observed in November and j.ly, with respective rates of 1.98 ± 0.66 and 11.04 ± 0.96 μmol m^-2 s^-1 being recorded. Annual average soil CO2 emission （FCO2） was 5.92 μmol m^-2 s^-1. Including all the weather variables into the model helped to explain 73.9% of temporal variability in soil CO2 emission during the measurement period. Soil CO2 effiux increased with increasing soil temperature and soil moisture. Preliminary results showed that Q10, which is defined as the difference in respiration rates over a 10 ℃ interval, was partly explained by fine root biomass. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the dominant factors controlling soil CO2 effiux and were regarded as the driving variables for CO2 production in the soil. Including these two variables in regression models could provide a useful tool for predicting the variation of CO2 emission in the commercial forest Soils of South China .

关键词： CO2 emission lower subtropical area orchard forest ecosystem soil moisture soil temperature

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Carbon dioxide exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a managed tropical humid savanna ecosystem in western Kenya

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j.urnal of Plant Ecology 2013年第4期6卷 286-297页

作者： G.O.K’Otuto D.O.otieno B.Seo H.O.Ogindo j.C.Onyango Department of Applied Plant Sciences Maseno UniversityPrivate Bag MasenoKenya Department of Plant Ecology University of Bayreuth95440 BayreuthGermany Department of Botany Maseno UniversityPrivate Bag MasenoKenya

Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly *** are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)*** how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange is influenced by changes arising from agricultural land use is vital in future management of these ecosystems and in responding to the ongoing shifts in manage-ment and *** aim of this study was to identify how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a humid savanna in Kenya respond to current management *** We used flux chambers to quantify CO_(2) fluxes,while monthly harvests were undertaken to determine biomass development of the herba-ceous layer of three sites that were(i)fenced to exclude livestock graz-ing,(ii)subj.cted to grazing by livestock and(iii)abandoned after being cultivated for maize production and also open to grazing by *** findingsthe peak aboveground biomass ranged between 380 and 1449 g m−2 and biomass production was significantly(P<0.05)lower in the grazed and abandoned *** maximum gross primary production(gPP)and net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)ranged between 21.8±1.3 to 32.5±2.7 and−9.6±0.7 to−17.9±4.8μmol m−2 s−1,*** NEE fluctuations ranged between 10 and 21μmol m−2s−1,while spatial(among sites)differences ranged between 2 and 10μmol m−2 s−*** respiration(Reco)fluc-tuated between 5 and 10μmol m−2 s−1 during the growing *** was,however,not significantly different among the *** in other similar ecosystems where ecosystem respiration is determined by the ambient temperature,we did not find any rela-tionship between Reco and temperature in this ***,soil moisture accounted for 38-88%of the spatial and seasonal fluc-tuations in ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes and aboveground biomass *** influenced the maximum gPP and NEE rates through modification

关键词： tropical humid savanna abandoned croplands biomass production ecosystem CO_(2)exchange livestock grazing soil water content

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The Impact of Cumulus Parameterization on Rainfall Simulations over East Africa

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2018年第3期8卷 355-371页

作者： G. otieno j. Mutemi F. Opij.h L. Ogallo H. Omondi University of Nairobi Department of Meteorology Nairobi Kenya IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre Nairobi Kenya

The study explored the ability of four cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) from Weather and Research Forecasting model (WRF) to simulate mean rainfall patterns, number of rainy days (NRD) and vertically integrated moisture flux (VIMF) during the composite of wet years for the core rainfall seasons of March-April-May (MAM;1989, 1998 and 2012) and Octo-ber-November-December (OND;1997, 2006 and 2015) seasons. The CPSs used were Kain-Fritsch (KF), Kain-Fritsch with a moisture-advection based trigger function (KFT), Grell Dévényi (GRELL) and Betts Miller j.nj.c (BML). The simulations by the GRELL and KF schemes were clearly separated by the dry and wet rainfall gradient in the simulations. For example, the GRELL scheme rainfall simulations were drier over the eastern parts of the region bet-ter. The KF and KFT schemes generated wetter rainfall conditions mainly con-fined to the western parts of the region. The BML scheme simulations were not consistent with the observations. The western and eastern parts of the region were characterized by more and fewer NRD, in both the KF and GRELL schemes. The root mean square error (RMSE) and spatial correlation by KF scheme was 2 mm/day and 0.6. The GRELL scheme however simulated low correlation of 0.45 and RMSE of about 3.0 mm/day over most of the sub-domains. The moisture convergence biases were found to be larger conti-nentally and parts of the nearby Indian Ocean. The persisting rainfall biases constituting of too wet and dry conditions were associated with the KF and GRELL cumulus schemes. The findings from the current study are very funda-mental for the improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) tools and cumulus modification processes over the region. The accurate and higher skill rainfall forecasts would provide early warning information for disaster risk re-duction and the related risks on the livelihoods.

关键词： Rainfall Characteristics Cumulus Schemes East Africa

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Responses of Soil Acid Phosphomonoesterase Activity to Simulated Nitrogen Deposition in Three Forests of Subtropical China

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Pedosphere 2012年第5期22卷 698-706页

作者： HUANG Wen-j.an ZHANG De-Qiang LI Yue-Lin LU XianKai ZHANG Wei HUANG j.an D.otieno Z.H.XU LIU j.-Xiu LIU Shi-Zhong CHU Guo-Wei Key laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degrade Ecosystems South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650(China) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049(China) Department of Plant Ecology University of BayreuthBayreuth 95440(Germany) Environmental Futures Centre&School of Biomoleeular and Physical Sciences Griffith UniversityNathan QLD 4111(Australia)

Soil acid phosphomonoesterase activity (APA) plays a vital role in controlling phosphorus (P) cycling and reflecting the current degree of P limitation. Responses of soil APA to elevating nitrogen (N) deposition are important because of their potential applications in addressing the relationship between N and P in forest ecosystems. A study of responses of soil APA to simulated N deposition was conducted in three succession forests of subtropical China. The three forests include a Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest (MPF)-pioneer community, a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF)-transition community and a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF)-climax community. Four N treatments were designed for MEBF: control (without N added), low-N (50 kg N ha-1 year-1), and medium-N (100 kg N ha-1 year-1) and high-N (150 kg N ha-1 year-1), and only three N treatments (i.e., control, low-N, medium-N) were established for MPF and MF. Results showed that soil APA was highest in MEBF, followed by MPF and MF. Soil APAs in both MPF and MF were not influenced by low-N treatments but depressed in medium-N treatments. However, soil APA in MEBF exhibited negative responses to high N additions, indicating that the environment of enhanced N depositions would reduce P supply for the mature forest ecosystem. Soil APA and its responses to N additions in subtropical forests were closely related to the succession stages in the forests.

关键词： Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve forest ecosystems forest succession phosphorus limitation subtropical region

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Neurocognitive and mental health outcomes in children with tungiasis:a cross-sectional study in rural Kenya and Uganda

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第6期12卷 98-98页

作者： Berrick otieno Lynne Elson Abneel K.Matharu Naomi Riithi Esther Chongwo Khamis Katana Carophine Nasambu Francis Mutebi Herman Feldmeier j.rgen Krücken Ulrike Fillinger Amina Abubakar Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Programme Hospital Road Kilifi Kenya Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIE) Human Health Theme Nairobi Kenya Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany Institute for Human Development Aga Khan University Nairobi Kenya School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Charité University Medicine Berlin Germany

Background Tungiasis,a neglected tropical parasitosis,disproportionately afects *** empirical studies have reported neurocognitive and mental health outcomes of children with ectoparasitic skin diseases like *** of tungiasis suggests it could detrimentally afect cognition and *** study pioneered the investigation of neurocognitive and mental health outcomes in children with *** This was a multi-site cross-sectional study including 454 quasi-randomly sampled school-children aged 8-14 from 48 randomly selected schools in two counties in Kenya and a district in *** participants were stratifed into infected and uninfected based on the presence of *** infected were further classifed into mild and severe infection groups based on the intensity of the ***,validated,and standardized measures of cognition and mental health such as Raven Matrices and Child Behaviour Checklist were used to collect *** tests including a multilevel,generalized mixed-efects linear models with family link set to identity were used to compare the scores of uninfected and infected children and to identify other potential risk factors for neurocognitive and behavioural *** When adj.sted for covariates,mild infection was associated with lower scores in literacy[adj.stedβ(aβ)=−8.9;95%confdence interval(CI)−17.2,−0.6],language(aβ=−1.7;95%CI−3.2,−0.3),cognitive fexibility(aβ=−6.1;95%CI−10.4,−1.7)and working memory(aβ=−0.3;95%CI−0.6,−0.1).Severe infection was associated with lower scores in literacy(aβ=−11.0;95%CI−19.3,−2.8),response inhibition,(aβ=−2.2;95%CI−4.2,−0.2),fne motor control(aβ=−0.7;95%CI−1.1,−0.4)and numeracy(aβ=−3;95%CI−5.5,−0.4).Conclusions This study provides frst evidence that tungiasis is associated with poor neurocognitive functioning in *** tungiasis is a chronic disease with frequent reinfections,such negative efects may potentially impair their development and l

关键词： Tungiasis Tunga penetrans Neglected tropical disease Neurocognition Mental health School-aged children Africa

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