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改进和评估复合干预措施：医学研究委员会的新指南

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英国医学杂志中文版 2009年第1期12卷 43-47页

作者： Peter Craig Paul Dieppe Sally Macintyre Susan Mitchie irwin nazareth Mark Petticrew 安伟(译) 武阳丰(校) MRC Population Health Sciences Research Network Glasgow G12 8RZ Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Oxford Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre Oxford OX3 7LD MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit Glasgow G12 8RZ Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness University College London London WC1E 7HB MRC General Practice Research Framework London NW1 2ND public and Environmental Health Research Unit Department of Public Health and Policy London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London WC1E 7HT 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病学与卫生统计学系

评估复合的干预措施很复杂。医学研究委员会的评估框架（2000）因能使我们清晰了解如何完成这项复杂的任务，而受到欢迎。现在该研究会更新了他们的指南。

关键词：医学研究干预措施新指南委员会评估复合

断点回归设计：一种利用观察性数据评估初级保健治疗效果的分析策略

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英国医学杂志中文版 2014年第6期17卷 389-392页

作者： Aidan G O'Keeffe Sara Geneletti Gianluca Baio Linda D Sharpies irwin nazareth Irene Petersen 马新明许群 Department of Statistical Science University College London London WC1E 6BT UK Department of Statistics Columbia House London School of Economics London WC2A2AE UK Leeds Clinical Trials Research Unit University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JTUK Department of Primary Care and Population Health University College London UCL Royal Free Campus London NW3 2PF. UK 中国医学科学院基础医学研究所/北京协和医学院基础学院流行病学与卫生统计学系

断点回归设计可利用观察性数据对治疗效果进行评价。我们以初级保健中他汀类药物应用为例，对断点回归设计方法的概念及如何应用进行说明。

关键词：观测数据设计间断回归评估疗效保健

学术英语解述中的学科身份构建——语言宗源关系视角

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外语研究 2024年第4期41卷 31-35,49页

作者：刘宁 Derek irwin 北京理工大学(珠海)中美国际学院广东珠海519000 宁波诺丁汉大学人文与社会科学学院浙江宁波315000

本文以学术英语教材中的解述为例,运用系统功能语言学宗源性理论及分析方法,从学科身份构建维度对其进行重新解读。研究发现解述语言在小句层内存在编码和解码两种过程,在不同级阶间存在组合和拆解两种实现方式。基于这一发现,本文提出... 详细信息

本文以学术英语教材中的解述为例,运用系统功能语言学宗源性理论及分析方法,从学科身份构建维度对其进行重新解读。研究发现解述语言在小句层内存在编码和解码两种过程,在不同级阶间存在组合和拆解两种实现方式。基于这一发现,本文提出解述具有双重特点,一方面将源引文献中的部分信息进行一般化,另一方面将其中部分信息进行专业化。这一转化的目的是为了适应不同学术共同体的学科身份期待。上述发现表明,学术英语解述具有学科身份构建的资源潜力,并可为学术英语教学提供参考。

关键词：学术英语学科身份解述语言宗源关系理论

Duplication and diversification of insulin genes in ray-finned fish

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Zoological Research 2019年第3期40卷 185-197页

作者： David M.irwin Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Banting and Best Diabetes Centre University of Toronto

Insulin is a key hormone for the regulation of metabolism in *** is produced by pancreatic islet cells in response to elevated glucose levels and leads to the uptake of glucose by tissues such as liver and adipose tissue to store *** also has additional functions in regulating *** work has shown that the proglucagon gene,which encodes hormones counter regulating insulin,is duplicated in teleost fish,and that the peptide hormones encoded by these genes have diversified in function.I sought to determine whether similar processes have occurred to insulin genes in these *** of fish genomes revealed an unexpected diversity of insulin genes.A triplication of the insulin gene occurred at the origin of teleost fish,however one of these three genes,insc,has been lost in most teleost fish *** two other insulin genes,insa and insb,have been retained but show differing levels of selective constraint suggesting that they might have diversified in ***,a duplicate copy of the insa gene,which I named insab,is found in many *** coding sequenee encoded by insab genes is under weak selective constraint,with its predicted protein sequences losing their potential to be processed into a two-peptide ***,these sequences have retained perfectly conserved cystine residues,suggesting that they maintain insulin's three-dimensional structure and therefore might modulate the processing and secretion of insulin produced by the other genes.

关键词： Insulin Teleost fish Gene duplicati on Adaptive evolution Gene loss

Motilin and ghrelin gene experienced episodic evolution during primitive placental mammal evolution

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2010年第6期53卷 677-682页

作者： irwin M. David Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and the Banting and Best Diabetes Centre University of Toronto

Motilin and ghrelin,members of a structure-function-related hormone family,play important roles in gastrointestinal function,regulation of energy homeostasis and growth hormone *** observed episodic evolution in both of their prehormone gene sequences during primitive placental mammal evolution,during which most of the nonsynonymous changes result in radical *** note,a functional obestatin hormone might have only originated after this episodic evolution *** in placental mammal evolution,a series of biology complexities *** the same time the motilin and ghrelin prehormone genes,which play important roles in several of these processes,experienced episodic evolution with dramatic changes in their coding *** observations suggest that some of the lineage-specific physiological adaptations are due to episodic evolution of the motilin and ghrelin genes.

关键词： motilin ghrelin episodic evolution

Remifentanil mimics cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning via protein kinase C activation in open chest of rats

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2005年第5期26卷 546-550页

作者： Michael G irwin Tak-ming WONG Department of Anesthesiology Department of Physiology the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Aim:To examine whether the protective effect of remifentanil preconditioning（RPC）on postischemic hearts is mediated by protein kinase（PKC）activation incomparison with ischemic preconditioning（IPC）.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawleyrats were anesthetized and their chests were *** experiment was per-formed with chelerythrine（CHE,2mg/kg）,GF109203X（0.05 mg/kg）protein kinaseC（PKC）inhibitors administered before RPC(remifentanil 6μ***-1·min-1×3 cycle)orIPC,*** size（IS）,as a percentage of the area at risk（AAR）,wasdetermined by triphenyltetrazolium ***:In groups subjected to IPCand RPC the IS/AAR were significantly reduced（IS/AAR from 52.7%±5.5% to12.9%±3.4%,P0.05 vs CON）or IPC（CHE+IPC 53.7%±4.3%,GF+IPC54.1%±6.2%,P>0.05 vs CON）.The difference was not significant in any of thehemodynamic parameters between control and treatment groups during ischemiaand ***:Remifentanil confers myocardial protection againstischemic injury through a mechanism that is similar to IPC and involves PKCactivation.

关键词： remifentanil myocardial ischemia preconditioning myocardial reperfusion injury protein kinase C chelerythrine GF109203X

Penile revascularization--contemporary update

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2013年第1期15卷 5-9页

作者： Brian Dicks Martin Bastuba irwin Goldstein rwin Goldstein 1San Diego Sexual Medicine San Diego CA 92120 USA Male Fertility Sexual Medicine Specialists San Diego CA 92120 USA

Contemporary therapies for erectile dysfunction are generally targeted towards older men and universally engage pharmacological and/ or device related treatment options. Penile revascularization, using microvascular arterial bypass surgical techniques, is a non-pharmacological, non-device-related, and reconstructive surgical strategy for men with erectile dysfunction that was first described by Dr Vaclav Michal in 1973.

关键词： erectile dysfunction microvascular arterial bypass surgery penile revascularization traumatic arterial occlusive disease vascular reconstructive surgery

Genomic organization and evolution of ruminant lysozyme c genes

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Zoological Research 2015年第1期36卷 1-17页

作者： David M.irwin Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Banting and Best Diabetes Centre University of Toronto

Ruminant stomach lysozyme is a long established model of adaptive gene evolution. Evolution of stomach lysozyme function required changes in the site of expression of the lysozyme c gene and changes in the enzymatic properties of the enzyme. In ruminant mammals, these changes were associated with a change in the size of the lysozyme c gene family. The recent release of near complete genome sequences from several ruminant species allows a more complete examination of the evolution and diversification of the lysozyme c gene family. Here we characterize the size of the lysozyme c gene family in extant ruminants and demonstrate that their pecoran ruminant ancestor had a family of at least 10 lysozyme c genes, which included at least two pseudogenes. Evolutionary analysis of the ruminant lysozyme c gene sequences demonstrate that each of the four exons of the lysozyme c gene has a unique evolutionary history, indicating that they participated independently in concerted evolution. These analyses also show that episodic changes in the evolutionary constraints on the protein sequences occurred, with lysozyme c genes expressed in the abomasum of the stomach of extant ruminant species showing the greatest levels of selective constraints.

关键词： lysozyme ruminant evolutionary Genomic extant stomach genomic constraints Ailuropoda duplication

Gene duplication plays a major role in gene co-option: Studies into the evolution of the motilin/ghrelin family and their receptors

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第25期56卷 2690-2697页

作者： HE Jing irwin M. DAVID ZHANG YaPing State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre University of Toronto Toronto M5S1A1 Canada Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization ofBioresource Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China

Extant genes can be modified, or 'tinkered with', to provide new roles or new characteristics of these genes. At the genetic level, this often involves gene duplication and specialization of the resulting genes into particular functions. We investigate how ligand-receptor partnerships evolve after gene duplication. While significant work has been conducted in this area, the examination of additional models should help us better understand the proposed models and potentially reveal novel evolutionary patterns and dynamics. We use bioinformatics, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses to show that preproghrelin and prepromotilin descended from a common ancestor and that a gene duplication generated these two genes shortly after the divergence of amphibians and amniotes. The evolutionary history of the receptor family differs from that of their cognate ligands. GPR39 diverges first, and an ancestral receptor gives rise to receptors classified as fish-specific clade A, GHSR and MLNR by successive gene duplications occurring before the divergence of tetrapods and ray-finned fish. The ghrelin/GHSR system is maintained and functionally conserved from fish to mammals. Motilin-MLNR specificity must have arisen by ligand-receptor coevolution after the MLN hormone gene diverged from the GHRL gene in the amniote lineage. Conserved molecular machinery can give rise to new neuroendocrine response mechanisms by the co-option of duplicated genes. Gene duplication is both parsimonious and creative in producing elements for evolutionary tinkering and plays a major role in gene co-option, thus aiding the evolution of greater biological complexity.

关键词：基因重复生长素胃动素受体选项演变家庭进化模式