Introduction: Since the earliest description of spinal fusion in 1911 and later by Dr. Fred H. Albee, it has become one of the most commonly performed procedures by orthopedist and neurosurgeons. The spinal fusion is ...
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Introduction: Since the earliest description of spinal fusion in 1911 and later by Dr. Fred H. Albee, it has become one of the most commonly performed procedures by orthopedist and neurosurgeons. The spinal fusion is now used to treat a variety of indications, such as traumatic injuries, deformities, primary and secondary tumors, infections and degenerative conditions of the spine. The risk of iatrogenic injury during traditional anterior, posterior, and transforaminal open fusion surgery is significant. The axial lumbar interbody fusion (Axia-LIF) is a minimal invasive technique which uses the retroperitoneumpresacral anatomical corridor to fuse the lumbar vertebral bodies L4-L5-S1 avoiding manipulation of the annular ligament, paravertebral muscles and facet joints. Methods: In this retrospective series, we report all the cases made in the Centro Medico Naval in México City in two years. A total of eleven patients with degenerative disc disease and spondylolisthesis underwent Axia-LIF one or two level systems with a 36 months clinical and radiographic follow-up. The outcomes included Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score and leg/back pain severity. Radiographic outcome was evaluated with dynamics and orthogonal x-ray, as well as lumbosacral tomography scan to evaluate fusion status. Results: Nine patients underwent Axia-LIF one level system (L5-S1) and the rest two levels system (L4-S1). Ten patients were fixated with transpedicular percutaneous screws and one with facets joints screws. No intraoperative complications were reported. The mean back pain severity improved 57% in 12 months, and the mean leg pain severity improved 50% in the same time (P < 0.001). Mean ODI scores improved 58%, from 60% ± 16% at baseline to 25% ± 8% at twelve months (P < 0.001). At one year, a patient developed pseudoarthrosis that required posterolateral arthrodesis with transpedicular percutaneous screws. At 36 months monitoring, 100% patients presented a total interbody fusion in the
A correct antibody response requires the participation of both B and T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. In this review we address the role of follicular helper T lymphocytes(T FH) in this reaction. We shall f...
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A correct antibody response requires the participation of both B and T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. In this review we address the role of follicular helper T lymphocytes(T FH) in this reaction. We shall focus on the regulation of their development and function in health and disease. T FH can be characterized on the basis of their phenotype and the pattern of secretion of cytokines. This fact is useful to study their participation in the generation of antibody deficiency in primary immunodeficiency diseases such as common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked hyper Ig M syndrome orX-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Increased numbers of T FH have been demonstrated in several autoimmune diseases and are thought to play a role in the development of autoantibodies. In chronic viral infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B or C virus, increased circulating T FH have been observed, but their role in the protective immune response to these agents is under discussion. Likewise, an important role of T FH in the control of some experimental protozoan infections has been proposed, and it will be important to assess their relevance in order to design effective vaccination strategies.
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