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What is a species in fungal plant pathogens?

Fungal Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 239-266页

作者： Ruvishika s.Jayawardena Kevin D.Hyde Antonio Roberto Gomes de Farias Chitrabhanu s.Bhunjun Himashi s.Ferdinandez Dimuthu s.Manamgoda Dhanushka Udayanga indunil s.herath Kasun M.Thambugala Ishara s.Manawasinghe Achala J.Gajanayake Binu C.samarakoon Digvijayini Bundhun Deecksha Gomdola Naruemon Huanraluek Ya-ru sun Xia Tang Itthayakorn Promputtha Marco Thines Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225People’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal de PernambucoAv.Prof.Moraes Rego1235Cidade UniversitáriaRecifePE 50670-901Brazil Department of Botany Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka Department of Biosystems Technology Faculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraPitipanaHomagama 10200Sri Lanka Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraGangodawilaNugegodaSri Lanka school of science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Department of Biological sciences Institute of EcologyEvolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityMax-von-Laue-Str.1360486 Frankfurt am MainGermany senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberganlage 2560325 Frankfurt am MainGermany

scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like *** plant pathology,they link information regarding biology,host range,distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food *** the past,delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological *** to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics,the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor ***,the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained *** present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past *** this context,host-specialization and species complexes are ***,species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris,Colletotrichum,Curvularia,Diaporthe,Diplodia,Meliola,Plasmopara,rust fungi and *** entry contains a brief introduction to the genus,concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by *** importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions,and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been *** also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.

关键词： Dual nomenclature Host-specificity Polyphasic approach Pathology Phylogeny species delimitation systematics

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Evaluation of alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第3期8卷 437-443页

作者： Yangxiao Zhou H.M.P.s.D.herath UNEsCO-IHE Institute for Water Education

This study evaluates the alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling. A true model was created with a synthetic alluvial fan-plain hydrogeological framework. Various alternative conceptual models were evaluated for groundwater flow simulations. The first alternative model is a single aquifer layer model; the second alternative model is a 3-layer aquifer model; and the third model is a B-layer model consisting of 3 aquifers separated by 2 aquitards. All models could fit very well to the observa- tions with optimized values of hydraulic conductivities. However, the single aquifer layer model can only compute water balance components with good accuracy. The 3-layer aquifer model can be used for water balance computation and groundwater head simulation with small errors. The 5-layer model is capable of simulating water budget, groundwater head distribution and travel times with high accuracy. Multi- model analysis found only the 3rd alternative model superior.

关键词： Alternative conceptual modelsMulti-model analysisWater budgetTravel time

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Cryptocurrency valuation and ethics:a text analytic approach

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Journal of Management Analytics 2020年第3期7卷 367-388页

作者： James R.Barth Hemantha s.B.herath Tejaswini C.herath Pei Xu Department of Finance Auburn UniversityAuburnUSA Department of Accounting Brock UniversitySt.CatharinesCanada Department of Finance Operationsand Information SystemsBrock UniversitySt.CatharinesCanada Department of systems and Technology Auburn UniversityAuburnUSA

A recent and potentially profound innovation is the creation of cryptocurrencies and the underlying technology that is essential for their use in various financial *** the anonymity of a user of a cryptocurrency,such digital currencies may be used for many different types of both lawful and illicit *** main purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which ethical considerations associated with the use of cryptocurrencies affect the valuations attached to such *** examination is based on a text analytic approach that involves measuring the extent to which ethical and unethical words are used in a discussion related to Bitcoin on Twitter to determine if there is a connection between ethics and cryptocurrency *** find the frequency of an unethical discussion about Bitcoin is negatively associated with its *** contrast,the frequency of an ethical discussion is positively associated with its price.

关键词： Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Ethics Dark Net Crypto-Crime Twitter text analytics market reaction

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Development of a Cell-based Model to Derive Direct Runoff Hydrographs for Ungauged Mountainous Basins

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Journal of Mountain science 2007年第4期4卷 309-320页

作者： P. B. Hunukumbura s.B. Weerakoon srikantha herath Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Dept. of Civil Engineering University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka Environment and sustainable Development Programme United Nations University Tokyo Japan

A model to derive direct runoff hydrograph for an ungauged basin using the physical properties of the basin is presented. The basin is divided into grid cells and canal elements. Overland flow is generated from each grid cell of the basin by application of continuous effective rainfall of I mm/hr to the basin, The flow generated is routed through downstream grid cells and the canal elements using the kinematic wave approach. The travel time for direct runoff from each grid cell to the basin outlet is calculated and the s-curve is derived for the basin. The s-curve is used to derive the unit hydrograph of a given duration for the basin. The model, referred as Cell-basin model was applied to the Upper Kotmale Basin in sri Lanka and the model predictions of direct runoff hydrographs for rainfall events agreed with the observations to a reasonable accuracy. Comparison of the unit hydrographs obtained from the model and from the conventional snyder＇s synthetic unit hydrograph using regionalized parameters assuming the basin as an ungauged basin, with the unit hydrograph derived from the observations showed that the model predicted unit hydrograph was more suitable than that obtained by snyder＇s method for sri Lankan up country basins. Thus, the present model is a useful tool to obtain direct runoff hydrograph for ungauged basins.

关键词： Ungauged basin GIs unit hydrograph mountainous basin direct runoff hydrograph model cell-based model cell-basin model

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Cirrhotic portal hypertension: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutics

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第40期26卷 6111-6140页

作者： Lakmie s Gunarathne Harinda Rajapaksha Nicholas shackel Peter W Angus Chandana B herath Department of Medicine Melbourne Medical SchoolThe University of MelbourneHeidelbergVIC 3084Australia school of Molecular science College of ScienceHealth and EngineeringLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVIC 3086Australia ANZAC Research Institute ConcordNSW 2139Australia Department of Gastroenterology Austin HealthHeidelbergVIC 3084Australia south Western sydney Clinical school Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesIngham Institute for Applied Medical Research1 Campbell StreetLiverpoolNSW 2170Australia

Portal hypertension and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is initiated by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and a hyperdynamic circulatory state. The latter is characterized by a high cardiac output, increased total blood volume and splanchnic vasodilatation, resulting in increased mesenteric blood flow. Pharmacological manipulation of cirrhotic portal hypertension targets both the splanchnic and hepatic vascular beds. Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin Ⅱ type receptor 1 blockers, which target the components of the classical renin angiotensin system(RAs), are expected to reduce intrahepatic vascular tone by reducing extracellular matrix deposition and vasoactivity of contractile cells and thereby improve portal hypertension. However, these drugs have been shown to produce significant offtarget effects such as systemic hypotension and renal failure. Therefore, the current pharmacological mainstay in clinical practice to prevent variceal bleeding and improving patient survival by reducing portal pressure is non-selective-blockers(NsBBs). These NsBBs work by reducing cardiac output and splanchnic vasodilatation but most patients do not achieve an optimal therapeutic response and a significant proportion of patients are unable to tolerate these *** statins, used alone or in combination with NsBBs, have been shown to improve portal pressure and overall mortality in cirrhotic patients, further randomized clinical trials are warranted involving larger patient populations with clear clinical end points. On the other hand, recent findings from studies that have investigated the potential use of the blockers of the components of the alternate RAs provided compelling evidence that could lead to the development of drugs targeting the splanchnic vascular bed to inhibit splanchnic vasodilatation in portal hypertension. This rev

关键词： Portal hypertension Cirrhosis Intrahepatic vascular resistance Hyperdynamic circulatory state splanchnic vasodilatation Portal blood flow Non-selective betablockers Alternate renin angiotensin system

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Optimization and Cultivar selection for Rice Grown near Mountainous slopes in Orissa,India—A Field Experiment and simulation Model study

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Journal of Mountain science 2005年第4期2卷 329-335页

作者： D. K. swain s. herath A. Pathirana R. N. Dash Environment and sustainable Development United Nations University Tokyo Japan Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack India

Degradation of the natural resource base has led to decline in crop yields or stagnation that caused food shortages at varying degrees among mountain families. Rice, the major staple food in Asia, is suffering from lack of suitable cultivar and N fertilizer management, when grown near mountainous slopes under rain-fed agro-ecosystem. An investigation through a field experiment and simulation study was conducted at United Nations University, Tokyo to select suitable rice cultivars and N fertilizer level for the rice grown near mountainous slopes in Orissa, India. The field experiment was conducted during wet season （June to November） of 2001 at Kasiadihi village of Dhenkanal district, Orissa, India with eight popular rice cultivars of medium （120～130 d） and long duration （135～150 d） group and four N levels （0, 40, 80 and 120 kg·ha^-1）. Highest grain yield of 5,680 kg·ha^-1 was obtained from cultivar Ranjit of long duration group followed by 4,730 kg·ha^-1 from cultivar Mahamaya of medium duration group, across N levels. CEREs-Rice model was used to simulated grain yield of these two selected cultivars using historical weather data of the past 18 years （1983～2000）. Long duration cultivar Ranjit registered higher yield with lower stability as compared medium duration cultivar Mahamaya over the past 18 years. An optimum N fertilizer level of 80 kg·ha^-1 was recommended for rice grown under rain-fed ecosystem near mountainous slopes in Orissa, India to attain optimum yield potential of cultivar.

关键词： Rice grain yield cultivar N level simulation model rain-fed ecosystem

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High-Performance 3-D Fiber Network Composite Electrolyte Enabled with Li-Ion Conducting Nanofibers and Amorphous PEO-Based Cross-Linked Polymer for Ambient All-solid-state Lithium-Metal Batteries

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Advanced Fiber Materials 2019年第1期1卷 46-60页

作者： Chaoyi Yan Pei Zhu Hao Jia Jiadeng Zhu R.Kalai selvan Ya Li Xia Dong Zhuang Du indunil Angunawela Nianqiang Wu Mahmut Dirican Xiangwu Zhang Fiber and Polymer science Program Department of Textile EngineeringChemistry and ScienceWilson College of TextilesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695-8301USA Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695-8301USA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV 26506USA

solid electrolytes have gained attention recently for the development of next-generation Li-ion batteries since they can fun-damentally improve the battery stability and *** various types of solid electrolytes,composite solid electrolytes(CsEs)exhibit both high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial contact with the *** active nanofib-ers into the polymer matrix demonstrates an effective method to fabricate ***,current CsEs based on traditional poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)polymer suffer from the poor ionic conductivity of PEO and agglomeration effect of inorganic fillers at high concentrations,which limit further improvements in Li+conductivity and electrochemical ***,we synthesize a novel PEO based cross-linked polymer(CLP)as the polymer matrix with naturally amorphous structure and high room-temperature ionic conductivity of 2.40×10^(−4)s cm^(−1).Li_(0.3)La_(0.557)TiO_(3)(LLTO)nanofibers are incorporated into the CLP matrix to form composite solid electrolytes,achieving enhanced ionic conductivity without showing filler *** high content of Li-conductive nanofibers improves the mechanical strength,ensures the conductive network,and increases the total Li+conductivity to 3.31×10^(−4)s cm^(−1).The all-solid-state Li|LiFePO_(4)batteries with LLTO nanofiber-incorporated CsEs are able to deliver attractive specific capacity of 147 mAh g^(−1)at room temperature,and no evident dendrite is found at the anode/electrolyte interface after 100 cycles.

关键词： Cross-linked PEO polymer Li_(0.33)La_(0.55)TiO_(3)nanofibers Composite solid electrolyte All-solid-state batteries Ambient working temperature

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An Analysis of Farming in the Rural Economic Development of West Virginia

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Journal of Agricultural science and Technology(B) 2012年第7期2卷 848-855页

作者： saima Bashir Janaranjana herath Tesfa Gebremedhin College of Business Administration and Public Affairs Lander University Greenwood SC 29649 USA Division of Resource Management West Virginia University Morgantown WV26506 USA

Farming is still an important sector in rural economic development of West Virginia where 44% of the population lives in rural areas and 24% of the land is used for farming. While income earnings, education and employment rates are low in rural areas, poverty rates and unemployment are high compared to the urban areas. Thus, in the context of rural development farming is a potential major economic sector where 42% of the people＇s primary occupation is reported as farming. The objective of this study is to identify and estimate the potential impacts of farm employment in rural economic growth of West Virginia. Data from U.s. Bureau of Labor statistics and U.s Census Bureau for the period of 1993 to 2008 are used for the empirical analysis. A model derived from the three simultaneous equations of Duncan is used for analysis. Three-stage Least squares （3sLs） method using the statistical package of sTATA is used for estimation. The results concerning simultaneous relationships with population density growth, per capita income growth, and farm employment growth reveal significant importance of farming in rural economic development of West Virginia. Furthermore, the results indicate the positive impacts of population density, number of people with farming as principal occupation, and crop production on rural farming sector.

关键词： Farming rural economic development simultaneous equation 3sLs analysis West Virginia.

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Taxonomic circumscription of Diaporthales based on multigene phylogeny and morphology

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Fungal Diversity 2018年第6期93卷 241-443页

作者： indunil C.senanayake Rajesh Jeewon Putarak Chomnunti Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Chada Norphanphoun Anuruddha Karunarathna Dhandevi Pem Rekhani H.Perera Erio Camporesi Eric H.C.McKenzie Kevin D.Hyde samantha C.Karunarathna Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanChina Centre of Excellence for Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand Department of Health sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MauritiusReduit 80837Mauritius Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand A.M.B.Gruppo Micologico Forlivese Antonio CicognaniVia Roma 18Forlı`Italy A.M.B.Circolo Micologico Giovanni Carini314 BresciaItaly societa`per glistudiNaturalisticidella Romagna 144 BagnacavalloRAItaly Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand

Demarcation of family,genus and species boundaries in the Diaporthales has been tentative due to uninformative illus-trations and descriptions,overlapping morphological characteristics,misplacement or poor condition of type specimens and shortage of molecular data from ex-type *** this study,we obtained the type specimens or other authentic specimens of diaporthalean taxa from worldwide *** examined,described and illustrated *** study is based on morphological characters from type or authentic specimens,details from protologue and original illustrations and molecular data obtained from *** analyses of nrITs,nrLsU,RPB2 and TEF1-a sequence data were used to construct the molecular ***,we provided separate phylogenetic trees for families when necessary to show the generic distribution within these families based on suitable gene *** on morphology and phylogeny,we treat 17 genera previously assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis within several *** some genera we have designated new generic types as they are lacking type species or type species have affiliations with other *** exclude Anisomycopsis from Diaporthales and place it in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae ***,which was previously placed in Tirisporellales is placed in Diaporthales based on phylogeny and morphology.A new combi-nation,Dendrostoma leiphaemia propose for Amphiporthe leiphaemia(Fr.)*** on the morphological characters and molecular data we accept 27 families and 138 genera within Diaporthales,24 genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and one genus in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae *** provide notes for genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis,and excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.

关键词： Authentic specimens Dendrostoma leiphaemia Incertae sedis Classification Taxonomy Families Accepted genera

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Predicting global numbers of teleomorphic ascomycetes

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Fungal Diversity 2022年第3期114卷 237-278页

作者： indunil C.senanayake Dhandevi Pem Achala R.Rathnayaka subodini N.Wijesinghe saowaluck Tibpromma Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Rungtiwa Phookamsak Nuwan D.Kularathnage Deecksha Gomdola Dulanjalee Harishchandra Lakmali s.Dissanayake Mei-mei Xiang Anusha H.Ekanayaka Eric H.C.McKenzie Kevin D.Hyde Hao-xing Zhang Ning Xie Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityNanhai AvenueNanshanShenzhen 3688GuangdongChina Innovative Institute for Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand school of science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe County 654400YunnanChina Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming 650201YunnanChina CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanChina Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management On Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China Institute of Plant and Environment ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing 100097China Engineering Research Center of the Utilization for Characteristic Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources in southwest Ministry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025GuizhouChina Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research Auckland Mail CentrePrivate Bag 92170Auckland 1142New Zealand

sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of *** global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been *** paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,*** numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in *** assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce *** Catalogue of Life,species Fungorum and published research were used for data *** average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 ***,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data *** ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:***,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species *** poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous *** species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier *** issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described *** introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.

关键词： Ascomycota Estimates Habitat diversity Molecular techniques species concepts

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