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What is a species in fungal plant pathogens?

Fungal Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 239-266页

作者： Ruvishika s.Jayawardena Kevin D.Hyde Antonio Roberto Gomes de Farias Chitrabhanu s.Bhunjun Himashi s.Ferdinandez Dimuthu s.Manamgoda Dhanushka Udayanga indunil s.herath Kasun M.Thambugala Ishara s.Manawasinghe Achala J.Gajanayake Binu C.samarakoon Digvijayini Bundhun Deecksha Gomdola Naruemon Huanraluek Ya-ru sun Xia Tang Itthayakorn Promputtha Marco Thines Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225People’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal de PernambucoAv.Prof.Moraes Rego1235Cidade UniversitáriaRecifePE 50670-901Brazil Department of Botany Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka Department of Biosystems Technology Faculty of TechnologyUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraPitipanaHomagama 10200Sri Lanka Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraGangodawilaNugegodaSri Lanka school of science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Department of Biological sciences Institute of EcologyEvolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityMax-von-Laue-Str.1360486 Frankfurt am MainGermany senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberganlage 2560325 Frankfurt am MainGermany

scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like *** plant pathology,they link information regarding biology,host range,distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food *** the past,delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological *** to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics,the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor ***,the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained *** present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past *** this context,host-specialization and species complexes are ***,species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris,Colletotrichum,Curvularia,Diaporthe,Diplodia,Meliola,Plasmopara,rust fungi and *** entry contains a brief introduction to the genus,concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by *** importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions,and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been *** also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.

关键词： Dual nomenclature Host-specificity Polyphasic approach Pathology Phylogeny species delimitation systematics

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Evaluation of alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第3期8卷 437-443页

作者： Yangxiao Zhou H.M.P.s.D.herath UNEsCO-IHE Institute for Water Education

This study evaluates the alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling. A true model was created with a synthetic alluvial fan-plain hydrogeological framework. Various alternative conceptual models were evaluated for groundwater flow simulations. The first alternative model is a single aquifer layer model; the second alternative model is a 3-layer aquifer model; and the third model is a B-layer model consisting of 3 aquifers separated by 2 aquitards. All models could fit very well to the observa- tions with optimized values of hydraulic conductivities. However, the single aquifer layer model can only compute water balance components with good accuracy. The 3-layer aquifer model can be used for water balance computation and groundwater head simulation with small errors. The 5-layer model is capable of simulating water budget, groundwater head distribution and travel times with high accuracy. Multi- model analysis found only the 3rd alternative model superior.

关键词： Alternative conceptual modelsMulti-model analysisWater budgetTravel time

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Cryptocurrency valuation and ethics:a text analytic approach

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Journal of Management Analytics 2020年第3期7卷 367-388页

作者： James R.Barth Hemantha s.B.herath Tejaswini C.herath Pei Xu Department of Finance Auburn UniversityAuburnUSA Department of Accounting Brock UniversitySt.CatharinesCanada Department of Finance Operationsand Information SystemsBrock UniversitySt.CatharinesCanada Department of systems and Technology Auburn UniversityAuburnUSA

A recent and potentially profound innovation is the creation of cryptocurrencies and the underlying technology that is essential for their use in various financial *** the anonymity of a user of a cryptocurrency,such digital currencies may be used for many different types of both lawful and illicit *** main purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which ethical considerations associated with the use of cryptocurrencies affect the valuations attached to such *** examination is based on a text analytic approach that involves measuring the extent to which ethical and unethical words are used in a discussion related to Bitcoin on Twitter to determine if there is a connection between ethics and cryptocurrency *** find the frequency of an unethical discussion about Bitcoin is negatively associated with its *** contrast,the frequency of an ethical discussion is positively associated with its price.

关键词： Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Ethics Dark Net Crypto-Crime Twitter text analytics market reaction

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Development of a Cell-based Model to Derive Direct Runoff Hydrographs for Ungauged Mountainous Basins

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Journal of Mountain science 2007年第4期4卷 309-320页

作者： P. B. Hunukumbura s.B. Weerakoon srikantha herath Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Dept. of Civil Engineering University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka Environment and sustainable Development Programme United Nations University Tokyo Japan

A model to derive direct runoff hydrograph for an ungauged basin using the physical properties of the basin is presented. The basin is divided into grid cells and canal elements. Overland flow is generated from each grid cell of the basin by application of continuous effective rainfall of I mm/hr to the basin, The flow generated is routed through downstream grid cells and the canal elements using the kinematic wave approach. The travel time for direct runoff from each grid cell to the basin outlet is calculated and the s-curve is derived for the basin. The s-curve is used to derive the unit hydrograph of a given duration for the basin. The model, referred as Cell-basin model was applied to the Upper Kotmale Basin in sri Lanka and the model predictions of direct runoff hydrographs for rainfall events agreed with the observations to a reasonable accuracy. Comparison of the unit hydrographs obtained from the model and from the conventional snyder＇s synthetic unit hydrograph using regionalized parameters assuming the basin as an ungauged basin, with the unit hydrograph derived from the observations showed that the model predicted unit hydrograph was more suitable than that obtained by snyder＇s method for sri Lankan up country basins. Thus, the present model is a useful tool to obtain direct runoff hydrograph for ungauged basins.

关键词： Ungauged basin GIs unit hydrograph mountainous basin direct runoff hydrograph model cell-based model cell-basin model

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Addressing e-cigarette health claims made on social media amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2021年第1期17卷 3-5页

作者： Nilanga Aki Bandara Jay herath Vahid Mehrnoush University of British Columbia Faculty of Education 6081 University BlvdVancouverBC V6T 1Z1Canada University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine 317-2194 Health Sciences MallVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada

We are in a global pandemic that is responsible for more than 73.6 million confirmed cases and over 1.64 million *** evidence highlights that electronic cigarette(e-cig)use by young people has a strong association with COVID-19 diagnosis[1].The e-cig industry has successfully utilized social media platforms to market e-cigs to adolescents[2].The industry typically posts on various social media sites,such as Ins-tagram and Reddit,frequented by adolescents.

关键词： media typically utilized

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Cirrhotic portal hypertension: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutics

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第40期26卷 6111-6140页

作者： Lakmie s Gunarathne Harinda Rajapaksha Nicholas shackel Peter W Angus Chandana B herath Department of Medicine Melbourne Medical SchoolThe University of MelbourneHeidelbergVIC 3084Australia school of Molecular science College of ScienceHealth and EngineeringLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVIC 3086Australia ANZAC Research Institute ConcordNSW 2139Australia Department of Gastroenterology Austin HealthHeidelbergVIC 3084Australia south Western sydney Clinical school Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesIngham Institute for Applied Medical Research1 Campbell StreetLiverpoolNSW 2170Australia

Portal hypertension and bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Portal hypertension is initiated by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and a hyperdynamic circulatory state. The latter is characterized by a high cardiac output, increased total blood volume and splanchnic vasodilatation, resulting in increased mesenteric blood flow. Pharmacological manipulation of cirrhotic portal hypertension targets both the splanchnic and hepatic vascular beds. Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin Ⅱ type receptor 1 blockers, which target the components of the classical renin angiotensin system(RAs), are expected to reduce intrahepatic vascular tone by reducing extracellular matrix deposition and vasoactivity of contractile cells and thereby improve portal hypertension. However, these drugs have been shown to produce significant offtarget effects such as systemic hypotension and renal failure. Therefore, the current pharmacological mainstay in clinical practice to prevent variceal bleeding and improving patient survival by reducing portal pressure is non-selective-blockers(NsBBs). These NsBBs work by reducing cardiac output and splanchnic vasodilatation but most patients do not achieve an optimal therapeutic response and a significant proportion of patients are unable to tolerate these *** statins, used alone or in combination with NsBBs, have been shown to improve portal pressure and overall mortality in cirrhotic patients, further randomized clinical trials are warranted involving larger patient populations with clear clinical end points. On the other hand, recent findings from studies that have investigated the potential use of the blockers of the components of the alternate RAs provided compelling evidence that could lead to the development of drugs targeting the splanchnic vascular bed to inhibit splanchnic vasodilatation in portal hypertension. This rev

关键词： Portal hypertension Cirrhosis Intrahepatic vascular resistance Hyperdynamic circulatory state splanchnic vasodilatation Portal blood flow Non-selective betablockers Alternate renin angiotensin system

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Local perceptions of climate change and adaptation needs in the Ifugao Rice Terraces (Northern Philippines)

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Journal of Mountain science 2017年第8期14卷 1455-1472页

作者： Mario A.sORIANO Jr. Johanna DIWA srikantha herath Institute for the Advanced study of sustainability United Nations University school of Forestry and Environmental studies Yale University

The Ifugao Rice Terraces in the Philippines is recognized worldwide as a sustainable landscape where humans live in harmony with nature. The success of the Ifugao Rice Terraces largely depends on the attunement of local farmers to their environment and their ability to adapt to perceived changes, as manifested in their complex body of traditional ecological and climatic knowledge. This paper examines the local perceptions on climate change and other challenges to sustainability through focus group discussions with farmers and traditional knowledge holders. Our main findings can be summarized as follows:(i) Ifugao farmers were able to observe climatic changes in recent years, and these changes were intimately linked with broader environmental and socio-cultural changes in the Ifugao social-ecological system;(ii) The climatic changes qualitatively observed by the farmers were in agreement with trends in datasets commonly used in scientific assessments, although this agreement depends on the spatial and temporal resolution of the dataset, and the type of statistical analysis performed, and;(iii) The Ifugaos stressed the importance of traditional knowledge and culture in climate change adaptation, and preferred measures which could increase internal adaptive capacity while addressingbroader sources of community vulnerability. Our results support calls to recognize Indigenous and Western science as equally valid ways of knowing. Discussions with the farmers revealed that in the Ifugao context, climate change may be better framed in the context of multiple stressors on rural livelihoods, with adaptation integrated into broader development objectives. Our findings also emphasize the need for greater engagement of indigenous Ifugao people in planning processes in order to identify adaptation strategies that are culturally appropriate, equitable, and effective in responding to local needs.

关键词： Ifugao Rice Terraces Climate Change Traditional Knowledge Indigenous Adaptation social-Ecological system sustainability

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Optimization and Cultivar selection for Rice Grown near Mountainous slopes in Orissa,India—A Field Experiment and simulation Model study

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Journal of Mountain science 2005年第4期2卷 329-335页

作者： D. K. swain s. herath A. Pathirana R. N. Dash Environment and sustainable Development United Nations University Tokyo Japan Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack India

Degradation of the natural resource base has led to decline in crop yields or stagnation that caused food shortages at varying degrees among mountain families. Rice, the major staple food in Asia, is suffering from lack of suitable cultivar and N fertilizer management, when grown near mountainous slopes under rain-fed agro-ecosystem. An investigation through a field experiment and simulation study was conducted at United Nations University, Tokyo to select suitable rice cultivars and N fertilizer level for the rice grown near mountainous slopes in Orissa, India. The field experiment was conducted during wet season （June to November） of 2001 at Kasiadihi village of Dhenkanal district, Orissa, India with eight popular rice cultivars of medium （120～130 d） and long duration （135～150 d） group and four N levels （0, 40, 80 and 120 kg·ha^-1）. Highest grain yield of 5,680 kg·ha^-1 was obtained from cultivar Ranjit of long duration group followed by 4,730 kg·ha^-1 from cultivar Mahamaya of medium duration group, across N levels. CEREs-Rice model was used to simulated grain yield of these two selected cultivars using historical weather data of the past 18 years （1983～2000）. Long duration cultivar Ranjit registered higher yield with lower stability as compared medium duration cultivar Mahamaya over the past 18 years. An optimum N fertilizer level of 80 kg·ha^-1 was recommended for rice grown under rain-fed ecosystem near mountainous slopes in Orissa, India to attain optimum yield potential of cultivar.

关键词： Rice grain yield cultivar N level simulation model rain-fed ecosystem

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High-Performance 3-D Fiber Network Composite Electrolyte Enabled with Li-Ion Conducting Nanofibers and Amorphous PEO-Based Cross-Linked Polymer for Ambient All-solid-state Lithium-Metal Batteries

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Advanced Fiber Materials 2019年第1期1卷 46-60页

作者： Chaoyi Yan Pei Zhu Hao Jia Jiadeng Zhu R.Kalai selvan Ya Li Xia Dong Zhuang Du indunil Angunawela Nianqiang Wu Mahmut Dirican Xiangwu Zhang Fiber and Polymer science Program Department of Textile EngineeringChemistry and ScienceWilson College of TextilesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695-8301USA Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695-8301USA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV 26506USA

solid electrolytes have gained attention recently for the development of next-generation Li-ion batteries since they can fun-damentally improve the battery stability and *** various types of solid electrolytes,composite solid electrolytes(CsEs)exhibit both high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial contact with the *** active nanofib-ers into the polymer matrix demonstrates an effective method to fabricate ***,current CsEs based on traditional poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)polymer suffer from the poor ionic conductivity of PEO and agglomeration effect of inorganic fillers at high concentrations,which limit further improvements in Li+conductivity and electrochemical ***,we synthesize a novel PEO based cross-linked polymer(CLP)as the polymer matrix with naturally amorphous structure and high room-temperature ionic conductivity of 2.40×10^(−4)s cm^(−1).Li_(0.3)La_(0.557)TiO_(3)(LLTO)nanofibers are incorporated into the CLP matrix to form composite solid electrolytes,achieving enhanced ionic conductivity without showing filler *** high content of Li-conductive nanofibers improves the mechanical strength,ensures the conductive network,and increases the total Li+conductivity to 3.31×10^(−4)s cm^(−1).The all-solid-state Li|LiFePO_(4)batteries with LLTO nanofiber-incorporated CsEs are able to deliver attractive specific capacity of 147 mAh g^(−1)at room temperature,and no evident dendrite is found at the anode/electrolyte interface after 100 cycles.

关键词： Cross-linked PEO polymer Li_(0.33)La_(0.55)TiO_(3)nanofibers Composite solid electrolyte All-solid-state batteries Ambient working temperature

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An Analysis of Farming in the Rural Economic Development of West Virginia

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Journal of Agricultural science and Technology(B) 2012年第7期2卷 848-855页

作者： saima Bashir Janaranjana herath Tesfa Gebremedhin College of Business Administration and Public Affairs Lander University Greenwood SC 29649 USA Division of Resource Management West Virginia University Morgantown WV26506 USA

Farming is still an important sector in rural economic development of West Virginia where 44% of the population lives in rural areas and 24% of the land is used for farming. While income earnings, education and employment rates are low in rural areas, poverty rates and unemployment are high compared to the urban areas. Thus, in the context of rural development farming is a potential major economic sector where 42% of the people＇s primary occupation is reported as farming. The objective of this study is to identify and estimate the potential impacts of farm employment in rural economic growth of West Virginia. Data from U.s. Bureau of Labor statistics and U.s Census Bureau for the period of 1993 to 2008 are used for the empirical analysis. A model derived from the three simultaneous equations of Duncan is used for analysis. Three-stage Least squares （3sLs） method using the statistical package of sTATA is used for estimation. The results concerning simultaneous relationships with population density growth, per capita income growth, and farm employment growth reveal significant importance of farming in rural economic development of West Virginia. Furthermore, the results indicate the positive impacts of population density, number of people with farming as principal occupation, and crop production on rural farming sector.

关键词： Farming rural economic development simultaneous equation 3sLs analysis West Virginia.

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