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Forests Policies and Programmes in India: Implications for Climate Change Adaptation

Open Journal of Forestry 2019年第3期9卷 226-240页

作者： indu k. murthy Poornima k.mar Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India Department of Ecology and Environment Pondicherry University Pondicherry India Centre for Study of Science Technology and Policy Bangalore India

Climate change is a major global environmental and developmental challenge and climate proofing of vulnerable sectors, programmes, natural systems and communities by integrating adaptation and mitigation options into planning process are increasingly becoming an integral part of development. The basic premises on which this could happen are the national and sectoral policies that govern any programmes and actions implemented on ground. This study reviews existing policies, plans and programmes and their implications for climate change. Based on the analyses, k.y areas of research, policy initiatives and institutional and capacity development needs have been identified, to facilitate climate change adaptation. The forest policies formulated so far in India have been broadly aimed at conservation, reduction of pressure on forests and provisioning of biomass to the large forest dependent population for their fuel and fodder needs apart from generating revenue through production and sale of timber. However, these have not been formulated with climate change as a consideration and therefore may become less effective as climate change and its impacts become increasingly evident. The study clearly identifies that the current policies and programmes have elements/features and activities that directly or indirectly contribute positively towards adaptation, although the primary implications are towards biodiversity and to some extent ecosystem functioning. It finally highlights the need for incorporating climate change concerns in forest sector development programmes and also to address the issue of climate change.

关键词： Forest Sector Climate Change Adaptation Forest Policies Programmes Climate Variability

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Co-Benefits and Risk. of Implementation of Forestry Activities for Climate Change Mitigation in India

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Natural Science 2018年第7期10卷 278-287页

作者： indu k. murthy k. V. Devi Prasad Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka India Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Pondicherry University Kalapet Puducherry India

Implementation of forestry activities as a climate change mitigation option is lik.ly to result in a range of outcomes in addition to carbon sequestration and these include changes with respect to environmental, social and economic aspects. These impacts to the extent when positive are deemed “co-benefit” and if adverse and uncertain, imply risk. It is important to recognize that implementation of forestry mitigation activities can have varied environmental, socio-economic co-benefits and/or risk.. Further, there is no general agreement on attribution of co-benefits and risk. to specific forestry mitigation activities. An overarching risk.to mitigation potential that could be realised by implementation of forestry activities is climate change. But, overall, forestry mitigation activities also contribute to the sustainable development agenda. Maximizing co-benefits of forestry mitigation measures can increase efficiency in achieving the objectives of other international agreements.

关键词： Forestry Mitigation Co-Benefits Climate Change Risk. Sustainable Development

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Harnessing REDD+ opportunities for forest conservation and carbon stock.enhancement in the Northeastern States of India

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Natural Science 2013年第3期5卷 349-358页

作者： indu k. murthy Nitasha Sharma Ravindranath Nijavalli H Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India

Forests have significant economic and ecological value as a provider of ecosystem services, being home to much of the world’s biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of many people. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) is a critical component of the overall greenhouse gas emission reductions and now the significance of REDD+ (which is not only about reducing emissions but halting and reversing forest loss), in delivering climate change mitigation benefits along with co-benefits, is increasingly being recognized in global climate negotiations. Northeast India provides a tremendous potential for harnessing REDD+ activities with about 66% of the total geographical area of the region being covered by forests. This paper attempts to explore this potential besides estimating the area available for different options under REDD+ as well as the mitigation potential using COMAP model, overcoming limitations of existing studies or a lack.of them. Within this, the status of forests and biodiversity along with drivers of deforestation in north east India are documented and an assessment of the potential for tak.ng up reducing deforestation and degradation and enhancement of carbon stock. and afforestation is conducted both at the state as well as district level. It was found that northeastern states have been experiencing net forest loss during the last few years along with significant scale forest degradation, with Nagaland followed by Arunachal Pradesh offering maximum potential for “reducing deforestation” option under REDD and the total incremental annual mitigation potential of the four REDD+ activities in northeast India being 29.2 MtCO2 for 2030.

关键词： Forests Climate Change REDD+ Mitigation Potential Northeast India

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Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation Distribution and Net Primary Productivity of Forests of Himalayan River Basins: Brahmaputra, k.shi and indus

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American Journal of Climate Change 2018年第2期7卷 271-294页

作者： A. Chaitra S. Upgupta L. D. Bhatta J. Mathangi D. S. Anitha k. Sindhu Vidya k.mar N. k. Agrawal M. S. R. murthy F. Qamar indu k. murthy J. Sharma R. k. Chaturvedi G. Bala N. H. Ravindranath Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Kathmandu Nepal Divecha Centre for Climate Change Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India

The impacts of climate change in terms of forest vegetation shifts and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) changes are assessed for Brahmaputra, k.shi and indus river basins for the mid (2021-2050) and long (2071-2100) terms for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Two Dynamical Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) and (Lund Postdam and Jena (LPJ), have been used for this purpose. The DGVMs are driven by the ensemble mean climate projections from 5 climate models that contributed to the CMIP5 data base. While both DGVMs project vegetation shifts in the forest areas of the basins, there are large differences in vegetation shifts projected by IBIS and LPJ. This may be attributed to differing representation of land surface processes and to differences in the number of vegetation types (Plant Functional Types) defined and simulated in the two models. However, there is some agreement in NPP changes as projected by both IBIS and LPJ, with IBIS mostly projecting a larger increase in NPP for the future scenarios. Despite the uncertainties with respect to climate change projections at river basin level and the differing impact assessments from different DGVMs, it is necessary to assess the “vulnerability” of the forest ecosystems and forest dependent communities to current climate risk. and future climate change and to develop and implement resilience or adaptation measures. Assessment of the “vulnerability” and designing of the adaptation strategies could be undertak.n for all the forested grids where both IBIS and LPJ project vegetation shifts.

关键词： Climate Change Forests Himalayan River Basins Impacts NPP Change Forest Type Shift

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Control of peak.pressures of an HCCI engine under varying swirl and operating parameters

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Frontiers in Energy 2016年第3期10卷 337-346页

作者： T. k.RTHIk.YA SHARMA G. AMBA PRASAD RAO k. MADHU murthy Department of Mechanical Engineering NIT Warangal Warangal506004 India

The major advantages of homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） are high efficiency in combination with low NOx-emissions. However, one of the major challenges with HCCI is the control of higher peak.pressures which may damage the engine, limiting the HCCI engine life period. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyze computationally the effect of induction swirl in controlling the peak.pressures of an HCCI engine under various operating parameters. A single cylinder 1.6 L reentrant piston bowl diesel engine is chosen. For computational analysis, the ECFM-3Z model of STAR - CD is considered because it is suitable for analyzing the combustion processes in SI and CI engines. As an HCCI engine is a hybrid version of SI and CI engines, the ECFM- 3Z model with necessary modifications is used to analyze the peak.pressures inside the combustion chamber. The ECFM-3Z model for HCCI mode of combustion is validated with the existing literature to mak. sure that the results obtained are accurate. Numerical experiments are performed to study the effect of varying properties lik. speed of the engine, piston bowl geometry, exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） and equivalence ratio under different swirl ratios in controlling the peak.pressures inside the combustion chamber. The results show that the swirl ratio has a considerable impact on controlling the peak.pressures of HCCI engine. A reduction in peak.pressures are observed with a swirl ratio of 4 because of reduced in cylinder temperatures. The combined effect of four operating parameters, i.e., the speed of the engine, piston bowl geometry, EGR, and equivalence ratio with swirl ratios suggest that lower intak. temperatures, reentrant piston bowl, higher engine speeds and higher swirl ratios are favorable in controlling the peak.pressures.

关键词： HCCI engine ECFM-3Z Swirl ratio peak.pressures engine speed piston bowl geometry

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Some hydrodynamic aspects of 3-phase inverse fluidized bed

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China Particuology 2007年第5期5卷 351-356页

作者： k.ishna S.V.S.R. Bandaru D.V.S. murthy k. k.ishnaiah Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Hydrodynamics of 3-phase inverse fluidized bed is studied experimentally using low density particles for different liquid and gas velocities. The hydrodynamic characteristics studied include pressure drop, minimum liquid and gas fluidization velocities and phase holdups. The minimum liquid fluidization velocity determined using the bed pressure gradient, decreases with increase in gas velocity. The axial profiles of phase holdups shows that the liquid holdup increases along the bed height, whereas the solid holdup decreases down the bed. However, the gas holdup is almost uniform in the bed.

关键词： Inverse fluidization Inverse fluidized bed Hydrodynamics Phase holdup Axial holdup

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Extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray spectral lines in Rb ⅩⅩⅨ

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Chinese Physics B 2016年第3期25卷 134-144页

作者： indu k.atri Arun Goyal Sunny Aggarwal A k.Singh Man Mohan Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of DelhiDelhi 110007India Department of Physics D.D.U.CollegeUniversity of DelhiDelhi 110015India Department of Physics Shyamlal CollegeUniversity of DelhiDelhi 110032India

An extensive theoretical set of atomic data for Rb XXIX in a wide range with L-shell electron excitations to the M-shell has been reported. We have computed energy levels for the lowest 113 fine structure levels of Rb XXIX. The fully relativistic multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock.method （MCDF） within the framework.of Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian tak.ng quantum electrodynamics （QED） and Breit corrections into account has been adopted for calculations. Radiative data are reported for electric dipole （El）, magnetic dipole （MI）, electric quadrupole （E2）, and magnetic quadrupole （M2） transitions from the ground level, although calculations have been performed for a much larger number of levels. To assess the accuracy of results, we performed analogous calculations using flexible atomic code （FAC）. Comparisons are made with existing available results and a good agreement has been achieved. Most of the wavelengths calculated lie in the soft x-ray （SXR） region. Lifetimes for all 113 levels have also been provided for the first time. Additionally, we have provided the spectra for allowed transitions from n = 2 to n = 3 within the x-ray region and also compared our SXR photon wavelengths with experimentally recognized wavelengths. We hope that our results will be beneficial in fusion plasma research and astrophysical applications.

关键词： energy levels wavelengths radiative rates spectral lines

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Biophysical quantification of biodiversity and ecosystems services of forest ecosystems in the Western Ghats: a case study of Uttara k.nnada District, India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 728-741页

作者： Priya P.Joshi indu k.murthy Gurunath T.Hegde Vani Sathyanarayan Savithri Bhat Vishal Patil Tashina Esteves N.H.Ravindranath Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Pondicherry University

Biodiversity and ecosystem services play k.y roles in future economic strategies seek.ng to promote development and prosperity. This study assesses the status of biodiversity and flow of ecosystem services from selected forest types in the Western Ghats. At the sampling sites, the number of tree species ranged from 16 to 79 per hectare depending on the forest type. The estimates for Shannon–Wiener index for trees in the evergreen, moist deciduous and dry deciduous forest plots were 3.02, 2.9 and 1.54, respectively. The total biomass carbon stock. in evergreen, moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests in the study area was 229, 221 and 189 t C/ha, *** of dependency patterns of local communities on forest resources indicated a high dependency on provisional services such as fuelwood, manure and fodder. The study records the highest dependency rates for fuelwood,ranging between 72 and 100% for the three forest types and indicates that forest ecosystems underpin the well-being of the population dependent directly and indirectly on them.

关键词： Biodiversity assessment Ecosystem services Western Ghats

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Extreme ultraviolet and x-ray transition wavelengths in Rb XXIV

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第10期24卷 115-126页

作者： indu k.atri Arun Goyal Sunny Aggarwal A.k.Singh Man Mohan Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Department of Physics Shyamlal CollegeUniversity of Delhi Department of Physics D.D.U.CollegeUniversity of Delhi

Energy levels, radiative rates, oscillator strengths and line strengths are reported for transitions among the lowest 97 levels of the（1s22s22p6） 3s23p2, 3s23p3 d, 3s3p3, 3p4, 3s3p23 d, and 3s23d2 configurations of Rb XXIV. A multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock.MCDF） method is adopted for the calculations. Radiative rates, oscillator strengths, and line strengths are provided for all electric dipole（E1）, magnetic dipole（M1）, electric quadrupole（E2）, and magnetic quadrupole（M2）transitions from the ground level to all 97 levels, although calculations are performed for a much larger number of *** achieve the accuracy of the data, comparisons are provided with similar data obtained from the Flexible Atomic Code（FAC） and also with the available theoretical and experimental results. Our energy levels are found to be accurate to better than 1.2%. Wavelengths calculated are found to lie in EUV（extreme ultraviolet） and x-ray regions. Additionally, lifetimes for all 97 levels are obtained for the first time.

关键词： atomic data energy levels transition probability

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Relativistic atomic data for W XLVⅡ

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第5期24卷 305-312页

作者： Sunny Aggarwal A.k.S.Jha indu k.atri Narendra Singh Man Mohan Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Department of Physics Shyamlal College University of Delhi

Energy levels, radiative rates, and lifetimes are calculated for all levels of 3s23p, 3s23d, 3s3p2, 3s3d2, 3s3p3d, 3p23d, 3s3d2, 3p3d2, 3p3, and 3d3 configurations of Al-lik. tungsten ion （W XLVII）. Multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock.（MCDF） method is adopted for calculating energy levels and radiative rates. Oscillator strengths, radiative rates, and line strengths are reported for some E1 transitions from the ground level. Comparisons are made with the available data in the literature and good agreement has been found which confirms the reliability of our results.

关键词： atomic data multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock.method transition probability

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