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SER estimation method for 56 GBaud PAM-4 transmission system

Chinese Optics Letters 2018年第4期16卷 30-34页

作者： Aadil Raza Kangping Zhong Salman Ghafoor Saeed Iqbal Muhammad Adeel shahid Habib Muhammad Fasih Uddin Butt Chao Lu COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad Pakistan Department of Electronic and Information Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan

In this Letter, we have proposed a generalized Gaussian probability density function（GGPDF）-based method to estimate the symbol error ratio（SER） for pulse amplitude modulation（PAM-4） in an intensity modulation/direct detection（im/DD） system. Furthermore, a closed form expression of SERGGDfor PAM-4 has been derived. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through simulation as well as experimental *** fitting of probability density functions of the received signal is applied via GGPDF and shape parameters P1 and P2 associated with different PAM-4 levels are determined. The optimum single value of shape parameter P is then calculated to estimate the SER. The mathematical relationship of P with different received optical powers and receiver bandwidths has been determined and verified. The proposed method is a fast and accurate method to estimate SER of a PAM-4 system, which is more reliable and in agreement with the error counting method.

关键词： PAM SER estimation method for 56 GBaud PAM-4 transmission system

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Comparative study of haemagglutination inhibition, Agar gel precipitation test, Serum neutralization and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection to avian influenza viruses

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Health 2010年第2期2卷 97-100页

作者： shahid Faraz Muhammad Abubakar Mohammad Farooque Sarfaraz Ali Fazlani Ghluam Hussain Jaffar 不详

The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the serological tests for detection of avian in-fluenza viruses were carried-out by using Ham- agglutination inhibition (HI), Agar gel precipita-tion test (AGPT), and Enzyme linked immu-nosorbent assay (ELISA) and Serum neutraliza-tion test. The geometric mean titre (GMT) of hae- magglutination inhibition antibodies recor- ded as log2 indicated that the post vaccination titres in the field were on higher side i.e., 7.9 for H7 and 5.9 for H9. The correlation between HI titre and AGPT affirmed that for the AGPT test need high antibody titre for positive reaction. The pooled sera were also used to correlate the se-rum neutralization test and enzyme linked im- muno-sorbent assay. The serial two fold dilute- ons were tested for the serum neutralization ac- tivity and concluded that the HI titre log2 4 pro-vided 100% protection, than 52% and 45% pro-tection in 1:2 and 1:4 dilution was recorded, respectively. Similarly, the ELISA test showed positive results up to 1:16 HI titre, i.e. log2 4 and confirmed the linear relation between these two serological tests. In HI test, the concentration of antigen can influence the result. It also needs careful preparation of concentration of eryth-rocyte suspension. Agar Gel immuno-diffusion is basically a qualitative test as it can not de-termine the quantity of antigen or antibody with the help of this test. It lacks the level of sensi-tivity as offered by other test. If serum neutrali-zation test is performed on a pooled serum sam- ples, then it could lead to a false conclusion on antibodies status. ELISA is most sensitive, spe-cific and accurate as compare to all other sero-logical tests.

关键词： Serology HI ELISA and Avian Influenza Virus.

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