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a.Compa.a.ive Study of Topica. a.a.lic a.id Crea. 20% a.d a.tive Lotion Conta.ning Triethyl Citra.e a.d Ethyl Linolea.e in the Trea.ment of Mild to Modera.e a.ne Vulga.is

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Journa. of Cosmetics, Derma.ologica. Sciences a.d a.plica.ions 2015年第3期5卷 223-230页

作者： Ha.der R. a.-Ha.a.y a.il a. Noa.mi ihsan a. al-turfy a.il Ibra.im Ra.a. Scientific Council of Derma.ology a.d Venereology-Ira.i Boa.d for Medica. Specia.iza.ions Baghdad Iraq Depa.tment of Derma.ology College of Medicine University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq a.a. Boa.d for Derma.ology a.d Venereology Baghdad Teaching Hospital Medical City Baghdad Iraq Depa.tment of Derma.ology Baghdad Teaching Hospital Baghdad Iraq

Ba.kground: a.ne vulga.is is a.common disorder a.fecting 79% - 95% of the a.olescent popula.ion. The choice of trea.ment depends on the severity, pa.ients with mild to modera.e a.ne should receive topica. thera.y such a. a.ela.c a.id. Rising a.tibiotic drug resista.ce consequent to the widesprea. use of topica. a.tibiotics is ca.sing concern a.d effective non-a.tibiotic trea.ments a.e needed. Objective: To compa.e the effica.y a.d side effects of topica. a.ela.c a.id crea. 20% versus a.tive lotion conta.ning triethyl citra.e a.d ethyl linolea.e (TCEL) in trea.ment of mild to modera.e a.ne vulga.is. Pa.ients a.d Methods: This single, blinded, compa.a.ive, thera.eutic study wa. done in the Depa.tment of Derma.ology-Ba.hda. Tea.hing Hospita., Ba.hda., Ira.;from Ma. 2013-July 2014. Scoring of a.ne wa. ca.ried out a.d the pa.ients were exa.ined every 2 weeks for 10 weeks of trea.ment. One month a.ter stopping drugs, pa.ients were eva.ua.ed for drug complica.ions a.d disea.e recurrence. Sixty pa.ients fulfilling enrollment criteria.were included in this study. Pa.ients were divided into 2 groups: Group a.(30 pa.ients) trea.ed twice da.ly with TCEL lotion a.d Group B (30 pa.ients) trea.ed twice da.ly with topica. a.ela.c a.id crea. 20%. Results: Both topica. TCEL lotion a.d a.ela.c a.id crea. were sta.istica.ly a. effective thera.y for trea.ment of mild to modera.e a.ne vulga.is. TCEL lotion wa. more effective a.d a.t ea.lier tha. a.ela.c a.id crea. sta.ting from 4 weeks of thera.y till the end of trea.ment (a.ter 10 weeks) a.d even a.ter 4 weeks a.ter stopping the trea.ment (P-va.ue a. noted while the following side effects were reported;burning, pruritus a.d erythema. a.l these side effects disa.pea.ed a.ter 8 weeks from sta.ting trea.ment. a.ter one month of follow up there wa. no significa.t rela.se in both groups. Conclusion: The TCEL is non-a.tibiotic ba.ed, it ha. quicker onset of a.tion a.d observa.le improvement of

关键词： a.ne Vulga.is Infla.ma.ory a.nica.e a.ela.c a.id

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Inflixima. Thera.y in Ira.i Pa.ients with Modera.e to Severe Psoria.is

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Journa. of Cosmetics, Derma.ologica. Sciences a.d a.plica.ions 2015年第2期5卷 78-85页

作者： Ha.der R. a.-Ha.a.y ihsan a. al-turfy Fa.a. S. a.dul-Reda Scientific Council of Derma.ology & Venereology Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations Baghdad Iraq College of Medicine University of Ba.hda. Baghdad Iraq Depa.tment of Derma.ology & Venereology Baghdad Teaching Hospital Baghdad Iraq

Ba.kground: Tumor necrosis fa.tor a.pha.(TNF-α) is a.proinfla.ma.ory cytokine which pla.s a.critica. role in the pa.hogenesis of psoria.is. Inflixima. is a. a.ti-TNF-α drug widely used for the trea.ment of psoria.is. Objectives: To a.sess the effica.y a.d sa.ety of inflixima. in Ira.i pa.ients with modera.e-to-severe psoria.is. Pa.ients a.d Methods: In this thera.eutic, single-center study, a.tota. of 23 pa.ients with modera.e-to-severe psoria.is resista.t to conventiona. trea.ments were enrolled to receive infusions of inflixima. 5 mg/kg a. weeks 0, 2, a.d 6, then every 8 weeks for a. lea.t 22 weeks. Psoria.is a.ea.a.d Severity Index(Pa.I), Body Surfa.e a.ea.(BSa. a.d Derma.ology Life Qua.ity Index (DLQI) were ca.cula.ed a. ea.h visit to a.sess the response to trea.ment a.d a.l side effects were recorded. Results: Pa.I score wa. reduced from a.mea. ± SD of 17.41 ± 8.53 before trea.ment to 2.44 ± 2.68 a.ter 22 weeks. a. week 22, 84% of pa.ients a.hieved Pa.I 75, 42% a.hieved Pa.I 90 a.d 28% a.hieved complete clea.a.ce. BSa.a.d DLQI score were reduced from a.mea. ± SD of 35.69 ± 22.44 a.d 20.04 ± 4.68 before trea.ment to 3.52 ± 4.94 a.d 3.87 ± 5.60 a.ter 22 weeks, respectively. Pruritus, boils, infusion rea.tions were recorded a.d rela.se during trea.ment wa. found in 3 pa.ients. Conclusion: Inflixima. monothera.y is highly effective in the trea.ment of modera.e-to-severe psoria.is, with ra.id onset of a.tion a.d rela.ively low side effects.

关键词： Psoria.is TNF-α Inflixima.

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Subcision in the Trea.ment of a.ne Sca. in Ira.i Pa.ients

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Journa. of Cosmetics, Derma.ologica. Sciences a.d a.plica.ions 2015年第2期5卷 125-133页

作者： Ha.der R. a.-Ha.ma.y a.d-a.la. S. Moha.ma. ihsan a. al-turfy Depa.tment of Derma.ology a.d Venereology College of Medicine University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq

Ba.kground: a.ne vulga.is is a.very common skin disea.e a.ong young people which might be a.socia.ed with sca.ring tha. ha. a.grea. impa.t on the emotiona., psychologica. a.d socia. life of the pa.ients a. it will go with them for life. Subcision is a.new technique for the trea.ment of a.ne sca.s. Objective: To a.sess objectively a.d subjectively the effica.y a.d sa.ety of subcision in the trea.ment of depressed a.ne sca.s. Pa.ients a.d Methods: This is a. open-la.el thera.eutic tria.. a.tota. of 16 pa.ients were enrolled in this study. Twelve were ma.es a.d 4 were fema.es. Their a.es ra.ged from 19 - 39 with a.mea. of 26.64 ± 5.64. The dura.ion of sca. va.ied between 6 months a.d 10 yea.s with a.mea. of 4.14 ± 2.54 yea.s. subcision wa. done by introducing a.sterile, hypodermic, 18-ga.ge needle. The needle wa. held by a.three ml syringe for better orienta.ion of the sha.p tip of the needle. It wa. kept horizonta. to the skin surfa.e with the bevel up, a.d wa. introduced in a.high sub derma. pla.e. The needle wa. slowly a.va.ced pa.a.lel to the skin surfa.e. Initia.ly, ra.id, repetitive linea. ba.k-a.d-forth motion of the needle ma.es the skin free of the underlying sca.. This procedure wa. repea.ed in a.l directions in a.fa.-like ma.ner. Results: a.cording to Modified Sha.quie’s scoring system for gra.ing a.ne sca.s, 4 (25%) pa.ients ha. severe gra.e, 11 (68.8%) pa.ients ha. modera.e gra.e a.d only 1 (6.2%) pa.ient ha. mild gra.e. Eva.ua.ion a. 6 months a.ter trea.ment revea.ed tha. 8 (50%) pa.ients ha. mild a.ne sca., 7 (43.8%) ha. modera.e a.ne sca. a.d only 1 (6.2%) pa.ient still ha. severe gra.e. This cha.ge in the gra.es wa. sta.istica.ly significa.t (p-va.ue = 0.01713441). The a.era.e score before trea.ment wa. 13.13 ± 2.363;it beca.e 9.50 ± 2.944 a.ter 6 months. By pa.red t-test compa.ison, the difference in the score wa. sta.istica.ly highly significa.t (p = 0.000044). Rega.ding the photogra.hic a.sessment, the difference in the visua. a.a.ogue sca.e before

关键词： Subcision a.ne Sca.

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Solid Wa.te Ma.a.ement:a.Ma.M a.proa.h Using Fuzzy Pa.a.eterized Possibility Single-Va.ued Neutrosophic Hypersoft Expert Settings

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 531-553页

作者： Tma.er a.ba.la.Muha.ma. ihsan a.iqe Ur Ra.ma. Noora. a.ed a.sora.ea.Ha.iden a.d El-Wa.ed Kha.ifa Depa.tment of Ma.hema.ics College of SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh11671Saudi Arabia 2 Depa.tment of Ma.hema.ics University of Management and TechnologyLahore54000Pakistan Depa.tment of Ma.hema.ics College of ScienceQassim UniversityBuraydah51452Saudi Arabia

The dra.a.ic rise in the number of people living in cities ha. ma.e ma.y environmenta. a.d socia. problems *** sea.ch for a.productive method for disposing of solid wa.te is the most nota.le of these *** schola.s ha.e referred to it a. a.fuzzy multi-a.tribute or multi-criteria.decision-ma.ing problem using va.ious fuzzy set-like a.proa.hes beca.se of the inclusion of criteria.a.d a.ticipa.ed *** goa. of the current study is to use a. innova.ive methodology to a.dress the expected uncerta.nties in the problem of solid wa.te site *** cha.a.teristics(or sub-a.tributes)tha. decision-ma.ers select a.d the degree of a.proxima.ion they a.cept for va.ious options ca. both be indica.ors of these *** ta.kle these problems,a.novel ma.hema.ica. structure known a. the fuzzy pa.a.eterized possibility single va.ued neutrosophic hypersoft expert set(ρˆ-set),which is initia.ly described,is integra.ed with a.modified version of Sa.chez’s *** this,a. intelligent a.gorithm is *** steps of the suggested a.gorithm a.e expla.ned with a. exa.ple tha. expla.ns *** compa.ibility of solid wa.te ma.a.ement sites a.d systems is discussed,a.d ra.kings a.e esta.lished a.ong with deta.led justifica.ions for their *** study’s strengths lie in its a.plica.ion of fuzzy pa.a.eteriza.ion a.d possibility gra.ing to effectively ha.dle the uncerta.nties embodied in the pa.a.eters’na.ure a.d a.terna.ive a.proxima.ions,*** uses specific ma.hema.ica. formula.ions to compute the fuzzy pa.a.eterized degrees a.d possibility gra.es tha. a.e missing from the prior *** is simpler for the decisionma.ers to look a. ea.h option sepa.a.ely beca.se the decision is *** the computed results,it is discovered tha. they a.e consistent a.d dependa.le beca.se of their preferred properties.

关键词： Hypersoft expert set Sa.chez’s method decision ma.ing optimiza.ion solid wa.te ma.a.ement possibility gra.e fuzzy pa.a.eteriza.ion

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Molecula. phylogeny of Solms-la.ba.hia.Bra.sica.ea.) s.l.,ba.ed on multiple nuclea. a.d pla.tid DNa.sequences,a.d its biogeogra.hic implica.ions

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Journa. of Systema.ics a.d Evolution 2009年第5期47卷 402-415页

作者： Da.id a.Ba.M ihsan a.a.-SHEHBa. Richa.d REE Depa.tment of Bota.y University of Wisconsin Missouri Bota.ica. Ga.den PO Box 299St LouisMO 63166-0299USA 3. Department of BotanyThe Field Museum1400 S.Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605USA

The Hengdua. Mounta.ns region of south-west China.is a.noted biodiversity hotspot,but the geogra.hic origins a.d historica. a.sembly of its rich endemic flora.including the sky-isla.d species of Solms-la.ba.hia.Muschl.(Bra.sica.ea.),ha.e been little *** molecula. studies on the phylogeny of Solms-la.ba.hia.showed it to be pa.a.hyletic,lea.ing to considera.le expa.sion not only of its ta.onomic limits,but a.so its geogra.hic ra.ge,with the inclusion of ta.a.from outside the Hengdua. ***,these studies provided little resolution of interspecific rela.ionships,preventing inferences a.out historica. biogeogra.hy within the *** the present study,new sequence da.a.from two nuclea. genes(LEa.Y a.d G3pdh) a.d two chloropla.t intergenic spa.ers(petN-psbM a.d psbM-trnD) were combined with existing ma.kers to increa.e phylogenetic *** villosum(Ma.im.) a.-Shehba. wa. found to be nested within Solms-la.ba.hia.*** genera.,phylogenetic rela.ionships a.pea. to be a.good predictor of geogra.hy,with the Hengdua. Mounta.n endemics embedded in a.pa.a.hyletic gra.e of species from the western Hima.a.a. a.d centra. a.ia.but they a.so imply morphologica. *** wa. detected between the nuclea. a.d chloropla.t gene trees,perha.s resulting from incomplete linea.e sorting of a.cestra. *** crown a.e of Solms-la.ba.hia.*** estima.ed to be a.proxima.ely 1.42-3.68 mya.using Ba.esia. rela.ed molecula. clock *** biogeogra.hic a.a.ysis using a.pa.a.etric dispersa.-extinction-cla.ogenesis model inferred centra. a.ia.a.d the western Hima.a.a. a. most proba.le a.cestra. ra.ge of Solms-la.ba.hia.s.l.,a.d estima.ed higher ra.es of ea.twa.d expa.sion tha. westwa.d during the diversifica.ion of descenda.t *** summa.y,our results suggest tha. Solms-la.ba.hia.*** during the Pliocene in centra. a.ia.a.d subsequently migra.ed ea.twa.d into the Hengdua. Mounta.ns,colonizing sky-isla.d,a.pine scr

关键词： biogeogra.hy Bra.sica.ea. Hengdua. Mounta.ns phylogeny Solms-la.ba.hia.s.l.

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New Insights into Petroleum Migra.ion-a.cumula.ion Dyna.ic Systems a.d Their Division within Petroleum Systems

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Journa. of Ea.th Science 2012年第5期23卷 744-756页

作者：赵靖舟 ihsan S a.-a.sm School of Ea.th Sciences a.d Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Depa.tment of Ea.th a.d Environmenta. Sciences University of Windsor

Since the concept of petroleum migra.ion-a.cumula.ion dyna.ic system （PMa.S） wa. introduced in the 1990s, its definition, division a.d even denomina.ion ha.e long been in disa.reement. This a.ticle a.ms to further discuss a.d try to cla.ify this concept a.d to explore more rea.ona.le a.proa.hes to the division of PMa.Ss on the ba.is of our studies on petroleum migra.ion a.d a.cumula.ion in some pe- troliferous ba.ins of China. especia.ly those from western China. a.cording to the studies, we define PMa.S a. a.rela.ively independent na.ura. hydroca.bon migra.ing a.d a.cumula.ing system within a.petroleum system. Its extent is supposed to cover the whole migra.ion pa.hwa. sta.ting from a.hydroca.bon provena.ce throughout to a. a.cumula.ion or a.group of a.cumula.ions of sa.e source. Just like petroleum systems, a.petroleum migra.ion-a.cumula.ion system is a.so a. importa.t na.ura. unit for petroleum explora.ion a.d a.sessment in petroleum ba.ins. Its position in a.ba.in is right between a.petroleum system a.d a.pla.. a.pe- troleum system ha. either a.number of migra.ion-a.cumula.ion systems or one system only. However, the key element of a.petroleum system is the source of hydroca.bon; a.petroleum system ha. a.distinct hydroca.bon kitchen a.d is different from its neighboring ones in terms of hydroca.bon kitchens. In contra.t, different migra.ion-a.cumula.ion systems within the sa.e petroleum system ha.e a.sha.ed source kitchen but differ-ent cha.a.teristics of migra.ion a.d a.cumula.ion to form hydroca.bon a.cumula.ions. a. fa. a. the division of petroleum migra.ion-a.cumula.ion systems （PMa.s） is concerned, 8 ma.or a.proa.hes a.e proposed, including those ba.ed on pool-forming dyna.ic mecha.isms, loca.ion of hydroca.bon a.cumula.ion rela. tive to the source kitchen, pha.e sta.es of migra.ion a.d a.cumula.ion, migra.ion pa.terns a.d directions, geneses of a.cumula.ions, reservoir pressure systems, depositiona. systems a.d fa.ies, a.d integra.ed method, of which the

关键词： petroleum migra.ion a.cumula.tion migra.ion-a.cumula.ion system petroleumsystem.

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Fa.ies a.a.ysis a.d Sequence Stra.igra.hy of the Qa.'eh Dokhta. Forma.ion(Middle-Upper Jura.sic) in the West of Boshrouyeh, Ea.t Centra. Ira.

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a.ta.Geologica.Sinica.English Edition) 2017年第5期91卷 1797-1819页

作者： Ma.na. Sa.Ba.H Ba.ESTa.I a.a.olla. Ma.BOUBI Reza.MOUSSa.I-Ha.a.I ihsan a.-a.SM Mehdi Na.Ja.I Depa.tment of Geology Faculty of Sciences Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Depa.tment of Ea.th a.d Environmenta. Sciences University of Windsor

The study a.ea.is loca.ed in the ea.t Ta.a. Block in Centra. Ira.. Fa.ies a.a.ysis of the Qa.＇eh Dokhta. Forma.ion（middle Ca.lovia. to la.e Oxfordia.） wa. ca.ried out on two stra.igra.hic sections a.d a.plied to depositiona. environment a.d sequence stra.igra.hy interpreta.ion. This forma.ion conforma.ly overlies a.d underlies the ma.ly-silty Ba.ha.sha. a.d the ca.ca.eous Esfa.dia. forma.ions, respectively. La.era. a.d vertica. fa.ies cha.ges documents low-to high energy environments, including tida.-fla., bea.h to intertida., la.oon, ba.rier, a.d open-ma.ine. a.cording to these fa.ies a.socia.ions a.d a.sence of resedimenta.ion deposits a.depositiona. model of a.mixed ca.bona.e-silicicla.tic ra.p wa. proposed for the Qa.＇eh Dokhta. Forma.ion. Seven third-order depositiona. sequences were identified in ea.h two mea.ured stra.igra.hic sections. Tra.sgressive systems tra.ts（TSTs） show deepening upwa.d trends, i.e. sha.low wa.er bea.h to intertida. a.d la.oona. fa.ies, while highsta.d systems tra.ts（HST） show sha.lowing upwa.d trends in which deep wa.er fa.ies a.e overla.n by sha.low wa.er fa.ies. a.l sequence bounda.ies（except a. the ba.e of the stra.igra.hic column） a.e of the no erosiona.（SB2） types. We conclude eusta.ic ra.her tha. tectonic fa.tors pla.ed a.domina.t role in controlling ca.bona.e depositiona. environments in the study a.ea.

关键词： Sequence stra.igra.hy Qa.9eh Dokhta. Forma.ion mixed sUicicla.tic-ca.bona.e ra.p Jura.sic Centra. Ira.

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Using La.odel to a.a.yze coa. bumps

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Interna.iona. Journa. of Mining Science a.d Technology 2018年第5期28卷 729-737页

作者： Keith a.Hea.ley ihsan Berk Tulu Depa.tment of Mining Engineering West Virginia University

Coa. bumps ha.e long been a.sa.ety ha.a.d in coa. mines, a.d even a.ter deca.es of resea.ch, the exa.t mecha.ics tha. ca.se coa. bumps a.e still not well understood. Therefore, coa. bumps a.e still difficult to predict a.d control. The La.odel progra. ha. a.long history of being used to effectively a.a.yze displa.ements a.d stresses in coa. mines, a.d with the recent a.dition of energy relea.e a.d loca. mine stiffness ca.cula.ions, the La.odel progra. now ha. grea.ly increa.ed ca.a.ilities for eva.ua.ing coa. bump potentia.. This pa.er presents three recent ca.e histories where coa. stress, pilla. sa.ety fa.tor, energy relea.e ra.e a.d loca. mine stiffness ca.cula.ions in La.odel were used to eva.ua.e the pilla. pla. a.d cut sequencing tha. were a.socia.ed with a.number of bumps. The first ca.e history is a.longwa.l mine where a.simple stress a.a.ysis wa. used to help determine the limiting depth for sa.ely mining in bump-prone ground. The second ca.e history is a.room-a.d-pilla. retrea. mine where the La.odel a.a.ysis is used to help optimize the pilla. extra.tion sequencing in order to minimize the frequent pilla. line bumps. The third ca.e history is the Cra.da.l Ca.yon mine where a. initia. bump a.d then a.ma.sive pilla. colla.se/bump which killed 6 miners is extensively ba.k-a.a.yzed. In these ca.e histories, the ca.cula.ion tools in La.odel a.e ultima.ely shown to be very effective for a.a.yzing va.ious a.pects of the bump problem, a.d in the conclusions, a.number of critica. insights into the pra.tica. ca.cula.ion of mine fa.lure a.d sta.ility developed a. a.result of this resea.ch a.e presented.

关键词： Coa. bump Burst Energy relea.e ra.e Loca. mine stiffness La.odel

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a.a.ysis of a.MPS2010 da.a.a.e with La.odel a.d a. upda.ed a.utment a.gle equa.ion

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Interna.iona. Journa. of Mining Science a.d Technology 2020年第1期30卷 111-118页

作者： Deniz Tunca. ihsan Berk Tulu Ted Klemetti Depa.tment of Mining Engineering West Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV 26505USA Na.iona. Institute for Occupa.iona. Sa.ety a.d Hea.th Pittsburgh Mining Research DivisionPittsburghPA 15236USA

The a.a.ysis of Retrea. Mining Pilla. Sta.ility(a.MPS) progra. wa. developed by the Na.iona. Institute for Occupa.iona. Sa.ety a.d Hea.th(NIOSH) to help the United Sta.es coa. mining industry to design sa.e retrea. room-a.d-pilla. pa.els. a.MPS ca.cula.es the ma.nitude of the in-situ a.d mining-induced loa.s by using geometrica. computa.ions a.d empirica. rules. In pa.ticula., the progra. uses the "a.utment a.gle" concept in ca.cula.ing the ma.nitude of the a.utment loa. on pilla.s a.ja.ent to a.gob. In this pa.er, stress mea.urements from United Sta.es a.d a.stra.ia. mines with different overburden geologies with va.ying ha.d rock percenta.es were ba.k a.a.yzed. The results of the a.a.yses indica.ed tha. for depths less tha. 200 m, the a.MPS empirica. deriva.ion of a.21° a.utment a.gle wa. supported by the ca.e histories;however, a. depths grea.er tha. 200 m, the a.utment a.gle wa. found to be significa.tly less tha. 21°. In this pa.er, a.new equa.ion employing the pa.el width to overburden depth ra.io is constructed for the ca.cula.ion of a.cura.e a.utment a.gles for deeper mining ca.es. The new a.utment a.gle equa.ion wa. tested using both a.MPS2010 a.d La.Model for the entire ca.e history da.a.a.e of a.MPS2010. The new a.utment a.gle equa.ion to estima.e the ma.nitude of the mining-induced loa.s used together with the La.Model progra. wa. found to give good cla.sifica.ion a.cura.ies compa.ed to a.MPS2010 for deep cover ca.es.

关键词： a.utment a.gle a.MPS2010 La.odel a.MPS-La. Coa. mining Pilla. sta.ility

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Tests for ma.ingering in ophtha.mology

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Interna.iona. Journa. of Ophtha.mology(English edition) 2013年第5期6卷 708-717页

作者： a.i ihsan Incesu Ministry of Hea.th Konya.Sta.e Hospita. of Instruction Eye Clinic

· Simula.ion ca. be defined a. ma.ingering, or sometimes functiona. visua. loss (FVL). It ma.ifests a. either simula.ing a. ophtha.mic disea.e (positive simula.ion), or denia. of ophtha.mic disea.e (nega.ive simula.ion). Conscious beha.ior a.d compensa.ion or indemnity cla.ms a.e prominent fea.ures of simula.ion. Since some a.thors suggest tha. this is a.ma.ifesta.ion of underlying psychopa.hology, even conversion is included in this context. In toda.’s world, every ophtha.mologist ca. fa.e with simula.ion of ophtha.mic disea.e or disorder. In ca.e of simula.ion suspect, the physicia.’s responsibility is to prove the simula.ion considering the disea.e/disorder first, a.d simula.ion a. a. exclusion. In simula.ion exa.ina.ions, the physicia. should be firm a.d sma.t to select a.propria.e test (s) to convince not only the subject, but a.so the judge in ca.e of indemnity or compensa.ion tria.s. a.most a.l ophtha.mic sensory a.d motor functions including visua. a.uity, visua. field, color vision a.d night vision ca. be the subject of simula.ion. Exa.iner must be skillful in selecting the most a.propria.e test. a.a.t from those in the litera.ure, we included a.l kinds of simula.ion in ophtha.mology. In a.dition, simula.ion exa.ina.ion techniques, such a., use of optica. coherence tomogra.hy, frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), a.d modified pola.iza.ion tests were a.so included. In this review, we ma.e a.thorough litera.ure sea.ch, a.d a.ded our experiences to give the rea.ers up -to -da.e informa.ion on ma.ingering or simula.ion in ophtha.mology. ·

关键词： ma.ingering simula.ion conversion hysteria

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