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Lag times in toe-to-heel air inj.ction(THAI)operations explain underlying heavy oil production mechanisms

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Petroleum Science 2022年第3期19卷 1165-1173页

作者： Wei Wei ian D.Gates Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada

From a time value of revenue point of view,it is preferred that the time between reservoir stimulation and oil production response is *** oil combustion processes have a lag time between air inj.ction and liquid production,but the common practice in production data analysis uses simultaneous inj.ction and production data when seeking a relationship between *** this research,the time scales of production for the Kerrobert toe-to-heel air inj.ction(THAI)heavy oil proj.ct in Saskatchewan,Canada,is analyzed by using cross correlation analysis,*** delay analysis between air inj.ction and oil *** results reveal two time scales with respect to production response with two distinctive recovery mechanisms:(1)a short time scale response(nearly instantaneous)where oil production peaks right after air inj.ction(directly after opening production well)reflecting cold heavy oil production mechanisms,and(2)a longer time scale(of order of 100-300 days)response where peak production occurs associated with the collective phenomena of air inj.ction,heat generating reactions,heat transfer,and finally,heated mobilized heavy oil drainage to the production *** understanding of the two time scales and associated production mechanisms provides a basis for improving the performance of THAI.

关键词： Heavy oil In situ combustion Toe-to-heel air inj.ction(THAI) Production analysis Lag time

The ballistic performance of the bombard Mons Meg

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2016年第2期12卷 59-68页

作者： ian LEWTAS Rachael MCALISTER Adam WALLIS Clive WOODLEY ian CULLIS QinetiQ Fort Halstead

The bombard Mons Meg, located in Edinburgh Castle, with a diameter of 19 inches(48 cm), was one of the largest calibre cannons ever *** in 1449 and presented to King j.mes II of Scotland in 1454, Mons Meg was used in both military and ceremonial roles in Scotland until its barrel burst in 1680. This paper examines the history, internal, external and terminal ballistics of the cannon and its shot. The likely muzzle velocity was estimated by varying the propellant type and the cannon profile was investigated to identify weak spots in the design that may have led to its failure. Using the muzzle velocity calculated from the internal ballistics, simulations were performed with granite and sandstone shot for varying launch angle and ground temperature. The likely traj.ctory and range of the cannonballs are described. The internal and external ballistics informed the initial conditions of the terminal ballistic impact scenarios. The performance of the cannonball against both period and modern targets, in the form of a pseudo-castle wall and a monolithic concrete target, respectively, were simulated and are presented and discussed.

关键词：弹道性能 Meg 内弹道计算 19英寸速度估计地面温度弹道冲击苏格兰

N-Nitrosamine formation from chloramination of two common ionic liquids

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j.urnal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第1期32卷 341-348页

作者： ian j.Vander Meulen Ping j.0}g Di Wu Steve E.Hrudey Xing-Fang Li Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Alberta

Ionic liquids(ILs)are a class of solvents increasingly used as"green chemicals."Widespread applications of ILs have led to concerns about their accidental entry to the *** have been assessed for some environmental impacts;however,little has been done to characterize their potential impacts on drinking water if ILs accidentally enter surface *** cations are often aromatic or alkyl quaternary amines that resemble structures of previously confirmed N-nitrosamine(NA)***,this study has evaluated two common ILs,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide(EMIm Br)and 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide(EMPyr Br),for their NA formation *** IL species was reacted with pre-formed monochloramine under various laboratory *** reaction mixtures were extracted using liquid–liquid extraction and analyzed for NAs using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass *** low concentration of IL(250μmol/L),the yields of NAs(NMEA or NPyr)increased with increasing doses of monochloramine from both IL *** total NA yield was as high as 2.5±0.3 ng/mg from EMIm Br,and as high as 8.6±0.8 ng/mg from EMPyr *** high concentration of IL(5 mmol/L),the NA yield reached a maximum at 2.5 mmol/L NH2Cl,and then decreased with subsequent increases in the reactant concentrations,demonstrating ILs’solvent *** study re-emphasizes the importance of preventing discharge of ILs to water bodies to prevent secondary impacts on drinking water.

关键词： Ionic liquids N-nitrosamine Liquid–liquid extraction HPLC–MS/MS DBPs

Endoscopic Management of Mucoceles

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中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科 2000年第S1期10卷 40-44页

作者： Dr. ian j. Witterick

Real-time calculation of fragment velocity for cylindrical warheads

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第3期15卷 264-271页

作者： David Felix ian Colwill Elias Stipidis Institution of Engineering and Technology Stevenage England Member of British Computer Society London Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers London

To simulate explosion fragments, it is necessary to predict many variables such as fragment velocity, size distribution and proj.ction angle. For active protection systems these predictions need to be made very quickly, before the weapon hits the target. Fast predictions also need to be made in real time simulations when the impact of many different computer models need to be assessed. The research presented in this paper focuses on creating a fast and accurate estimate of one of these variables - the initial fragment velocity. The Gurney equation was the first equation to calculate initial fragment velocity. This equation, sometimes with modifications, is still used today where finite element analysis or complex mathematical approaches are considered too computationally expensive. This paper enhances and improves Breech’s two-dimensional Gurney equation using available empirical data and the principals of conservation of momentum and energy. The results are computationally quick, providing improved accuracy for estimating initial fragment velocity. This will allow the developed model to be available for real-time simulation and fast computation, with improved accuracy when compared to existing approaches.

关键词： Initial fragment velocity Real-time simulation Cylindrical explosion

Temperature-depth control of petroleum occurrence in the sedimentary section of the South Caspian basin

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Petroleum Research 2020年第1期5卷 70-76页

作者： A.A.Feyzullayev ian Lerche Institute of Geology and Geophysics of Azerbaij.n National Academy of Sciences H.Cavid av.119BakuAZ1143Azerbaijan Institut fur Geowissenschaften Naturwissenschaftliche FakultatⅢMartin-Luther-UniversitatGermany

This study analyses the temperature and depth control of well productivity(oil and gas),density of hydrocarbons(HC)and gas/liquid HC ratio(GLR)of petroleum fields in the South Caspian Basin(SCB).The database includes more than 700 field data from 54 onshore and offshore fields,which were processed to provide graphical and statistical analysis using standard computer *** was established that the peak of initial production and proven oil reserves falls in the temperature range 50-70℃.The oils of this interval are characterized by medium(about 890 kg/m^(3))and light(about 806 kg/m^(3))*** maximum condensate and gas production are in the temperature range 100-120℃,associated with the discovery and operation of large gas condensate fields in the deepwater part of the *** HC are represented in this temperature interval by“volatile”oils and condensates with an average density of 777-802 kg/m^(3).Low values of GLR are typical for temperatures below 70℃,associated both with poor gas conservation conditions and relatively high volumes of oil *** carbon isotope composition of methane indicates an exclusively catagenetic(thermal)origin at temperatures>50℃ and both catagenetic and mixed(microbiological-catagenetic)at temperatures<50℃.Based on the results,a forecast is provided for the discovery of new commercial HC accumulations.

关键词： Oil Condensate Gas Well productivity Temperature zonality SCB

Noisy environments:untangling the role of anthropogenic noise on bird species richness in a Neotropical city

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Avian Research 2020年第3期11卷 258-264页

作者： Cecilia Odette Carral-Murrieta Michelle Garcia-Arroyo Oscar H.Marin-Gomez j.Roberto Sosa-Lopez ian MacGregor-Fors Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad Instituto de EcologíaA.C.(INECOL)Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351El Haya91070 XalapaVeracruzMexico Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca(CIIDIR) Instituto Politécnico NacionalOaxacaMexico Dirección de Cátedras Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACYT)Mexico CityMexico

Background:Among urban stimuli,anthropogenic noise has been identified to be one of the behavioral drivers of species that rely on acoustic signals for *** have shown both species‑specific and assemblage responses to urban noise,ranging from the modulation of their acoustic frequencies and spatiotemporal adj.stments to declines in species *** this study,we assessed the citywide relationship between two anthropogenic noise variables(noise levels recorded during bird surveys and daily average noise levels)and vegetation cover with bird species ***:This study was conducted in the city of Xalapa(Mexico)through a 114 citywide point‑count *** recorded bird communities at each sampling *** measured noise levels using a sound level meter while performing point‑***,we generated a map of average daily noise of the city using an array of 61 autonomous recording units distributed across the city of Xalapa and calculated daily noise levels for the 114 *** ran a linear model(LM)to assess potential relationships between both point‑count and daily(24 h)noise values and vegetation cover with bird ***:Results from the LM show:(1)a negative relationship between maximum point‑count noise and avian species richness,(2)no relationship between 24 h noise and bird species richness,and(3)a positive relationship between vegetation cover and bird species ***:Results provide evidence that decreases in urban bird species richness do not necessarily imply the permanent absence of species,suggesting that birds can temporarily fly away from or avoid sites when noisy,become cryptic while noisy events are occurring,or be undetected due to our inability to record them in the field during noisy events.

关键词： Avian ecology Bird communication Noise pollution Species richness Urban ecology

Genetic Improvement of Willow for Bioenergy and Biofuels

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j.urnal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第2期53卷 151-165页

作者： Angela Karp Steve j.Hanley Sviatlana O.Trybush William Macalpine ian Shield Centre for Bioenergy and Climate Change Plant and Invertebrate Ecology DepartmentRothamsted Research

Willows （Salix spp.） are a very diverse group of catkin-bearing trees and shrubs that are widely distributed across temperate regions of the globe. Some species respond well to being grown in short rotation coppice （SRC） cycles, which are much shorter than conventional forestry. Cop- picing reinvigorates growth and the biomass rapidly accumulated can be used as a source of renewable carbon for bioenergy and biofuels. As SRC willows re-distribute nutrients during the perennial cycle they require only minimal nitrogen fertilizer for growth. This results in fuel chains with potentially high greenhouse gas reductions. To exploit their potential for renewable energy, willows need to be kept free of pests and diseases and yields need to be improved without significantly increasing the requirements for fertilizers and water. The biomass composition needs to be optimized for different end-uses. Yields also need to be sustainable on land less productive for food crops to reduce conflicts over land use. Advances in understanding the physiology and growth of willow, and in the identification of genes underlying key traits, are now at the stage where they can start to be used in breeding programs to help achieve these goals.

关键词： Genetic Improvement of Willow for Bioenergy and Biofuels QTLs SRC

Computing on Phenotypic Descriptions for Candidate Gene Discovery and Crop Improvement

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Plant Phenomics 2020年第1期2卷 118-121页

作者： ian R.Braun Colleen F.Yanarella Carolyn j.Lawrence-Dill Interdepartmental Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA Department of Genetics Development and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA Department of Agronomy Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA

Many newly observed phenotypes are first described,then experimentally *** language-based descriptions appear in both the literature and in community *** standardize phenotypic descriptions and enable simple data aggregation and analysis,controlled vocabularies and specific data architectures have been *** simplified descriptions have several advantages over natural language:they can be rigorously defined for a particular context or problem,they can be assigned and interpreted programmatically,and they can be organized in a way that allows for semantic reasoning(inference of implicit facts).Because researchers generally report phenotypes in the literature using natural language,curators have been translating phenotypic descriptions into controlled vocabularies for decades to make the information ***,this methodology is highly dependent on human curation,which does not scale to the scope of all publications available across all of plant ***,researchers in other domains have been working to enable computation on natural *** has resulted in new,automated methods for computing on language that are now available,with early analyses showing great *** language processing(NLP)coupled with machine learning(ML)allows for the use of unstructured language for direct analysis of phenotypic ***,we have found that these automated methods can be used to create data structures that perform as well or better than those generated by human curators on tasks such as predicting gene function and biochemical pathway ***,we describe current and ongoing efforts to provide tools for the plant phenomics community to explore novel predictions that can be generated using these *** also describe how these methods could be used along with mobile speech-to-text tools to collect and analyze in-field spoken phenotypic descriptions for association genetics and breedin

关键词： stores translating enable